TERM PAPER

GUZMAN, RENZ N.
MTh 10:30-12:00

Topic:

Initiation of Movement: ATTENTION and MEMORY

Learning objectives;
At the end of this lesson students should be able to;
 Discuss the relationship between attention and memory,
 Define the concepts; memory, Long term Memory, Memory Function, and
Forgetting.
Definition of Terms:
Attention - notice taken of someone or something; the regarding of someone or
something as interesting or important.
Memory - Memory is our ability to encode, store, retain and subsequently recall
information and past experiences in the human brain. It can be thought of in general
terms as the use of past experience to affect or influence current behaviour .
Long term Memory - A long-term memory is anything you remember that happened
more than a few minutes ago. Long-term memories can last for just a few days, or for
many years.
Memory Function - Memory is a system or process that stores what we learn for future
use. Our memory has three basic functions: encoding, storing, and retrieving
information. Encoding is the act of getting information into our memory system through
automatic or effortful processing.
Forgetting - Forgetting or disremembering is the apparent loss or modification of
information already encoded and stored in an individual's short or long-term memory. It
is a spontaneous or gradual process in which old memories are unable to be recalled
from memory storage.
Discussion:
Attention and working memory are both key to learning new
information. Attention allows information to be taken in. Working memory helps the brain
make sense of it. Attention and working memory are crucial for everyday living and
learning. They’re both aspects of executive functioning that help us take in and make
sense of new information. But while they’re closely linked, these functions are not the
same thing. 
Attention is the process that allows us to take information in. It also helps us
select useful information. Think of it as a funnel. It gathers what we need to know and
channels it into our brain, while Working memory is an active and fairly instant process.
It allows us to use new and learned information while we are in the middle of an activity.
After gathering information, the attention funnel feeds it into the brain’s short-term
storage bucket. This is where new information is first held. Experts call this process
“encoding.” This is also where the brain manipulates new information so it’s useful. This
process is called “working memory.” Attention is important for several aspects of
learning and memory storage. ... It is particularly critical for a form of memory we call
declarative or explicit memory storage, which is a memory about people, places, and
objects - it is a memory that involves, critically, the hippocampus.
The ability to selectively process information (attention) and to retain information in an
accessible state (working memory) is critical aspects of our cognitive capacities. While
there has been much work devoted to understanding attention and working memory, the
nature of the relationship between these constructs is not well understood. Indeed,
while neither attention nor working memory represent a uniform set of processes,
theories of their relationship tend to focus on only some aspects. This review of the
literature examines the role of perceptual and central attention in the encoding,
maintenance, and manipulation of information in working memory. While attention and
working memory were found to interact closely during encoding and manipulation, the
evidence suggests a limited role of attention in the maintenance of information.
Additionally, only central attention was found to be necessary for manipulating
information in working memory. This suggests that theories should consider the
multifaceted nature of attention and working memory. The review concludes with a
model describing how attention and working memory interact.
Memory is the faculty of the brain by which data or information is encoded,
stored, and retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time for the
purpose of influencing future action. If past events could not be remembered, it would
be impossible for language, relationships, or personal identity to develop.
Memory is often understood as an informational processing system with explicit and
implicit functioning that is made up of a sensory processor, short-term (or working)
memory, and long-term memory. This can be related to the neuron. The sensory
processor allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of
chemical and physical stimuli and attended to various levels of focus and intent.
Working memory serves as an encoding and retrieval processor. Information in the form
of stimuli is encoded in accordance with explicit or implicit functions by the working
memory processor. The working memory also retrieves information from previously
stored material. Finally, the function of long-term memory is to store data through
various categorical models or systems.
There are 3 types of memory, the sensory, short term, and long term memory.
Sensory memory allows individuals to retain impressions of sensory information after
the original stimulus has ceased. One of the most common examples of sensory
memory is fast-moving lights in darkness: if you’ve ever lit a sparkler on the Fourth of
July or watched traffic rush by at night, the light appears to leave a trail. This is because
of “iconic memory,” the visual sensory store. Two other types of sensory memory have
been extensively studied: echoic memory (the auditory sensory store) and haptic
memory (the tactile sensory store). Sensory memory is not involved in higher cognitive
functions like short- and long-term memory; it is not consciously controlled. The role of
sensory memory is to provide a detailed representation of our entire sensory experience
for which relevant pieces of information are extracted by short-term memory and
processed by working memory.
Short-term memory is also known as working memory. It holds only a few items
(research shows a range of 7 +/- 2 items) and only lasts for about 20 seconds.
However, items can be moved from short-term memory to long-term memory via
processes like rehearsal. An example of rehearsal is when someone gives you a phone
number verbally and you say it to yourself repeatedly until you can write it down. If
someone interrupts your rehearsal by asking a question, you can easily forget the
number, since it is only being held in your short-term memory.
Long-term memories are all the memories we hold for periods of time longer than a few
seconds; long-term memory encompasses everything from what we learned in first
grade to our old addresses to what we wore to work yesterday. Long-term memory has
an incredibly vast storage capacity, and some memories can last from the time they are
created until we die. There are many types of long-term
memory. Explicit or declarative memory requires conscious recall; it consists of
information that is consciously stored or retrieved. Explicit memory can be further
subdivided into semantic memory (facts taken out of context, such as “Paris is the
capital of France”) and episodic memory (personal experiences, such as “When I was in
Paris, I saw the Mona Lisa“).In contrast to explicit/declarative memory, there is also a
system for procedural/implicit memory. These memories are not based on consciously
storing and retrieving information, but on implicit learning. Often this type of memory is
employed in learning new motor skills. An example of implicit learning is learning to ride
a bike: you do not need to consciously remember how to ride a bike, you simply do.
This is because of implicit memory.
Memory is a system or process that stores what we learn for future use. Our memory
has three basic functions: encoding, storing, and retrieving information. Encoding is the
act of getting information into our memory system through automatic or effortful
processing. Storage is retention of the information, and retrieval is the act of getting
information out of storage and into conscious awareness through recall, recognition,
and relearning.

Reflection:
Therefore I conclude that in initiating our movement, the memory and attention
is very much needed or important, where it being said that with the use of our memory,
we can learn such certain thing that are necessary and store it so that we can still use
and learn that in the near future.
In the discussion, there are three basic concepts in memory. These are the
types of memory, the sensory, short and long term memory. This concept help’s us to
easily understand all about memory.