Steel Connections Theory Enu

Theory
Design of Frame Connections

Design of Frame Connections
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Scientific Application Group

________________________________________________________________________
Release : 2008.0
Module : ESASD.02
ESASD.03
ESASD.06
ESASD.08
Manual : SCIA STEEL DESIGNER

Connections Frame Rigid
Connections Frame Pinned
Connections Frame Bolted Diagonals
Connections Grid Pinned
Theoretical Background
Revision : 01/2008
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Theoretical background for bolted and welded frame connections ............................5

Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................................5
List of abbreviations............................................................................................................................................5
The influence of the normal force ..................................................................................................................12
Default Interaction Check..............................................................................................................................12
Interaction Check according to EN 1993-1-8 (Ref.[32])...............................................................................13
The effective width beff.....................................................................................................................................14
The calculation of weld sizes ...........................................................................................................................14
The calculation of stiffener dimensions .........................................................................................................18
The transformation factor.................................................................................................................................19
The use of 4 bolts / row.....................................................................................................................................19
The use of haunches .........................................................................................................................................20
Weld sizes for haunches ...............................................................................................................................20
Resistance for haunches...............................................................................................................................23
Compression resistance for haunch without flange .....................................................................................24
The design moment resistance for haunches at beam ................................................................................24
The design shear resistance ............................................................................................................................25
The design shear resistance for normal bolts .............................................................................................26
The design shear resistance for preloaded bolts .........................................................................................26
The welded plate-to-plate connection.............................................................................................................26
The column base connection ...........................................................................................................................28
The design compression resistance .............................................................................................................28
The design moment resistance.....................................................................................................................31
The design tension resistance ......................................................................................................................33
The design shear resistance.........................................................................................................................33
The design shear resistance for shear iron. .................................................................................................34
The anchorage length ...................................................................................................................................37
Calculation of tensile force in anchors Ft,bolt according to internal forces. ...................................................38
Design of the washer plate. ..........................................................................................................................40
The influence of the normal force .................................................................................................................41
The use of RHS beam........................................................................................................................................42
The use of RHS beam in bolted beam-to-column connection .....................................................................42
The use of RHS beam in column base connection......................................................................................42
The use of RHS beam in bolted plate-to-plate connection ..........................................................................48
Connections with column minor axis .............................................................................................................49
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................49
Strength of column web in bending and punching .......................................................................................50
Rotational stiffness and ductility.....................................................................................................................54
Stiffness coefficients......................................................................................................................................54
Calculation of stiffness ..................................................................................................................................57
Stiffness classification ...................................................................................................................................58
Check of required stiffness ...........................................................................................................................59
Transferring the connection stiffness to the analysis model........................................................................60
Ductility classes .............................................................................................................................................61
Ductility classification for bolted joints ..........................................................................................................61
Ductility classification for welded joints.........................................................................................................62
Theoretical background for frame pinned connections ............................................. 63
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................63
List of abbreviations..........................................................................................................................................64
Calculation of VRd and NRd.............................................................................................................................66
Calculation VRd and NRd for connection type 1..........................................................................................66
Calculation of weld sizes ..................................................................................................................................88
Theoretical background for GRID pinned connections.............................................. 91
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................91
VRd : Design shear resistance at notch .........................................................................................................92
Notched elements : calculation design block shear resistance VRd .........................................................94
Long cleat connection VRd : design shear resistance for the connection element ..................................96
Long cleat connection VRd : design shear resistance due to the bolt distribution in the column..........97
Connection analysis according to Different Codes.................................................... 98
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................98
Column web panel in shear ..............................................................................................................................98
Column web in compression ...........................................................................................................................99
Column web in tension .....................................................................................................................................99
Beam flange and web in compression........................................................................................................ 100
Beam web in tension ...................................................................................................................................... 100
Bolts in tension ............................................................................................................................................... 101
Plastic moment capacity of T stub ............................................................................................................... 101
Resistance to shear force / bolts in shear................................................................................................... 102
Bearing resistance for bolts/elements......................................................................................................... 103
The design shear resistance for preloaded bolts....................................................................................... 104
Column flange in bending ............................................................................................................................. 105
Calculation design shear resistance VRd for beam / Connection Element............................................ 106
Block shear resistance................................................................................................................................... 106
Design compression/tension resistance NRd for connection element .................................................. 107
Bolt interaction Shear/Tension ..................................................................................................................... 108
Column web in compression ........................................................................................................................ 110
Weld size .......................................................................................................................................................... 111
List of abbreviations....................................................................................................................................... 112
Theoretical background for bolted diagonal connections ....................................... 116
Introduction to the bolted diagonal connection ......................................................................................... 116
Member resistance ......................................................................................................................................... 117
Resistance of the gross section of diagonal.............................................................................................. 117
Resistance of the net section of diagonal.................................................................................................. 117
Resistance of the gross section of gusset plate........................................................................................ 121
Resistance of the net section of gusset plate............................................................................................ 121
Determination of Anet................................................................................................................................. 122
Connection resistance ................................................................................................................................... 124
Shear resistance......................................................................................................................................... 124
Bearing resistance...................................................................................................................................... 125
Checking the connection resistance.......................................................................................................... 126
Weld size calculation for gusset plate ......................................................................................................... 127
Calculation of weld length .......................................................................................................................... 127
Basic Weld symbols................................................................................................... 128
Weld symbols .................................................................................................................................................. 128
Bolt symbols .............................................................................................................. 129
Bolt symbols.................................................................................................................................................... 129
References ................................................................................................................. 130
List of references ............................................................................................................................................ 130
SCIA.ESA PT Connections Frame & Grid Theoretical Background
Theoretical background for bolted and

welded frame connections
Introduction
In this appendix some additional information is given about the used theory.
For the beam-to-column moment-resisting joints, we refer to Ref. 1, [23] and [32].
For the other code regulations, we refer to chapter “Connection analysis according to Different Codes”.
In the following parts, a list of the used abbreviations is given. In next parts, some more theoretical background
is given for particular items, or items which are not covered by Ref. 1, Ref. [23], [32].
 The influence of the normal force

 The effective width beff
 The calculation of weld sizes
 The calculation of stiffener dimensions
 The transformation factor
 The use of 4 bolts / row
 The use of haunches
 The design shear resistance
 The welded plate-to-plate connection
 The column base connection
 The use of RHS beam
 Connections with column minor axis
 Rotational stiffness and ductility
List of abbreviations
 Transformation parameter
 Stiffness ratio
 stiffness ratio = Sj/Sj,ini
 intermediate parameters for minor axis connection
 intermediate parameters for minor axis bending
 intermediate parameters for minor axis bending
 intermediate parameters for minor axis bending
c Partial safety factor for resistance of concrete
fr Partial safety factor for friction
j Joint coefficient
M0 Partial safety factor for resistance of cross-section to overall yielding
M1 Partial safety factor for resistance to buckling
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Mb Partial safety factor for resistance of bolts

Ms Partial safety factor for slip resistance
Mw Partial safety factor for welds
Mw Partial safety factor for resistance of welds
W Correlation factor
a Throat thickness of weld
a Factor for anchorage type
A Sectional area of the welds
a intermediate parameters for minor axis connection
a1 Weld size a1
a2 Weld size a2
a3 Weld size a3
Ad Area
Af Area of compressed beam flange
af Throat thickness of weld at beam flange (fillet weld)
ah Weld size of the stiffener
alfa Ratio for bolts stiffened column flange and endplate
alfa Angle between haunch and beam
alfa left Angle between endplate and left beam
alfa right Angle between endplate and right beam
alfa,ep Alfa value for endplate
alfa,fc Alfa value for column flange
As Tensile stress area of bolt
as Weld size for webdoubler
As,prov Provided tensile stress area of the anchor
As,req Required tensile stress area of the anchor
Av Shear area for shear iron
Avc Shear area
aw Throat thickness of weld at beam web
aw Throat thickness of weld at beam web (fillet weld)
b Width of element
b b=b0+0.9dm
b0 Bolt pitch in x direction
beff Effective width
bf Beam flange width
bhf Width of haunch flange
bhi Critical width for haunch flange
bm intermediate parameters for minor axis connection
bs Width of webdoubler
Bt,Rd Design tension resistance of a bolt
c Additional bearing width
c c=c0+0.9dm
c0 Bolt pitch in y direction between extreme bolt in tension zone
d1 Edge distance of circular plate
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da Height of angle shaped shear iron

dc Clear depth of the column web
dm mean diameter of bolt head (nut)
do Hole diameter
e Diagonal diameter of bolt head
e Edge distance
E Modulus of elasticity
e1 Edge distance
e1,cf Edge distance for column flange
e1,ep Edge distance for endplate
Ec Modulus of elasticity for concrete
emin Minimum edge distance
F Design resistance
Fb,ep,Rd Bearing Resistance for endplate
Fb,fc,Rd Bearing Resistance for column flange
Fc,base,Rd Design compression resistance for concrete under the flange
Fc,ep,Rd Design resistance of endplate in compression
Fc,fb,Rd Design resistance of beam flange and web in compression
Fc,h,Rd Design resistance of haunch flange in compression
Fc,ha,Rd,buckling Design resistance of haunch web in buckling mode
Fc,ha,Rd,yielding Design resistance of haunch web in yielding mode
Fc,wc,Rd Design resistance of column web in compression
fcd Design value of the concrete cylinder compressive strength
fck_c Characteristic cylinder compressive strength of the concrete
FCom,Rd Punching and bending (for tension or compression zone, for individual bolt row or bolt
group)
FGlobal,Rd Global failure force (for tension and compression zone)
fj Bearing strength of the joint
Fp,Cd Design preloading force
FPunch,Rd,L1 Punching resistance loading case 1. (for tension or compression zone, for individual bolt
row or bolt group)
FPunch,Rd,L2 Punching resistance loading case 2. (for tension or compression zone, for individual bolt
row or bolt group)
FRd Design force in the beam flange
Fs,Rd Design slip resistance of preloaded high-strength bolt
Ft Effective design tension resistance of bolt row
Ft,anchor,max The maximum tensile force in the anchor
Ft,ep,Rd Design tension resistance of endplate in bending
Ft,fc,Rd Design tension resistance of column flange in bending
Ft,Sd Applied tensile force
Ft,wb,Rd Design resistance of beam web in tension
Ft,wc,Rd Design resistance of column web in tension
fu Tensile strength
fu Ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part
Fv,Rd Shear resistance per shear plane
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Fw Design resistance of the weld

fy Yield strength
fy yield strengh of the column web
fyb Yield strenght of the beam
h Height of element
h Distance from bolt row to centre of compression
h Lever arm of the connection
h head Height of bolt head
h nut Height of nut
h1 Effective height for haunch without flange
hb Height of beam
hc Height of haunch
hd Effective height for haunch without flange
I Moment of inertia of the welds
Ib Moment of inertia for beam
k intermediate parameters for minor axis connection
k1 Stiffness coefficient for web panel in shear
k2 Stiffness coefficient for column web in compression
k3 Stiffness coefficient for column flange
k4 Stiffness coefficient for column web in tension
k5 Stiffness coefficient for endplate in tension
k7 Stiffness coefficient for bolt in tension
kc Stiffness coefficient for concrete block in compression
keff Effective stiffness coefficient for bolt row
keq Equivalent stiffness coefficient
kfc Reduction factor
kfr Friction factor
kI stiffness factors
kj Concentration factor
krot rotational stiffness factor
ks Value for slip resistance
kwc Reduction factor
l Depth of circular plate in concrete
L intermediate parameters for minor axis connection
l,anchor Anchor length
l1 Buckling Length for haunch without flange
l1 Length for weld size a1
La Length of angle shaped shear iron
lambda_rel Web slenderness ratio
Lb Beam length
lb Basic anchorage length
lb,min Minimum anchorage length
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lb,net Required anchorage length

lc Length of haunch
leff Effective length
leff,1 Effective length for mode 1
leff,2 Effective length for mode 2
leff,cp,g Effective length for circular patterns and inner bolt-row as part of group
leff,cp,g1 Effective length for circular patterns and end bolt-row as end of group
leff,cp,g2 Effective length for circular patterns and end bolt-row as start of group
leff,cp,i Effective length for circular patterns and bolt-row considered individually
leff,nc,g Effective length for non-circular patterns and inner bolt-row as part of group
leff,nc,g1 Effective length for non-circular patterns and end bolt-row as end of group
leff,nc,g2 Effective length for non-circular patterns and end bolt-row as start of group
leff,nc,i Effective length for non-circular patterns and bolt-row considered individually
Lq Length of I shaped shear iron
ls Length of webdoubler
M Actual moment
m Distance bolt to beam/column web
m1 Distance bolt to beam/column web
m2 Distance bolt to beam flange/stiffener
Mc,Rd Design moment resistance of the beam cross-section
Me Design elastic moment resistance
Mj,Rd Design moment resistance
MRd Design moment resistance
MRd Design moment resistance of the connection
MSd Design value for moment
My Actual moment around y axis
N Actual normal force
n minimum of 1.25m and emin
n Number of friction interfaces
Npl,Rd Design plastic resistance of cross section
NRd,c Design compression resistance for concrete
NRd,t Design tension resistance
NSd Design value for normal force
p Bolt pitch
p1 Upper part of bolt pitch
p1 Spacing
p2 Lower part of bolt pitch
pos Position of stiffener
r Root radius
r Radius of root fillet
ro Reduction factor
ro1 Reduction factor 1
ro2 Reduction factor 2
S Width across flats, diameter of bolt head
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Sj Rotational stiffness
Sj,app Approximate joint stiffness
Sj,ini Rotational stiffness when the moment is zero, then initial rotational stiffness
Sj,low lower boundary stiffness
Sj,MRd Rotational stiffness when the moment is equal to the design moment resistance
Sj,rigid Classification boundary for rigid classification
Sj,upper upper boundary stiffness
Sl,pinned Classification boundary for pinned classification
t Thickness of element
tf Flange thickness of cross section
tfb Thickness of the beam flange
th Thickness of the stiffener
ts Thickness webdoubler
tw Web thickness of cross section
twb Thickness of the beam web
twc Effective thickness of the web
twc column web thickness
u intermediate parameters for minor axis bending
VRd Design shear resistance
VRd,f Friction resistance between steel base plate and concrete
VRd,i Design shear resistance for shear iron
VSd Design value for shear force
Vwp,Rd Design shear resistance of column web
Vz Actual shear force in z direction
weld ab Weld size between beam and haunch
weld ac Weld size between column/endplate and haunch
weld awc Weld size for haunch without flange
x intermediate parameters for minor axis connection
x0 intermediate parameters for minor axis connection
y Position of bolt row in relation to endplate bottom
z Lever arm
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e1
p1
p
p2
0.8 r
0.8 a 1.41
emin
emin
e m
e m
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The influence of the normal force
Default Interaction Check

When the axial force NSd in the connected member exceeds 10 % of the plastic resistance Npl,Rd of its cross-
section, a warning is printed out and the value of the design moment resistance Mj,Rd is decreased.
 For bolted connections
The value of the design moment resistance Mj,Rd is decreased by the presence of the axial tensile force NSd.
h
M j, Rd  M j, Rd  N Sd .
2
with h the distance between the compression and tension point in
the connected member
If there is an axial compression force NSd, we check the following :
Fc  min( Vwp , Rd , Fc , wc ,Rd , Fc,fb , Rd )

N Sd
N  max( 0,  (Fc  Ftot ))
2
M j, Rd  M j,Rd  N  h
with h the distance between the compression and tension point

in the connected member
Fc,wc,Rd Design compression resistance for column web
Fc,fb,Rd Design compression resistance for beam web and flange
Ftot The sum of the tensile forces in the bolt rows at Mj,Rd
 For welded connections
Ftot  min( Vwp, Rd , Fc, wc, Rd , Fc, fb, Rd , Ft,fc, Rd , Ft, wc, Rd )
When an axial tensile force N Sd is present :
Fc  min( Ft, fc, Rd , Ft, wc, Rd )

N Sd
N  max( 0,  (Fc  Ftot ))
2
M j, Rd  M j, Rd  N  h
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When an axial compressive force NSd is present :
Fc  min( Vwp, Rd , Fc, wc, Rd , Fc, fb, Rd )

N Sd
N  max( 0,  (Fc  Ftot ))
2

Fc,wc,Rd Design compression resistance for column web
Fc,fb,Rd Design compression resistance for beam web and flange
Ft,wc,Rd Design resistance of column web in tension
Ft,fc,Rd Design resistance of column flange in tension
Interaction Check according to EN 1993-1-8 (Ref.[32])

If the axial force NEd in the connected beam exceeds 5% of the design resistance, Npl,Rd ,
the following unity check is added :
M j,Ed N j,Ed
  1.0
M j, Rd N j, Rd
Mj.Rd is the design moment resistance of the joint, assuming no axial force
Nj.Rd is the axial design resistance of the joint, assuming no applied moment
Nj,Ed is the actual normal force in the connection
Mj,Ed is the actual bending moment in connection
The value for Nj,Rd is calculated as follows :
If Nj,Ed is a tensile force, the N j,Rd is determined by critical value for the following components (Ref.[32], table
6.1.):
- For bolted connection, as a combination for all bolt rows :

o component 3 : column web in transverse tension
o component 4 : column flange in bending
o component 5 : end plate in bending
o component 8 : beam web in tension
o component 10 : bolts in tension
- For welded connection :
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o component 3 : column web in transverse tension, where the value for tfb in formulas (6.10) and
(6.11) is replaced by the beam height.
o component 4 : column flange in bending, by considering the sum of formula (6.20) at the top and
bottom flange of the beam.
If Nj,Ed is a compressive force, the Nj,Rd is determined by the following components (Ref.[32], table 6.1.):
o component 2 : column web in transverse compression, where the value for tfb in formulas (6.16) is
replaced by the beam height.
o component 4 : column flange in bending, by considering the sum of formula (6.20) at the top and
bottom flange of the beam.
In all cases, N j,Rd  N pl,Rd.
The effective width beff

The effective width beff used in the formulas for the calculation of the design tension resistance of beam web
(Ft,wb,Rd) and the design tension resistance of column web (Ft,wc,Rd) for a bolted connection, are taken equal to the
effective length of the non-circular pattern (in the output these values can be found under the heading leff).
The calculation of weld sizes

The default values for the double fillet welds to the beam flange af and for the double fillet welds to the beam web
aw, are as follows (see Ref. [10] and Ref. [11] – (Element (833))
fyd Weld size

≤ 240 N/mm² af ≥ 0.5 tfb
aw≥ 0.5 twb
> 240 N/mm² af ≥ 0.7 tfb
aw≥ 0.7 twb
with af the throat thickness of weld at beam flange (fillet weld)

aw the throat thickness of weld at beam web (fillet weld)
tfb the thickness of the beam flange
twb the thickness of the beam web
When the proper basic data is set , the weld sizes are calculated.
Calculation of af
The weld size af is designed according to the resistance of the joint. The design force in the beam flange can be
estimated as:
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M Rd
FRd 
h
with FRd the design force in the beam flange

MRd the design moment resistance of the connection
h the lever arm of the connection
The design resistance of the weld Fw shall be greater than the flange force FRd, multiplied by a factor . The
value of the factor  is (ref[1], J.3.1.3.) :
 = 1.7 for sway frames

 = 1.4 for non sway frames
However, in no case shall the weld design resistance be required to exceed the design plastic resistance of the
beam flange Nt.Rd :
b f  t fb  f yb
N t ,Rd 
 M0
with bf the beam flange width

tfb the beam flange thickness
fyb the yield strenght of the beam
So, we have
Fw = min ( Nt.Rd,  FRd)

The weld size design for af, using Annex M of EC3 (ref[2])
Fw   Mw   W
af 
f u  bf  2
with Fw the design resistance of the weld

bf the beam flange width
fu the ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part
W the correlation factor
Mw the partial safety factor for welds
Calculation of aw for welded connection
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l1,a1
l2,a2
l3,a3
Consider the figure. (See also Ref[14], pp.545)
In the section, the moment M, the normal force N and the shear force D are present.
The moment M is defined by the critical design moment resistance of the connection. The normal force N is
taken as the maximum internal normal force on the node, the shear force D is taken as the maximum internal
shear force on the node.
We can define the following properties :
a1 = af (see above)
a3 = af (see above)
a2 = aw (to be calculated)
l1 = bf
l2 = h –3 tfb –2r
l3 = (bf – twb – 2r) /2.0
3
a 1  l1  h ² a 2  l 2
I   a 3  l 3 ( h  2 . t fb )²
2 6
A  2  a 1  l1  2  a 2  l 2  4  a 3  l 3
with bf the beam flange width

tfb the beam flange thickness
r the radius of root fillet
twb the beam web thickness
a1 the weld size a1
a2 the weld size a2
a3 the weld size a3
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l1 the length for weld size a1

A the sectional area of the welds
I the moment of inertia of the welds
To determine the weldsize a2 in a connection, we use a iterative process with a2 as parameter until the Von
Mises rules is respected (Ref[2],Annex M/EC3, Ref.[32], 4.5.3.) :
fu fu

 21  3   21   22   w   Mw
and 1 
 Mw
 N Ml2  1
1   2    
A 2I  2
D
1 
2  a 2  l2
with fu the ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part

Calculation of aw for bolted connection
Consider the figure.
For all possible bolt groups, the maximum tension pro unit length is calculated.
The tension pro unit length is (Fi + Fi+1)/l2.
l2 is taken as the effective length of non-circular pattern for the considered bolt group.
On the weld 2 x l2 x a2, the normal force N (=Fi + Fi+1) and the shear force D is acting. The shear force D is
taken as that part of the maximum internal shear force on the node that is acting on the bolt rows i and i+1.
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To determine the weld size a2 in a connection, we use a iterative process with a2 as parameter until the Von
Mises rules is respected (Ref[2],Annex M/EC3, Ref.[32] 4.5.3.) :
fu fu

 21  3   21   22  and 1 
 w   Mw  Mw
N 1
1   2   
A 2
D
1 
2  a 2  l2
with fu the ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part

A 2 a2 l2
The calculation of stiffener dimensions

The stiffener thickness th is designed according to the resistance of the joint. The design resistance of the
stiffener is equal to the design resistance of the weld Fw (see chapter "The calculation of weld sizes").
Fw   M 0
th 
f y  bf
with Fw the design resistance of the weld

bf the beam flange width
fy the yield strength
M0 the partial safety factor
th the thickness of the stiffener
The weld size ah for the stiffener is
th
ah 
2
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The transformation factor

The transformator factor  is calculated according to Ref.[23], formula (J.2a) and (J.2b) and Ref.[32], formula
(5.4a, 5.4b).
M j,b 2,Sd
  1
M j, b1,Sd
with Mj,b2,Sd the moment at the intersection from the left hand beam
Mj,b1,Sd the moment at the intersection from the right hand beam
The value of the factor  is limited to 2.0.
The use of 4 bolts / row
Consider the figure. See alse Ref.[4], parts 1.2.1,1.2.2 and table 3.
When 4 bolts/row are used, additional capacity Fadd is added to the bolt row/group capacity of the column flange
and/or the endplate.
Fadd is defined as the minimum of Fadd,1, Fadd,2, Fadd,3, Fadd,4, Fadd,5 for the following conditions :
- the capacity of the inner two bolts is equal to the bolt tension resistance (failure mode 3) or is defined by a circular
pattern
- the bolt row / group is stiffened
- the bolt group contains only 1 bolt row
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If these conditions are not fulfilled, Fadd = 0.0.
m12  min( m 1 , m 2 )
b m  b  w 2  2m 12
2
2b m t f f y
Fadd ,1 
4m 2  M 0
2
bmtf fy
 10B t .Rd m 2
 M0
Fadd , 2 
9m 2
Fadd , 3  2B t .Rd
2 2
b m ( t f  t d )f y
Fadd , 4 
4 y M 0
2
bmtd fy
 10B t .Rd y
 M0
Fadd , 5 
9y
with fy the yield strength

td the thickness of the stiffener
tf the flange / plate thickness
Bt.Rd the design tension resistance of the bolt
The use of haunches
Weld sizes for haunches
The calculation of the weld size for the haunch elements, are taken from Ref. 3 and 4.
Haunch with flange
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tf
h tw
hc
alfa
lc bc
ab b
tc
The weld size ab is given by :
Mc 0.7A f
ab  3  tan  2
M e 10t f  2t w 
with Af b tf
Me the design elastic moment resistance
Mc the moment at position lc
For the limit state, we suppose Mc=Me.
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A similar formula is used for the weld size ac (between haunch and endplate/column) :
Mc 0.7A f
ac  1  3 tan  2
M e 10t f  2t w 
Haunch without flange
tf
tw
h1
hc
hd
alfa
lc twc
The weld size awc is given by :
Mc A f
awc 
M e 1.65L c
with Af b tf
Mc the moment at position lc
Lc 0.75 lc
SCIA 22
For the limit state, we suppose Mc=Me.
Resistance for haunches
The design resistance of beam flange and web in compression Fc,fb,Rd is given by :
M c , Rd
Fc ,fb , Rd 
h b  t fb 
with Mc,Rd the design moment resistance of the beam cross section
hb the overall depth of the beam
tfb the thickness of the beam flange
The values for Mc,Rd, hb and tfb can be taken from section (1) or section (2) (see figure). This choice is made by
setting the proper basic data.
When the haunch flange is compressed, the design resistance Fc,h,Rd for the compressed haunch flange is given
by ( Ref.[15], Annex 8-B)
b h t c f y cos()
Fc , h , Rd 
 M0
with bh min(bhf,bhi)
tc,  see figure
SCIA 23
bhi
42t c 235 / f y
bhf bc, width of haunch flange
This choice is made by setting the proper basic data.
Compression resistance for haunch without flange
See figure in chapter "Haunch without flange".
The design resistance of haunch web in yielding mode Fc,ha,Rd,yielding is given by :
h 1 t wc f y
Fc, ha , Rd ,Yielding 
 M0
with hd 0.5 hc
The design resistance of haunch web in buckling mode Fc,ha,Rd,buckling is calculated as follows :
For the rectangular cross-section (h1 * twc), the buckling reduction factor  is calculated around the weak axis with
buckling curve d. The buckling length l1 is taken equal to l*0.5.
A fy
Fc,ha , Rd ,buckling 
 M1
with A h1 * twc
The design moment resistance for haunches at beam
The compression force in the haunch should be transferred by the haunch into the beam. The formula used for
the buckling of the column web can also be applied to the check failure of the beam web due to the vertical
component of the force transferred by the haunch. See Ref.[15], Annex 8-B. The influence of the local beam
web buckling is taken into account by the factor .
The calculation of this design moment resistance Mj,Rd , are taken from Ref. 3 and 4.
This design moment resistance Mj,Rd is compared with the moment Mc at the position where haunch and beam
are meeting.
SCIA 24
Mj,Rd for haunches with flange
Consider the figure in chapter "Haunch with flange"
1.25  cot  cot 

M j,Rd  M e   M e 
Af Af
 0.5  cot 
Ad Ad
with Af b tf
Ad {tc + 5 (tf+r)}tw
r rounding in beam

1  0.22 
 1   if  r  0.67
r   r 
 1.0 if  r  0.67
r
b eff d c f yd
 0.93
Et 2w
beff {tc + 5 (tf+r)}

dc h-2 (tf+r)
Mj,Rd for haunches without flange
t wc  h d cos 2  
M j,Rd  M e 
Af
Consider the figure in chapter "Haunch without flange".
with Af b tf
hd 0.5 hc
The design shear resistance
SCIA 25
The design shear resistance for normal bolts
The shear resistance per shear plane Fv,Rd is given by the respective code.
The design shear force is given by (see Ref.1 J.3.1.2.)
 the total design shear resistance of the bolts in those bolt-rows that are not required to resist tension.
 0.4/1.4 (28%) of the total design shear resistance of the bolts in those bolt-rows that are also required to resist
tension
Suppose we have nt number of bolts in tension and nn number of bolts not in tension. The design shear force
VRd is :
VRd  Fv , Rd  0.28  nt  Fv , Rd * nn
The bearing resistance for endplate (Fb,ep,Rd) and the bearing resistance for column flange (Fb,fc,Rd) is given by the
respective code.
Suppose we have ntot number of bolts. The design shear force VRd is :
VRd  Fb , Rd  n tot
The design shear resistance for preloaded bolts
Suppose we have ntot number of bolts.

The design preloading force Fp,Cd is given by the resepctive code.
The design slip resistance of preloaded high-strength bolt Fs,Rd is given by the respective code.
The design shear force VRd is :
VRd  Fs , Rd  n tot
The welded plate-to-plate connection
SCIA 26
Consider the figure :
When we write the horizontal equilibrium in point A, we have :
Ffl , right cosalfa _ right   Ffl, left cos(alfa _ left )
When we write the vertical equilibrium in point A, we have :
Ffl , right sin alfa _ right   Ffl , left sin(alfa _ left )  Fep
In the limit state, the value Fep is limited by the capacity of the endplate :
b  t  fy
Fep 
 M0
with b the width of the endplate

t the thickness of the endplate
fy the yield strength
M0 the partial safety factor for resistance of cross-section to
overall yielding
Out of the vertical and horizontal equilibrium, and the value for Fep in the limit state, we can calculate the
maximum force Ffl,right and Ffl,left. These values will result in the design resistance of endplate in compression
Fc,ep,Rd for both sides.
SCIA 27
The column base connection

If EN 1993-1-8 is selected, the column base connection is designed according to Ref.[32] :
- art. 6.2.5.
- art. 6.2.6.9
- art. 6.2.6.10
- art. 6.2.6.11
- art. 6.2.6.12
- art. 6.2.8
In all other cases, the following rules are applied :

- The design compression resistance
- The design moment resistance
- The design tension resistance
The design compression resistance

The determination of NRd,c is based on Ref. [5]
N Rd ,c  A f j
with A the resulting bearing area (The area in compression under

the base plate)
fj the bearing strength of the joint
For the determination of the resulting bearing area the additional bearing width c is introduced.
fy
c  t
3  f j   M0
with t the thickness of the steel base plate.

fy the yield strength of the steel base plate material.
Where the projection of the base plate is less than c the effective bearing area should be assumed to be as
indicated in the figure.
SCIA 28
Where the projection of the base plate exceeds c the additional projection should be neglected, see figure.
with A bearing area

A' area not included in bearing area
The bearing strength of the joint fj is determined from:
f j   j  k j  f cd
with j the joint coefficient, which may be taken as 2/3 (0.667) provided that the
characteristic strength of the grout is not less than 0.2 times the characteristic
strength of the concrete foundation and the thickness of the grout is not greater
SCIA 29
than 0.2 times the smallest width of the steel base plate.
This value can be set in the Concrete Basic data.
fcd is the design value of the concrete cylinder compressive strength of the concrete
given by: f cd
f ck

c
in which fck is the characteristic cylinder compressive strength of the concrete
determined in conformity with Ref. [6].
This value can be set in the Concrete data.

c is the partial safety factor for concrete material properties given in Ref. [6]. This
value can be set in the Safety factors dialog box.
kj the concentration factor
a 1  b1
kj 
ab
where
a & b are the dimensions of the base plate
a1 & b1 are the dimensions of the effective area.
See figures.
For a1 the least of the following should be taken:
 a1 =a+2ar
 a1 =5a
 a1 =a+h
 a1 =5b1 but a1  a
For b1 the least of the following should be taken:

 b1=b+2br
 b1=5b
 b1=b+h
 b1=5a1 but b1  b
Note 1: Conservatively kj can be taken as 1.0, The value can be set in the concrete data.
Bp = Base plate
Cf = Concrete foundation
SCIA 30
Bp
Cf h
b b1
br
ar a
a1
The design moment resistance
The determination of MRd is based on Ref. [1].
The following remarks are made.
 The resistance moment of the base plate is elastic, therefore the calculation of FtRd is done with
l eff  t 2  f y
M el, Rd 
6   M0
 A new joint component is introduced: The concrete in compression. The design compression resistance for concrete
under the flange.
SCIA 31
Fc , base , Rd  A fl  f j
with fj the bearing strength of the joint

Afl the bearing area under the compression flange. See the
following figures.
SCIA 32
The design tension resistance

The determination of NRd,t is based on Ref.[1].
It is the design tension resistance for the group of all bolt-rows. (No compression limits)
NRd,t is the resistance against tension due to uplift.
The design shear resistance.

The determination of VRd is described in chapter "The design shear resistance".
The following feature is added:

It is possible to increase the shear resistance with the value of the friction resistance between the base plate and
the concrete. (This option is controlled in concrete data dialog box.)
The friction resistance between the steel base plate and the concrete.
N c k fr
VRd, f 
 fr
with Nc = Nsd,c the design compressive force

kfr the friction coefficient between steel and concrete.
( 0.25)
fr the safety factor for friction. ( 2)
Note: kfc and fr can be set in the concrete data dialog box.
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The design shear resistance for shear iron.

The calculation of the shear resistance for shear irons is based on Ref. [7] pp116-120.
The design shear resistance for I shaped shear iron.
The design shear resistance for I shaped shear iron is given by the minimum of the following shear resistance :
- VRd,1 : limited by the concrete capacity

- VRd,2 : limited by the stress in the shear iron flange
- VRd,3 : limited by the stress in the column web
- VRd,4 : limited by the shear capacity of the shear iron
The following formulas are used :
SCIA 34
VRd ,1  b  (L q  l)  f cd
3  b  t  h  h c  f yd ,s
VRd , 2 
L q  (h  h c )   M 0
3  ( t  2  t p  5  k c ) t wc  h  h c  f yd ,c
VRd ,3 
L q  (h  h c )   M 0
A v  f yd ,s
VRd , 4 
3   M0
with fcd the design value of the concrete cylinder compressive

strength of the concrete
Lq the length of shear iron
b the width of the shear iron
h the height of the shear iron
t the flange thickness of the shear iron
hc the height of column
fyd,s the yield strength of the shear iron
fyd,c the yield strength of the column
tp the thickness of baseplate
kc 1.4 awc
awc the weld size for column web/base plate
Av the shear area of shear iron
twc the web thickness of the column
l 30 mm
SCIA 35
The design shear resistance for angle shaped shear iron.
The design shear resistance for angle shaped shear iron is given by the minimum of the following shear resistance :
- VRd,1 : limited by the concrete capacity

- VRd,2 : limited by the stress in the shear iron
- VRd,3 : limited by the shear capacity of the shear iron
The following formulas are used :
VRd , 1  d a  (L a  l)  f cd
t  L a  f yd
VRd , 2 
2
4  da
( 2
 3)   M 0
9  hc
L a  t  f yd
VRd ,3 
3   M0
with fcd the design value of the concrete cylinder compressive

strength of the concrete
La the length of shear iron
da the height of the shear iron
SCIA 36
t the flange thickness of the shear iron

hc the height of column
fyd the yield strength of the shear iron
tp the thickness of baseplate
l 30 mm
The anchorage length

The determination of the anchorage length of the holding down bolts is based on Ref. [6].
The required anchorage length lb,net is calculated from:
A s , req
l b , net   a  l b   l b , min
A s , prov
 f yd 
l b   4    

 f bd 
with  the diameter of the holding down bolt.
fyd the design yield strength of the holding down bolt. This is determined as follows :
0.9f u

 Mb
fu the ultimate tensile strength of the anchor
Mb the partial safety factor for a bolted connection. (= 1.25)
fbd the design value for the ultimate bond stress.
fbd is dependent on the bond condition, which normally is good for a column base
and also dependent of the type of holding down bolts. (plain or high bond
bars)The bond condition and the type of bars can be set in the concrete data
dialog box.
lb the basic anchorage length.
a is dependent on the anchorage method.

= 1 for straight bars.
= 0.7 for curved bars.
As,req is the required tensile stress area of the anchor
Ft , bolt   Mb
A s , req 
0.9  f u
with Ft,bolt the maximum tensile force in the anchors. (due to NRd,t or
SCIA 37
MRd)
Mb the partial safety factor for a bolted connection. (= 1.25)
fu the ultimate tensile strength of the anchor
As,prov is the provided tensile stress area of the anchor
lb,min is the minimum anchorage length
lb,min is the maximum of 0.3 lb , 10 
Calculation of tensile force in anchors Ft,bolt according to internal

forces.
On users request, the tensile force in the anchor is calculated using the actual internal forces. This calculation is
based on the regulations given in ref.[24], chapter 6.4.1.
SCIA 38
Consider the following configuration :
M
N
Ft Ft
Nb
h/2
h1
h2
SCIA 39
Moment equilibrium gives :
h
M  N  Ft  h 1  Ft  h 2
2
h
M  N
Ft  2
h1  h 2
Ft is the tensile force for each anchor row in the tension zone, M and N are the actual internal forces.
When Ft<0, all anchors are in compression. The minimum anchor length is calculated.
When Ft>0.0, the value for Ft,bolt is calculated.
The anchor rows in the tensile zone, are those anchor rows where hi > h/2 is valid.
Design of the washer plate.

The design of a circular plate is based on Ref. [7]
The allowable tensile force N j in 1 anchorage is given by:
 2 2   r
N j  3  f cd     r    1  
 4   v
with v the smallest of l and d1. See figure.
By means of this formula r, the radius of the circular plate is determined.
The thickness t is given by

0.33
f 
t  8  r   cd 
 E 
with E Modulus of elasticity for anchorage.
SCIA 40
When the axial force NSd in the connected member exceeds 10 % of the plastic resistance N pl,Rd of its cross-
section, a warning is printed out and Mj,Rd is decreased.
h
M j, Rd  M j, Rd  N Sd .
2

Fc  min( Fc, base , Rd , Fc, fb , Rd )

N Sd
N  max( 0,  (Fc  Ftot ))
2
with h the distance between the compression and tension point in the
connected member
Fc,Base,Rd Design compression resistance for concrete under the flange
Fc,fb,Rd Bearing Resistance for column flange
Ftot The sum of the tensile forces in the anchor rows at Mj,Rd
SCIA 41
The use of RHS beam
The use of RHS beam in bolted beam-to-column connection

The bolts can only be positioned outside the beam flange. The normal procedure described in Ref.[1] is followed
for the calculation of the connection characterisrtics.
The use of RHS beam in column base connection

The bolts can only be positioned outside the beam flange. However, 3 bolts/row are possible.
The rotational stiffness is not calculated.
The design compression resistance
The determination of NRd,c is :
NRd,c  Afj
For more information, see chapter "The design compression resistance".
Where the projection of the base plate is less than c the effective bearing area should be assumed to be as
indicated in the following figures.
Where the projection of the base plate exceeds c the additional projection should be neglected, see the figure,
SCIA 42
with A Bearing area

A' Area not included in bearing area.
SCIA 43
The design tension resistance
The determination of NRd,t is based on Ref.[22].
Consider the following figures :
The allowable tension force for each bolt FT,Rd,i is given by
SCIA 44
 t p ²(1  ) 
FT ,Rd ,i  min  , B t ,Rd 
 K 
4b'
K
0.9f yp p
d'
 1
p
  d 
 KTr    a  
 2 
     1  
 t p ²    a  b  t i  
 
 
 
a  1.25b
b'  b  (d / 2)  t i
with tp plate thickness

fyp yield strength of plate
d’ bolthole diameter
d bolt diameter
ti thickness of RHS section
a,b see figures
p = 2e
= w/2
= 2e
=w
Bt,Rd design tension resistance of a bolt
The total design tension resistance Nt,Rd is then
N t ,Rd  FT ,Rd ,i
SCIA 45
The design moment resistance
The determination of MRd is based on Ref. [1] and Ref.[22].
MRd is given by
M Rd  min( FT , Fc )  h
with FT FT,RD,I for the bolts in tension

Fc min( Fc,base,Rd, Fc,rhs_flange)
The design compression resistance for concrete under the flange, Fc,base,Rd is :
Fc,base ,Rd  A fl  f j
with fj the bearing strength of the joint

Afl the bearing area under the compression flange.
SCIA 46
The design compression resistance for the RHS compression flange, Fc,rhs_flange is :
btf y
Fc ,rhs _ flange 
 M0
with b width of RHS section

t thickness of RHS section
fy yield strength of RHS section
M0 partial safety factor
When the axial force NSd in the connected member exceeds 10 % of the plastic resistance N pl,Rd of its cross-
section, a warning is printed out.
h
M j,Rd  M j,Rd  N Sd .
2
SCIA 47

Fc  min( Fc ,base ,Rd , Fc ,rhs _ flange ,Rd )

N Sd
N  max( 0,  (Fc  Ftot ))
2
M j,Rd  M j,Rd  N  h
with h the distance between the compression and tension point in the connected member
Fc,Base,Rd Design compression resistance for concrete under the flange

Fc,rhs_flange,Rd Bearing Resistance for RHS flange
Ftot The sum of the tensile forces in the anchor rows at Mj,Rd
The use of RHS beam in bolted plate-to-plate connection

The bolts can only be positioned outside the beam flange. However, 3 bolts/row are possible.
For the calculation of the allowable tension force for each bolt FT,Rd,i , we refer to chapter "
SCIA 48
The design tension resistance".

The rotational stiffness is not calculated.
Connections with column minor axis
Introduction
In Ref.[21], some extensions are proposed to design the behaviour if the beam is attached to the column web
through some element as angle, plate …etc. The implementation is based on this proposals, and are described
in the following chapters.
The new components are the column web submitted to punching shear and bending. Different failure
mechanisms of column web have been analysed and are essentially based on the yield line theory.
The moment resistance and the rotational capacity of a minor-axis joint is calculated based on the methods as
proposed in Ref.[1].
The following elements are taken into account in the design procedure:
 Column web in bending and punching

 Bolts in tension
 End plate in bending
 Beam web in tension
 Beam flange and web in compression
The figure some common types of minor-axis connections where beams are assembled with column web without
stiffeners.
SCIA 49
Strength of column web in bending and punching

Generalities
The plastic resistance of the web results from its yielding and from a progressive apparition of plastic yields line
mechanism. The failure mode mechanism is divide into two main groups: the local and the global mechanism similarly to
those proposed in Ref.[1] J.3.6.2 (5) & (6). A local mechanism means that the yield line is localized only in the
compressive zone or in the tensile zone of the joint while global failure mode design the yields line pattern involves both
in compressive and tensile zone. In the design model, it is assumed that prying action between end plate or the angle
cleat doesn’t occur. This assumption is conflicting with assumptions made in Ref.[1]. This point is still under investigation
but in most practical cases, it is reasonable to assume that no prying develops between components. The design
resistance of the web in transverse compression or tension is finally defined as: FRd=min(Flocal,Fglobal).
Definition and design of local and global failure mode
The moment carried out by the beam to the column web may be decomposed in a couple of forces F acting in
the compressive and the tensile zone. It is assumed that these forces act on an area (compressive and tensile
zone) defined in the plane of the column web. The design value of the moment resistance can be calculated as
follows:
SCIA 50
M j,Rd  z  FRd
with z the lever arm in the joint

FRd the resistance of the weakest axis component in the minor axis joint
Basic failure mechanisms are obtained by yields line method.. In the flexural mechanism, it is assumed that
plastic moment is not reduced by the presence of shear forces perpendicular to the plane web. The plastic
moment per unit length of yield line is given by:
0.25  t 2w  f y
m pl 
 M0
where fy is the yield stress and tw the thickness of the column web.
Local failure mechanism
In the local failure mode different local mechanisms of the column web are considered. The force F acts on a
rigid rectangle. This rectangle is defined by the dimensions bxc (see figure). The weld perimeter rectangle
around the beam flange or the loaded area around the bolt pattern defined the rigid rectangle. The yield pattern
is localised in the compression or the tension zone. As result from this definition, the resistance force is
evaluated in each rigid rectangle: one in the compression zone and one in the tension zone. This mechanism is
associated to the smallest force FRd,local between the punching shear resistance and the combination of punching
shear and bending resistance in the compression and the tension zone. Some adaptations and interpretations
are needed to design a pinned connection.
The resistance to punching depends on the loading case. For the loading case 1 the punching function of the
punching perimeter 2(b+c). For the loading case 2, the punching perimeter of the column web depends on the
diameter of the bolt heads (or nuts) and the number n of bolts respectively in the tension/compression zone. The
resistance is given by:
2  b  c   t wc  f y
FPunching ,Rd  : loading case 1
3  M0
n    d m  t wc  f y
FPunching ,Rd  : loading case 2
3   M0
SCIA 51
with twc the thickness of the column web

fy the yield strength of the column web
M0 the partial safety factor of steel
dm average diameter of the bolt head (see further)
Combined flexural and punching shear mechanism takes also into account that the plastic moment per unit
length of yield line is reduced by the presence of shear force.
   L  a  x   2  c 1.5  c  x  x 2  1
FComb ,Rd  k  t 2wc  f y    
 ax 3 t wc  a  x    M 0
0 if b  b m

x

2
 a  a  1.5  a  c 
3  t wc
2

   L  a  x 0   4  c  if b  b m
 2 1
 t wc 3   3   b  bm 
x 0  L     0.23  c   t wc     
 L  L  L    L  bm 

2
  
t2 c 2 
b m  L  1  0.82  wc2  1  1  2.8   but b m  0
 c  t wc  L  
  
1 if b  c  0.5
 L
k
0.7  0.6  b  c  if b  c  0.5
 L L
a  Lb
b  b 0  0.9  d m
c  c 0  0. 9  d m
d1  d 2
dm 
2
SCIA 52
d1
d2
Application to rigid bolted connection
For each zone (respectively tension/compression), the local punching shear resistance following loading case
1&2 is determined. The tension rigid rectangle is defined by the perimeter around the bolts placed respectively in
the tension zone 2(b+c) . The rigid rectangle of the compression zone through which the punching is transmitted
to the column web corresponds to the beam flange thickness and the beam flange width .
In the same way, the local combined punching and bending is calculated both for the tension and the
compression following the same perimeter values b & c.
Application to rigid welded connections
For each zone (respectively tension/compression), the local punching shear resistance following loading case
1&2 is determined. For welded connections, the tension, respectively the compression rectangle is the beam
flange thickness and the beam flange width.In the same way, the local combined punching and bending is
calculated both for the tension and the compression following the same perimeter values b & c.
Global mechanism
In the global failure mechanism, the force F is transmitted to the column web by one or more rows of bolts. In this
case, the definition of the loaded area depends on the distance between bolts and the diameter of bolt heads (or
nuts), or the weld around the beam flanges. The yields line pattern involves both compression and tension
zones.
The combined flexural and punching mechanism is evaluated as:
FCom ,Rd  2b  1

FGlobal ,Rd   m pl      2   
2  z   M0
where FComb,Rd: combined punching and flexural local resistance
 z
1 if
L-b
1

 z if
z
 10
 L  b L-b
Global failure mechanism involves both compression and tensile zones. If the dimensions bxc of the
compression zone are different from those of the tensile zone, the FGlobal,Rd expression will be applied twice, once
for the compression zone and once for the tension zone separately.
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Rotational stiffness and ductility
Stiffness coefficients
The rotational stiffness is calculated with the component method, which is described in Ref.[1] Part J.4.
The following stiffness coefficients are used :
Coefficient Basic component Formula

k1 column web panel in shear 0.38  A vc
z
k2 column web in compression 0.7  b eff t wc
dc
k3 column flange, single bolt

row in tension 0.85  l eff t 3fc
m3
k4 column web in tension, 0.7  b eff t wc

single bolt row in tension
dc
k5 endplate, single bolt row in

tension
0.85  l eff t 3p
m3
k7 bolts, single bolt row in As

tension 1.6
Lb
with Avc the shear area of the column

z the lever arm
 the transformation parameter
beff the effective width of the column web
dc the clear depth of the column web
leff the smallest effective length for the bolt
m the distance bolt to beam/column web
As the tensile stress area of the bolt
Lb the elongation length of the bolt
For the proper values of these variables, we refer to Ref.[1].
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For bolted endplate connections, the basic components related to the bolt rows in tension, are represented by a
single equivalent stiffness coefficient keq.
For a bolted beam-to-column connection, the following coefficients are used :
Coefficient Present keq

k1 x
k2 x
k3 x x
k4 x x
k5 x x
k7 x x
For a welded beam-to-column connection, the following coefficients are used :

k1 x
k2 x
k3
k4 x
k5
k7
When a column minor axis configuration is used, the values for k1 and k2 are replaced by ki, the stiffness
coefficient in the tension or the compression zone of the column web in bending and punching.
The value for ki is given by (see Ref.[21]) :
t 3wc   1     tan 
ki   16  k
L 2
10.4  c1  c 2   rot
1   
3
u2
with c1 1.50
c2 1.63
L 10u50
u
t wc
b 0.080.75

L
c 0.050.2

L
  35  10  
The factor krot is equal to 1 if the rotation of the column flanges restrained
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0.52  0.4   for HE sections greater th an HEA 400 - HEB500 - HEM600 and for IPE sections
k rot  
1 for HE sections smaller or equal to HEA400 - HEB500 - HEM600
For a bolted plate-to-plate connection, the following coefficients are used :

k1
k2
k3
k4
k5 Left side x x
k5 Right side x x
k7 x x
A welded plate-to-plate connection is considered as rigid.
For a column base, the following coefficients are used :

k1
k2
k3
k4
k5 x x
k7 x x
kc x
See also Ref.[16].
The value of Lb in coefficient k7 is taken as the free length of the anchor bolts plus the free length of embedded
part. The free length of the anchor bolts is equal to the base plate thickness plus the head height of the anchor
bolt. The free length of the embedded part is equal to 8 x the anchor diameter.
The stiffness kc is the stiffness coefficient for the compression zone in the concrete block.
A fl E c
kc 
Eh eq
with Afl the bearing area under the compression flange

Ec the E modulus of concrete
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 9.5f ck  8
1/ 3
(Ec in Gpa, fck in Mpa)

E the Young modulus (of steel)
heq the equivalent height
a eff  b eff 

2
where aeff and beff are based on the rectangle for
determining Afl
Afl=aeff x beff
Calculation of stiffness
The program calculates 3 stiffnesses :
Sj,ini the initial rotational stiffness

Sj the rotational stiffness, related to the actual moment Mj,Sd
Sj,MRd the rotational stiffness, related to Mj,Rd (without the influence of the normal force)
The values for Sj,ini and Sj can be found on the numerical output.
The moment-rotation diagram is based on the values of Sj,ini and Sj,MRd.
MRd
0.66 MRd
Sj,MRd
Sj,ini
fi
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Stiffness classification
The connection is classified as rigid, pinned or semi-rigid according to its stiffness by using the initial rotational
stiffness Sj,ini and comparing this with classification boundaries given in Ref.[1] Figure J.8.
If Sj,ini >= Sj,rigid, the connection is rigid.

If Sj,ini <= Sj,pinned, the connection is classified as pinned.
If Sj,ini<Sj,rigid and Sj,ini>Sj,pinned, the connection is classified as semi-rigid.
For braced frames :
EI b
Sj, rigid  8
Lb
EIb
Sj, pinned  0.5
Lb
For unbraced frames :
EI b
Sj, rigid  25
Lb
EIb
Sj, pinned  0.5
Lb
For column base connections, we use (see Ref.[17]) :
EIc
Sj, rigid  15
Lc
EIc
Sj, pinned  0.5
Lc
with Ib the second moment of area of the beam

Lb the span of the beam
Ic the second moment of area of the column
Lc the storey height of the column
E the Young modulus
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Check of required stiffness

The actual stiffness of the connections is compared with the required stiffness, based on the approximate joint
stiffness used in the analysis model. See also Ref.[15] Part 6.1.2, Ref.[18] and Ref.[19].
A lower boundary and an upper boundary define the required stiffness :
Frame Lower boundary Upper boundary

Sj,low Sj,upper
Braced 8  Sj, app  E  I b 8 E  Ib 10  Sj, app  E  I b
Sj, app 
10  E  I b  Sj, app  L b Lb 8  E  I b  Sj, app  L b
8 E  Ib
Sj, app  
Lb
Unbraced 24  Sj, app  E  I b 24  E  I b 30  Sj, app  E  I b
Sj, app 
30  E  I b  Sj, app  L b Lb 24  E  I b  Sj, app  L b
24  E  I b 
Sj, app 
Lb
For column base connection , we use the following extrapolation :
Lower boundary Upper boundary
16  Sj, app  E  I c 16  E  I c 20  Sj, app  E  I c

Sj, app 
20  E  I c  Sj, app  L c Lc 16  E  I c  Sj, app  L c
16  E  I c
Sj, app  
Lc
with Ib the second moment of area of the beam

Lb the span of the beam
Ic the second moment of area of the column
Lc the storey height of the column
E the Young modulus
Sj,app the approximate joint stiffness
Sj,ini the actual initial joint stiffness
Sj,low the lower boundary stiffness
Sj,upper the upper boundary stiffness
Sj the actual joint stiffness
When a linear spring is used in the analysis model, we check the following :
When Sj,ini >= Sj,low and Sj,ini<=Sj,upper, the actual joint stiffness is conform with the applied Sj,app in the
analysis model.
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The value of Sj,app is taken as the linear spring value introduced for <fi y> (in the hinge dialog), multiplied by
the stiffness modification coefficient .
Type of connection 
bolted beam-to-column 2
welded beam-to-column 2
welded plate-to-plate 3
column base 3
When a non-linear function is used during the analysis model, we check the following :
When Sj >= Sj,low and Sj<=Sj,upper, the actual joint stiffness is conform with the applied Sj,app in the analysis
model.
The value of Sj,app is taken as the analysis stiffness defined by the non-linear function.
Transferring the connection stiffness to the analysis model
When the connection template is stored to a node (by pushing the <Input> button), the actual stiffness of the
connection can be transferred to the analysis model. The linear spring value for <fi y> (in the hinge dialog) is
taken as Sj,ini divided by the stiffness modification coefficient .
For asymmetric connections which are loaded in both directions (i.e. tension on top and tension in bottom), the
linear spring value for <fi y> (in the hinge dialog) is taken as the smallest Sj,ini (from both directions) divided by
the stiffness modification coefficient .
At the same time, a non-linear function is generated, representing the moment-rotation diagram as in the
following figure.
SCIA 60
MRd+
0.66 MRd+
Sj,ini+ Fi+ 3Fi+

fi
3Fi- Fi-
Sj,ini-
0.66 MRd-
MRd-
Ductility classes
According to Ref.[15] part 4.7, the following classification is valid for connections :
Class 1 joint : Mj,Rd is reached by full plastic redistribution of the internal forces within the joints and a sufficiently
good rotation capacity is available to allow a plastic frame analysis and design.
Class 2 joint : Mj,Rd is reached by full plastic redistribution of the internal forces within the joints but the rotational
capacity is limited. An elastic frame analysis possibly combined with a plastic verification of the joints has to be
performed. A plastic frame analysis is also allowed as long as it does not result in a too high required rotation
capacity of the joints where the plastic hinges are likely to occur.
Class 3 joint : brittle failure (or instability) limits the moment resistance and does not allow a full redistribution of
the internal forces in the joints. It is compulsory to perform an elastic verification of the joints unless it is shown
that no hinge occurs in the joint locations.
Ductility classification for bolted joints
If the failure mode of the joint is the situated in the shear zone of the column web, the joint is classified as a
ductile, i.e. a class 1 joint.
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If the failure mode is not in the shear zone, the classification is based on the following :
Classification by ductility Class
f ub
t  0.36 d Ductile 1
fy
f ub f
0.36 d  t  0.53 ub d Intermediaire 2
fy fy
f ub
t  0.53 d Non-ductile 3
fy
with t the thickness of either the column flange or the

endplate
d the nominal diameter of the bolts
fub the ultimate tensile strength of the bolt
fy the yield strength of the proper basic component
Ductility classification for welded joints
If the failure mode of the joint is the situated in the shear zone of the column web, the joint is classified as a
ductile, i.e. a class 1 joint. If the failure mode is not in the shear zone, the joint is classified as intermediaire for
ductility, i.e. a class 2 joint.
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Theoretical background for frame pinned

connections
Introduction
In this appendix, we give information about the calculation rules for the Frame Pinned connections. Four types
of connections are supported :
Type 1 welded plate in beam, welded to column

Type 2 bolted plate in beam, welded to column
Type 3 bolted angle in beam and column
Type 4 short endplate welded to beam, bolted in column
For each type, the design shear resistance VRd (taking into account the present normal force N ) and the design
compression/tension resistance NRd are calculated.
The design shear resistance is calculated for the following failure modes :
 design shear resistance for the connection element

 design shear resistance of the beam
 design block shear resistance
 design shear resistance due to the bolt distribution in the beam web
 design shear resistance due to the bolt distribution in the column
The design compression/tension resistance is calculated for the following failure modes :
 design compression/tension resistance for the connection element

 design compression/tension resistance of the beam
 design tension resistance due to the bolt distribution in the column
In the following chapter, we give an overview of the abbreviations, which are used in the dialogs and the output.
In the next chapters, the theoretical background is given for the calculation of the various design shear
resistance and design compression/tension resistance, according to EC3-ENV (Ref.[2]). For the other code
regulations, we refer to chapter “Connection analysis according to Different Codes”.
SCIA 63
 Shear stress
 Slip factor
Weld size parameter
 Weld size parameter
 Transformation parameter
 Reduction factor
 Weld size parameter
1 Normal stress in weld part
1 Shear stress in weld part
2 Shear stress in weld part
D Stress around point d in calculation of design shear resistance for bolts in column
f,Ed the longitudinal stress in the flange
M Normal stress generated by moment M
N Normal stress generated by normal force N
w Correlation factor in weld size calculation
A Area of beam
Area of element
A Parameter in design shear resistance for bolts in column
a Lever arm - Bolt centre - Weld size
Position of bolt centre with regard to underside of the plate (dir. x)
a distance to the nearer end of the member
a1 length in block shear resistance
alfa,bw Alfa value for beam web
alfa,el Alfa value for element
Anet Reduced area of the beam
Reduced area of the element
As Tensile area for the bolt
Av Shear area of the beam
Av.net Reduced shear area of the beam element
B Parameter in design shear resistance for bolts in column
b Width
Position of bolt centre with regard to underside of the plate (dir. y)
bd Length in calculation of design shear resistance for bolts in column
bf the column flange width
c Maximum horizontal distance between bolts and bolt centre
D Shear force on the plate
d Bolt diameter
Maximum horizontal distance between bolts and bolt centre
SCIA 64
d the column web depth

d0 Hole diameter
do Hole diameter
e Diagonal diameter of bolt head
e1 Edge distance
Fb,bw,Rd Bearing Resistance for beam web
Fb,el,Rd Bearing Resistance for element
Fp,Cd Design preloading force
Fs,Rd Design slip resistance of preloaded high-strength bolt
Ft,Sd Applied tensile force
fu Ultimate tensile strength of the element
fub Tensile strength of the bolt
Fv,Rd Shear resistance per shear plane
fy Yield strength of the element
g weld size parameter
Gamma M0 Partial safety factor for resistance of cross-section to overall yielding
Gamma M1 Partial safety factor for resistance to buckling
Gamma Mb Partial safety factor for resistance of bolts
Gamma Ms Partial safety factor for slip resistance
Gamma Mw Partial safety factor for resistance of welds
h Height
h the column height
hd Height in calculation of design shear resistance for bolts in column
Ip
r 2
i : Polar moment of inertia of the bolts with regard to the boltcentre
IpD Polar moment of inertia of the bolts around point d in calculation of design shear
resistance for bolts in column
K Parameter in calculation of design shear resistance for bolts in column
ks Value for slip resistance
l length of the weld part
L parameter in weld size
l1 length of the weld part
L1 Length for block shear resistance
l2 length of the weld part
leff equivalent length in T-Stub model
Lv Length for block shear resistance
Lveff Length for block shear resistance
M Present moment
m factor in T-Stub model
Mpl,1,Rd Design plastic moment resistance for MODE 1 in T-Stub model
Mpl,2,Rd Design plastic moment resistance for MODE 2 in T-Stub model
My Actual bending moment
N Present normal force
SCIA 65
n Number of friction interfaces

Number of plates of number of bolt
NRd Design tension/compression resistance
NSd Internal tension/Compression force
p1 Bolt pitch
Pl Gap between column’s flange and beam’s web
Q Resulting forces acting on the extreme bolt of a plate:
Q vr  Q vM 2  Q vr  Q vM 2
Qhk Horizontal force acting on the bolts in bolt-row k
Qhn Horizontal force acting on the extreme bolt of a plate
QhM
Qvj Vertical force acting on the bolts in bolt column j
QvM Vertical force acting on the extreme bolt of a plate
Qvr Vertical force acting on the extreme bolt of a plate
R Shear force
r Radius
S Width across flats, diameter of bolt head
ss the plate height
t Element thickness
t Thickness
tf Flange thickness
tf the column flange thickness
tw Web thickness
tw the column web thickness
VRd Design shear resistance
VSd Internal shear force
Vz Actual shear force
W Elastic section modulus of beam
x1 Edge distance for bolts in connection element
x2 Edge distance for bolts in connection element
xj Maximum horizontal distance between bolts and d point
y1 Edge distance for bolts in connection element
y2 Edge distance for bolts in connection element
zk Maximum vertical distance between bolts and d point in design shear resistance of
column
Calculation of VRd and NRd
Calculation VRd and NRd for connection type 1
SCIA 66
Calculation design shear resistance VRd for connection element
The design shear resistance VRd is given by
Af y
VRd1 
M0 3
N
N 
A
f W
VRd 2   y   N 
  M0  a
VRd  min( VRd1 , VRd 2 )
SCIA 67
with fy the yield strength of the element

A htn
W n t h² / 6
N the present normal force
a b/2
N the normal stress generated by normal force N
n the number of plates
Calculation design shear resistance VRd for beam
Avf y
VRd 
3 M 0
With fy the yield strength of the beam

r the radius of root fillet
Av the shear area of the beam
A v  A  2bt f  t w  2r t f
Calculation design compression/tension resistance NRd for connection element
The design compression/tension resistance NRd is given by
Af y
N Rd 
 M0

A the area of the element (n h t)
Calculation design compression/tension resistance NRd for beam
The design compression/tension resistance NRd is given by
SCIA 68
Af y
N Rd 
 M0
with fy the yield strength of the beam element

A the area of the beam
Calculation design compression resistance NRd for column web
The design compression resistance NRd is given by the minimum of the crushing resistance Ry,Rd, the crippling
resistance Ra,Rd and the buckling resistance Rb,Rd of the column web (see Ref.[2], 5.7.3., 5.7.4., 5.7.5)
R y,Rd 
s s  s y t w f y
 M1
2
bf   
s y  2t f 1   M 0 f ,Ed 
tw  fy 
 
0.5t w ² Ef y  t f t s 
R a , Rd   3 w s 
 M1  tw t f d 

ss
 0.2
d
N Rd  min R y,Rd , R a , Rd , R b,Rd 
Rb,Rd is obtained by considering the web as a virtual compression member with an effective breadth beff and
buckling length d.
1 s
b eff  h²  ss ²  a  s
2 2
b eff  h²  ss ²
with fy the yield strength of the beam element

tw the column web thickness
ss the plate height
SCIA 69
bf the column flange width

f,Ed the longitudinal stress in the flange
tf the column flange thickness
d the column web depth
a distance to the nearer end of the member
h the column height
SCIA 70
A vf y
VRd1 
 M0 3
N
N 
A
 fy W
VRd 2    N 
  M0  a
VRd  min( VRd1 , VRd 2 )
The bolt holes are not taken into account when
fy
A v.net  A
fu
SCIA 71
When Av.net is less than this limit, an effective shear area of Av= (fu/fy) Av.net may be assumed, else Av=A.

A htn
W n t h² / 6
a x1
Av.net the reduced shear area

A v , net  A  nt w d 0
The design shear resistance VRd is given by :
Av1f y
VRd 
3 M0
fy
A v.net  Av
fu
When Av.net is less than this limit, an effective shear area of Av1=(fu/fy) Av.net may be assumed, else Av1=Av.

n the number of bolt in a section
Av the shear area of the beam
A v  A  2bt f  t w  2r t f
Av.net the reduced shear area of the beam element
A v,net  A v  nt w d 0
fu the ultimate tensile strength of the element
SCIA 72
Calculation design shear resistance VRd for bolts in beam
The extreme bolt of the plate is submitted to the following forces (see Ref.[12] IW E1 and Ref. [13] p162-207):
Vertical forces :
Q vr  R n
Q vM  Mc
Ip
Horizontal forces :
Q hn  N n
Q hM  Md
Ip
ri
d
b
a
The resulting forces acting on this bolt is conditioning by Fv,Rd (See 11.3.1) and Fb,RD,Plate and Beam:
Q Q vr  Q vM 2  Q hn  Q hM 2  min Fv, Rd , min Fb, Rd , Plate , Fb, Rd , Beam 
SCIA 73
Considering that, in the limit state, VRd is acting, we get the following equation in VRd:
 1 a 2  c 2 2ac a 2  d 2   2  a  N  d  N2
V Rd2   2      VRd    Q2  0
n I 2p nI p I 2p   I  n  n2
   p 
with a the position (x direction) of bolt centre with regard to underside of the
plate
b the position (y direction) of the bolt centre with regard to underside of
the plate
d the maximum vertical distance between bolts and bolt centre
c the maximum horizontal distance between bolts and bolt centre

e1 the end distance
p the pitch
Ip
r 2
i
: the polar moment of inertia of the bolts with regard to the bolt
centre
n the number of bolts
R the shear force
N the normal force
M the moment: R a
Calculation design block shear resistance for beam element VRd
The design value of effective resistance to block shear is determined by using the following expression :
f y  A v, eff
Veff , Rd  with A v, eff  t  L v ,eff
3   M0
We determined the effective shear area Av,eff as follows:
Lv  h  a1  a 2
 f 
L 3  min  L v  a 1  a 3 ; L v  a 1  a 3  n  d 0   u 
 fy 
 
L1  min a 1 ;5  d 0 
fu
L 2  a 2  k  d 0  
fy
with k=0.5 for a single bolts-row
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k=2.5 for tow bolts-row
L v ,eff  min L v  L 1  L 2 ; L 3 
a1
Lv
a3
a2
Calculation design block shear resistance VRd in connection element (beam

side)
f y  A v ,eff
Veff ,Rd  with A v,eff  n  t  L v,eff
3   M0
with n number of plate, cleat

t thickness of plate, cleat
The values a1,a2,a3, and Lv are defined as follows :
SCIA 75
a3
Lv
a2 a1
The design compression NRd is given by (see Ref.[2], 5.4.4.(1))
Af y
N Rd 
 M0
The design tension NRd is given by (see Ref.[2], 5.4.3.(1))
 Af y 0.9A net f u 
N Rd  min  , 

  M0  M2 

fu the ultimate tensile strength of the element

A the area of the element (n h t)
Anet the reduced area of the element
The design compression resistance NRd is given by (see Ref.[2], 5.4.4.(1))
Af y
N Rd 
 M0
The design tension NRd is given by (see Ref.[2], 5.4.3.(1))
SCIA 76
 Af y 0.9A net 
N Rd  min  , 
 M  M2 
 0 

fu the ultimate tensile strength of the beam
A the area of the beam
Anet the reduced area of the beam
See chapter 'Calculation design compression resistance NRd for column web'
SCIA 77
See chapter "Calculation design shear resistance VRd for connection element".
See chapter "Calculation design shear resistance VRd for beam".
Calculation design shear resistance VRd for bolts in beam
See chapter "Calculation design shear resistance VRd for bolts in beam".
Calculation design block shear resistance for beam element VRd
See chapter "Calculation design block shear resistance for beam element VRd"
SCIA 78
Calculation design block shear resistance VRd in connection element (beam

side)
See chapter "Calculation design block shear resistance VRd in connection element (beam side)"
Calculation design block shear resistance VRd in connection element (column

side)
f y  A v ,eff
Veff ,Rd  with A v,eff  2  t  L v ,eff
3   M0
with t thickness of cleat
a2
a1
Lv
a3
Calculation design shear resistance VRd for bolts in column
The acting shear force C/2 is divided in a shear force V0 acting in the bolt centre and a moment M0 rotating
around point d on a distance hd/2 from the upper side (Ref. [13] p194-197).
V0 M 0 x j
Q vj   : Vertical force acting on the bolts in bolt-column j
n I pD
M0zk
Q hk  : Horizontal force acting on the bolts in bolt-row k
I pD
SCIA 79
C/2
a
hd
sigma D
D
Vo
Vo/n r Mo
= + d Qv
z1
z2
Qh
x1
x2
D
bd

r
s
sigma D
D=Sum Qhi
By equilibrium, we find:
C
  Q vi and  M around d  0
2
In the example represented in the figure , we have :
SCIA 80
M0
Q vi  n 1Q v1  n 2 Q v 2  V0 
I pD
na
C
M d  Q v1 n 1 x 1  Q v 2 n 2 x 2   Q hi z i with Q hi zi  k z i
2
Supposing that :
a
K
I pD  na 2 
1
A  K a  x j 
n
B  Kz k
we find :
C1 
Q vj   K a xj 
2 n
 

C
Q hk  Kz k
2
C
Q A 2  B2
2
In the limit state, the shear force VRd is acting in the connection :
2Q
VRd 
A 2  B2
The resulting force Q acting on the bolts is conditioning by Fv,Rd (See 0) and Fb,Rd,Angle and Beam . If a normal force N
is acting, the following condition is valid:
N
Q n 1

Fv ,Rd 1.4Ft ,Rd
this means that:
  N  0.9  f ub  A s
Q  min  Fb, Rd , Fv, Rd  1   with Ft , Rd 
 
  1.4  n  Ft , Rd   Mb
with n the umber of bolts

IpD the polar moment of inertia of the bolts around point d
See chapter "Calculation design compression/tension resistance NRd for connection element".
SCIA 81
See chapter "Calculation design compression/tension resistance NRd for beam".
Calculation design resistance NRd
Calculation design tension resistance NRd
As described in Ref. [1], Ref.[23], we can substitute a bolt joint by an equivalent T-Stub to model the resistance
of the column flange. The length of the considered T-stub is note leff. The problem consists first to calculate the
equivalent length and than determine the failure mode.
To calculate the equivalent length in the corner for the equivalent T-stub model, we consider the bolt individually
or as a part of a group of bolt-rows. Each of this case we’ll be calculate for circular pattern (note cp) and for non-
circular pattern (note nc). We define in the following table p as the pitch of the holes and parameters m and e as
represented in the figure.
Remark: if the play Pl  0.4 tcor then mcor=a-tcor-0.8r, else see figure
BOLT –ROW CONSIDERED INDIVIDUALLY

BOLT-ROW
LOCATION Circular Pattern leff,cp Non-circular Pattern leff,nc
INNER BOLT- 2m 4m  1.25e

ROW
END BOLT-ROW the smaller of: the smaller of:

2m 4m  1.25e
m  2e1 2m  0.625e  e1
MODE 1 leff,1=min(leff,nc,leff,cp)
MODE 2 leff,2=leff,nc
BOLT –ROW CONSIDERED AS PART OF A GROUP OF BOLT-ROWS

BOLT-ROW
LOCATION Circular Pattern leff,cp Non-circular Pattern leff,nc
SCIA 82
INNER BOLT- 2p p
ROW
END BOLT-ROW the smaller of: the smaller of:

m  p 2m  0.625e  0.5p
2e1  p e 1  0.5p
MODE 1 leff,1=min(leff,nc, leff,cp)
MODE 2 leff,2=leff,nc
Remark: e1 has no sense for column
As we’ve determined the equivalent T-stub model, we can determine the design tension resistance of the
connection by calculating the maximum resistance of each group (element and column) and for each bolt-row.
BOLT-GROUP EACH BOLT INDIVIDUALLY
Mpl,1,Rd M pl,1,Rd 
0.25  l eff ,1  t2 fy
M pl ,1,Rd 
0.25  l eff ,1  t 2  f y
 M0  M0
Mpl,2,RD M pl, 2,Rd 

0.25  l eff , 2  t 2  fy
M pl ,2 ,Rd 
0.25  l eff , 2  t 2  f y
 M0  M0
0.9  f u ,bolt  A s 0.9  f u ,bolt  A s

Bt,Rd B t ,Rd  Ft ,Rd  B t ,Rd  Ft ,Rd 
 Mb  Mb
4  M pl,1,Rd 4  M pl,1, Rd
FAILURE MODE 1 FT ,Rd  FT ,Rd ,i 
m m
FAILURE MODE 2 FT,Rd 

2  M pl,2 ,Rd  n  B t ,Rd
FT , Rd , i 
2  M pl, 2, Rd  n  2  B t , Rd
mn mn
FAILURE MODE 3
FT,Rd  B i
t ,Rd
FT , Rd ,i  2  B t ,Rd
Remark: n=min(eElement,eColumn,1.25m)
SCIA 83
From this above table we determine:
FT , Rd , Element ,Group  min FT , Rd 
FT , Rd , Column , Group  min FT , Rd 
FT ,Rd , Element , Boltrow   min FT, Rd ,i 

FT ,Rd ,Column , Boltrow   min FT , Rd ,i 
The previous relation lead to the determination of the design resistance tension for the column flange, the
column web and the connected element:
N Rd, BoltElement  min FT ,Rd ,Element ,Boltrow , FT , Rd, Element ,Group 
N Rd, BoltColumn  min FT ,Rd ,Column ,Boltrow , FT ,Rd ,Column ,Group 
  min  l eff ,1,Column ,  l eff , 2,Column   t wb  f y

N Rd,ColumnWeb 
 M0
where   1 because   0 in a pinned connection (M  0)
When a column minor axis configuration is used, the value for NRd,Comumn,Web is calculated based on the rules
given in Ref.[21]. The normal force will carried by the bolts through the column web. In this particular case, the
system will calculate the punching and the combined punching and bending resistance for each bolt row and for
the complete bolt pattern. Only the most critical design resistance is taken into account. The global failure is not
taken into account because no moment is transmitted.
Calculation design compression resistance NRd
When a column minor axis configuration is used, the value for NRd,Comumn,Web is calculated based on the rules
given in Ref.[21]. The beam subjected to compression will transfer the forces to the column web through the
complete connection element (angle or end plate). The total perimeter of the connection element determines the
parameter b and c. The global failure is not taken into account because no moment is transmitted.
SCIA 84
Calculation design local shear resistance VRd for beam
In section AA, the following stresses are present :
N
N 
A
VRd

A
with A hEndplate.tbeamweb
a the bolt centre
 the shear stress
In the limit state, we allow the following :
2
 N  3 2  f y  M 0
SCIA 85

The design shear resistance VRd is the solution of the following equation :
3 f y2
V Rd2   2
 0
A2 N
 2M 0
Calculation design shear resistance VRd for bolts in column
The calculation of the design shear resistance for bolt in the column is based on the following expression :
VRd  nQ
where Q is limited by Fv,Rd and Fb,Rd if the connection is made of normal bolt, and by Fs,Rd if the connection is
made of preloaded bolt.
If a normal force N is acting, the following condition is valid :
N
Q n 1

Fv ,Rd 1.4Ft , Rd
This means that we have :
  N  
VRd  min  Fv, Rd  1  , Fb , Rd 
 n  1.4  Ft , Rd  
   
with VRd the limit shear force
SCIA 86
n the number of bolts

N the normal force
Fv,Rd the design shear resistance for normal bolt
Fb,Rd the bearing resistance for bolt
Fs,Rd the design slip resistance for preloaded bolts
Calculation design block shear resistance VRd in endplate
f y  A v ,eff
Veff ,Rd  with A v,eff  2  t  L v ,eff
3   M0
with t thickness of endplate
a2
a1
Lv
a3
Calculation design compression/tension resistance NRd for beam web
See chapter "Calculation design compression/tension resistance NRd for connection element".
Remark: in this case A=twbeam hEndplate
SCIA 87
Calculation design tension resistance NRd
The calculation of the design tension resistance is made in the same way than for connection type 3 but we must
replace the figure.
Calculation of weld sizes

To determine the weld size a in a connection, we use a iterative process with a as parameter until the Von Mises
rules is respected (Annexe M/EC3) :
fu fu
 
 21  3   21   22 
 w   Mw
and 1 
 Mw
SCIA 88
a1=a2=a
D
l2
l1 g h
First, we calculate the following parameter (Ref. [14] p529-532) :
0.707  a  l1  0.577  a  l1  l
g
0.577  a  l 1  1.414  a  l 2
0.577  a  l 1

0.577  a  l1  1.414  a  l 2
0.117  a  l 21

0.117  a  l 12  0.577  a  l 2  h pl
0.707  a  l 1

0.707  a  l 1  1.14  a  l 2
L  Pl  g
SCIA 89
As this parameters are known, we can calculate the stress distribution in each weld part :
BETWEEN ELEMENT AND BEAM :
6 M N D

Weld Check 1: 1  1   and 2 
2  a  l12
2  a  l1 a  l1
1    D  1     M 1     N 
Weld Check 2: 1   1  and  2    
2  2  a  l2  h  a  l2 2  a  l 2 
N M D
BETWEEN ELEMENT AND COLUMN :  1   1   2 
2 2 a l W 2a l
with D the shear force on the plate
N the normal force
M the moment: L.D
W
the flexion module:
2 2ah 2Element
6
SCIA 90
Theoretical background for GRID pinned

connections
Introduction
The grid pinned connections are checked for critical shear force and normal force.
The following critical situations are considered :
- (1) VRd : design shear resistance for the connection element

- (2) VRd : design shear resistance of the beam
- (3a) VRd : design block shear resistance for beam web
- (3b) VRd : design block shear resistance for connection element (beam side)
- (3c) VRd : design block shear resistance for connection element (column side)
- (3d) VRd : design block shear resistance for endplate (beam side)
- (4) VRd : design shear resistance due to the bolt distribution in the beam web
- (5) VRd : design shear resistance due to the bolt distribution in the column
- (6) VRd : design shear resistance at the notch
- (7) NRd : design compression/tension resistance for the connection element

- (8) NRd : design compression/tension resistance of the beam
- (9) NRd : design tension resistance due to the bolt distribution in the column
- (10) NRd : design compression resistance for column web
In the next chapters, the theoretical background is given for the calculation of the various design shear
resistance and design compression/tension resistance, according to EC3-ENV (Ref.[2]). For the other code
regulations, we refer to chapter “Connection analysis according to Different Codes”.
The critical situations (1) (2) (3a) (3b) (3c) (3d) (4) (5) (7) (8) (9) (10) are described in "Theoretical background for
frame pinned connections".
For grid pinned connections, these critical situations remain valid, taking into account the following modifications
:
- critical situation (6) is added for notched elements – see Chapter "VRd : Design shear resistance at notch"
- critical situation (3a) is modified for notched elements – see Chapter "Notched elements : calculation design block
shear resistance VRd"
- critical situation (10) is not valid for grid pinned
- critical situation (1) is modified for long cleat connections - see Chapter "Long cleat connection VRd : design shear
resistance for the connection element"
- critical situation (5) is modified for long cleat connections – see Chapter "Long cleat connection V Rd : design shear
resistance due to the bolt distribution in the column"
SCIA 91
VRd : Design shear resistance at notch
Reduced
Stresses
section
ad
h1
az
ad
az
h1
a1
At the position of the notch ( at a distance a1), the geometrical properties of the reduced section are calculated.
SCIA 92
At the section, the normal force N is acting. (N positive is for compression). The design shear VRd resistance is
given by :
VRd

Av
N
N 
A
V a a
 M  Rd d 1
I y1
 N   M 2  3 2  f y  M0
 a 12 a d2 3   2 a a   2 f2 
V Rd  2  2   VRd  N 1 d
2    N  y 0
 I A v   I    2M 0 
 y1  y1   
with fy the yield strength of the element –member

A the reduced section at notch
az,ad the positions of center of gravity in notch
Iy1 moment of inertia in notch
Av shear area
= h1 *tw
For BS code, Av=h1*tw*0.9
SCIA 93
Notched elements : calculation design block shear

resistance VRd
The design value of effective resistance to block shear is determined by using the following expression :
f y  A v, eff
Veff , Rd  with A v, eff  t  L v ,eff
3   M0
We determined the effective shear area Av,eff as follows:
Lv  h  a1  a 2
 f 
L 3  min  L v  a 1  a 3 ; L v  a 1  a 3  n  d 0   u 
 fy 
 
L1  min a 1 ;5  d 0 
fu
L 2  a 2  k  d 0  
fy
with k=0.5 for a single bolts-row
k=2.5 for tow bolts-row
L v ,eff  min L v  L 1  L 2 ; L 3 
SCIA 94
a1
Lv
a3
a2
a1
Lv
a3
a2
SCIA 95
Long cleat connection VRd : design shear resistance for

the connection element
See Ref.[30].
When only 1 bolt is present at each cleat in the column web, the shear stress is adapted as follows :
VRd 3VRd e u
 
A nht ²
The normal stress remains valid as follows :
N
N 
A
M
M 
W
with A htn
W n t h² / 6
M the present moment : VRd a
a
M the normal stress generated by moment M
 the shear stress
eu see figure
 N   M 2  3 2  f y  M0

 a2 3 27e 2u 9e u   2 N a   2 f y2 
2
V Rd  2  2     VRd   N  2 0
W A 4h ² t 4 Aht ²   W    M0 

SCIA 96
h
eu
Long cleat connection VRd : design shear resistance

due to the bolt distribution in the column
See Ref.[30].
The design shear resistance is given by :
Q
VRd  2
2 2
 1   eu 
   f
n  h 
6n  1
f 
n n  1
  N  0.9  f ub  A s
Q  min  Fb, Rd , Fv, Rd  1   with Ft , Rd 
 
  1.4  2  n  Ft ,Rd   Mb
with n the number of bolts in 1 cleat

eu, h see figure
N normal force
Fb,Rd the bolt bearing resistance
Fv,Rd the bolt shear resistance
SCIA 97
Connection analysis according to Different

Codes
Introduction
The algorithms and methods described in EC3 (Ref.[1], Ref.[32]) and EC3 Revised Annex J (component method
- Ref.[2], Ref.[23]) are used to calculate the limit states of the connection. The capacities of the underlying steel
parts are calculated by the formulas given in the respective national codes (EC3-ENV, EC3-EN, DIN18800 T1 or
BS 5950-1:2000), depending on the national code setup. For other codes (NEN, CM, ONORM, CSN, …), the
default EC3-ENV capacities are used.
The frame bolted, frame welded, frame pinned and grid pinned connection types are affected.
The concrete parts (for base plate connections) are not affected. The concrete parts are designed according the
EC definitions.
An overview of the used formulas for the specified steel parts is given. More information about the used formulas
can be found in :
for EC3-ENV Ref.[2]

Ref.[23]
for EC3-EN Ref.[32]
for DIN Ref.[25]
Ref.[26]
Ref.[11]
for BS Ref.[27]
Ref.[28]
Ref.[29]
For steel parts not specified in the following chapters, the limit capacities are calculated by adapting the partial
safety factors, as follows :
EC3-ENV partial safety factor EC3-EN in DIN replaced by in BS replaced by

M0 M0 M 1.0
M1 M1
Mb M2
Ms M3
Column web panel in shear

Related types :
 Frame bolted
 Frame welded
0.9f y ,wc A vc
EC3- Vwp , Rd 
ENV 3 M 0
EC3-EN
SCIA 98
0.9f y ,k ,wc A vc 1.1

DIN Vwp ,Rd 
3 M
BS
Pv  Vwp , Rd  0.6p yc t c D c
Column web in compression

Related types :
 Frame bolted
 Frame welded
b eff ,c ,wc t wc f y, wc
EC3- Fc, wc ,Rd  k wc
ENV  M0
EC3-EN
 b eff ,c, wc t wc f y ,wc
Fc, wc ,Rd  k wc
 M1
b eff ,c, wc t wc f y ,k , wc 1.1
DIN Fc, wc ,Rd  k wc
M
 b eff ,c ,wc t wc f y,k , wc 1.1
Fc, wc ,Rd  k wc
M
BS
Pc  Fc ,wc ,Rd  b1  n 2 t c p yc
Pc  Fc ,wc ,Rd  b1  n 1 t c p c
Column web in tension

Related types :
 Frame bolted
 Frame welded
 Frame pinned
b eff , t ,wc t wc f y ,wc

EC3- Ft ,wc ,Rd 
ENV  M0
EC3-EN
SCIA 99
b eff ,t , wc t wc f y ,k , wc 1.1
DIN Ft , wc , Rd 
M
BS
Pt  Ft ,wc ,Rd  L t t w p y - for bolted type
Pt  Ft ,wc ,Rd  Tb  2s f  5Tc  rc t w p y - for welded type
Beam flange and web in compression

Related types :
 Frame bolted
 Frame welded
M c,Rd
EC3- Fc,fb ,Rd 
ENV (h b  t fb )
EC3-EN
M c,Rd
DIN Fc,fb ,Rd 
(h b  t fb )
BS
Pc  Fc,fb ,Rd  1.4p yb Tb B b - for bolted type
Pc  Fc,fb ,Rd  1.2p yb Tb B b - for welded type
Beam web in tension

Related types :
 Frame bolted
b eff , t ,wb t wb f y, wb
EC3- Ft ,wb ,Rd 
ENV  M0
EC3-EN
SCIA 100
b eff , t ,wb t wb f y, k ,wb 1.1

DIN Ft ,wb ,Rd 
M
BS
Pt  Ft , wb , Rd  L t t w p y
Bolts in tension
Related types :
 Frame bolted
 Frame pinned
 Grid Pinned
0.9f ub A s
EC3- B t ,Rd 
ENV  Mb
0.9 f ub As
EC3-EN Ft , Rd 
M2
DIN

B t , Rd  N Rd  min A1, Rd , A s  2,Rd 
f y ,b ,k
1, Rd 
1.1 M
f u ,b ,k
 2,Rd 
1.25 M
BS
Pt'  p t A t
For anchors, the tensile strengths (Bt,Rd, NR,d and Pt') are reduced by multiplying them with a factor 0.85 (See
Ref.[2], clause 6.5.5.(6)).
Plastic moment capacity of T stub

Related types :
 Frame bolted
 Frame pinned
 Grid Pinned
SCIA 101
0.25l eff t ²f y
EC3- M pl ,Rd 
ENV  M0
EC3-EN
0.25l eff t ²f y,k 1.1

DIN M pl , Rd  m pl ,p 
M
BS
L eff t ² p y
M pl , Rd  M p 
4
Resistance to shear force / bolts in shear

Related types :
 Frame bolted
 Frame Pinned
 Grid Pinned
EC3-
ENV
VRd  Fv ,Rd  0.28  nt  Fv ,Rd * nn
0.6  f ub  A s
Fv, Rd  for grade 4.6, 5.6, 8.8
 Mb
0.5  f ub  A s
Fv, Rd  for other grades
 Mb
EC3-EN
0.6  f ub  As
Fv , Rd  for grade 4.6, 5.6, 8.8
 M2
0.5  f ub  As
Fv , Rd  for other grades
M2
DIN
 a  f u ,b ,k  A s
Fv,Rd  Va ,R ,d 
M
for grade 4.6 , a=0.60
SCIA 102
for grade 5.6 , a=0.60

for grade 8.8 , a=0.60
for grade 10.9 , a=0.55
for other grades, a=0.55
BS
VRd  Fv , Rd  0.40  nt  Fv ,Rd * nn
Fv ,Rd  Ps  p s .A s
for grade 4.6 , ps=160 N/mm²
for other grades, ps=0.4 fub
For anchors, the shear (Fv,Rd, Va,R,d and Ps) are reduced by multiplying them with a factor 0.85 (See Ref.[2],
clause 6.5.5.(6)).
Bearing resistance for bolts/elements

Related types :
 Frame bolted
 Frame pinned
 Grid Pinned
2.5    f u  d  t
EC3- Fb, Rd 
ENV  Mb
 e1 p1 1 f ub 
  min  ;  ; ;1.0 
 3d 0 3d 0 4 f u 
k1   b  f u  d  t
EC3-EN Fb ,Rd 
M2
 e1 p1 1 f ub 
 b  min  ;  ; ;1.0 
 3d 0 3d 0 4 f u 
 e2 
for edge bolts k1  min  2.8  1.7;2.5 
 d0 
SCIA 103
 p2 
for inner bolts k1  min 1.4  1.7;2.5 
 d0 
t  d  1  f y , k
DIN Fb ,Rd  Vl,R ,d 
M
Fb ,Rd  Pbb  d  t p  p bb
BS
for grade 4.6 , pbb=460 N/mm²
for other grades, pbb=0.7 (fub+fyb)
Fb ,Rd  Pbs  d  t p  p bs
Fb ,Rd  Pbs  0.5  e  t p  p bs
for steel grade S275 , pbs=460 N/mm²

for other grades, pbs=0.67 (fu+fy)
Values for 1
e2 e e2 e
 1.2; 3  2.4  1.5; 3  3.0
dL dL dL dL
e1 e1 e1
1. 2   3.0 1  0.73  0. 2 1  1.1  0.3
dL dL dL
e e1 e
2.2   3.5 1  0.72  0.51 1  1.08  0.77
dL dL dL
The design shear resistance for preloaded bolts

Related types :
 Frame bolted
 Frame pinned
 Grid Pinned
SCIA 104
Fp ,Cd  0.7  f ub  A s
EC3-
ENV
k s  n    Fp, Cd  0.8  Ft ,Sd 
Fs , Rd 
 Ms
Fp ,Cd  0.7  f ub  A s
EC3-EN
k s  n    Fp ,Cd  0.8  Ft , Sd 
Fs ,Rd 
M3
DIN [formula only for SLS

EC formula are used.]
BS
Po  0.7  f ub  A s
PsL  0.9  k s    Po
Column flange in bending

Related types :
 Frame welded
b eff ,b,fc t fb f y,fb

EC3- Ffc ,Rd 
ENV  M0
EC3-EN
b eff ,b,fc t fb f y ,k ,fb 1.1

DIN Ffc ,Rd 
M
BS
Ffc ,Rd  Ptc  B eff Tb p yb
SCIA 105
Calculation design shear resistance VRd for beam /

Connection Element
Related types :
 Frame pinned
 Grid Pinned
f yA v
EC3- VRd 
ENV 3 M 0
EC3-EN
For net areas :
fy
A v.net  Av
fu
When Av.net is less than this limit, an effective shear area of (fu/fy) Av.net may be assumed.
f y , kwc A vc
DIN
for beam V Rd 
3 M
f y ,k A v
for connection element VRd 
1. 5 3  M
BS
Pv  VRd  0.6p y tD
If Av.net is less than 0.85 Av/Ke then
Pv  VRd  0.7p y K e A v.net
Block shear resistance

Related types :
 Frame pinned
SCIA 106
 Grid Pinned
EC3-
ENV
f y  A v ,eff
Veff , Rd 
3   M0
EC3-EN
f u  Ant f A
Veff ,Rd  0.5  y nv
 M2 3   M0
DIN -
BS
Pr  Veff ,Rd  0.6p y tL v  K e L t  kD t 
Design compression/tension resistance NRd for

connection element
Related types :
 Frame pinned
 Grid Pinned
EC3- Compression :
ENV
Af y
N Rd 
 M0
Tension :
 Af y 0.9A net f u 
N Rd  min  , 

  M0  M2 
EC3-EN Compression :
SCIA 107
Af y
N Rd 
 M1
Tension :
 Af 0.9 Anet f u 
N Rd  min  y , 
  M1  M 2 
DIN Compression :
Af y ,k
N Rd 
M
Tension :
 Af y,k A net f u ,k 
N Rd  min  , 
  M 1.25 M 
BS Compression
Pc  N Rd  p y A
Tension
Pt  N Rd  p y A e
Bolt interaction Shear/Tension
Related types :
 Frame pinned
 Grid Pinned
SCIA 108
EC3-
N
ENV Q n 1
EC3-EN 
Fv,Rd 1.4Ft ,Rd
DIN
N
if
n  0.25
N Rd
2
 Q   N n
2

    1
F  N 
 v, Rd   Rd 
else
Q
1
Fv,Rd
BS
N
Q
 n  1.4
Ps Pt
SCIA 109
Column web in compression
Related types :
 Frame pinned
EC3-
ENV
R y,Rd 
s s  s y t w f y
EC3-EN  M1
2
bf   
s y  2t f 1   M 0 f ,Ed 
tw  fy 
 
0.5t w ² Ef y  t f t s 
R a , Rd   3 w s 
 M1  tw t f d 

ss
 0.2
d
N Rd  min R y,Rd , R a , Rd , R b,Rd 
Rb,Rd is obtained by considering the web as a virtual compression member with an effective breadth
beff and buckling length d.
1 s
b eff  h²  ss ²  a  s
2 2
b eff  h²  ss ²
if  x  0.5f y, k
DIN
1  x 
R y,Rd  FR ,d  s  l  f yk 1.25  0.5 
M  f y,k 
 
else
1
R y,Rd  FR ,d  s  l  f yk
M
N Rd  min R y,Rd , R b, Rd 
Rb,Rd : cfr. EC3
SCIA 110
BS
R y,Rd  Pbw  b1  nk tp y
   0.7d  25t
R b, Rd  Px  min 1, e  P
 1.4d  b1  nk d bw
N Rd  min R y,Rd , R b, Rd 
Weld size
Related types :
 Frame pinned
 Frame bolted
 Frame welded
 Grid Pinned
EC3-
fu fu
ENV 
 21  3   21   22   w   Mw
and 1 
 Mw
EC3-EN fu f
 2  3   2   //2   and    u
 w   M 2w  M2
f yk
DIN  2   2   //2   w 
M
2 2
 FL   FT 
BS       1
 pw a   K  pw  a 
K  1.25
for steel grade S275 , pw=220 N/mm²

for other grades, pw=220 N/mm²
SCIA 111
 reduction factor for shear

 reduction factor for shear buckling
 normal stress perpendicular to the throat of the weld
 shear stress perpendicular to the throat of the weld
// normal stress parallel to the axis of weld
// shear stress parallel to the axis of weld
e distance from the load to the nearer end of the member
f,Ed longitudinal stress in flange
M partial safety coefficient according to DIN (=1.1)
M0 partial safety coefficient according to EC3 (=1.0)
Mb partial safety factor for bolts
Ms partial safety factor for slip resistance
w correlation factor for weld
w weld factor (DIN)
x normal stress in column
A gross cross-section area of the bolt
a distance to the nearer end of the member from the end of the stiff bearing
a weld throat size
Ae effective net area
As tensile stress area of bolt
At tensile stress area of bolt
Av shear area, effective shear area
Avc shear area of the column
b1 stiff bearing length based on 45° dispersion through the end plate from the edge of the welds
b1 stiff bearing length
Bb beam flange breadth
be distance to the nearer end of the member from the end of the stiff bearing
Beff effective width for bending of the flange
beff,b,fc effective width for bending of the flange
beff,c,wc effective width of column web in compression
beff,t,wb effective width of beam web in tension
beff,t,wc effective width of column web in tension
bf flange width
 25 tf
Bt,Rd tension resistance in bolt
c bearing length
d bolt diameter
D section depth
d depth of the web
d0 bore hole
SCIA 112
Dc column section depth

Dt hole size
e bolt spacing, in load direction
e1 end distance, in load direction
e2 end distance, perpendicular to load direction
e3 bolt spacing, perpendicular to load direction
Fc,fb,Rd resistance of beam flange and web in compression
Fc,wc,Rd resistance of column web in compression
FL longitudinal shear force parallel to axis of the weld
Fp,Cd design preloading force
FR,d compression resistance in column web
Fs,Rd design slip resistance of preloaded high-strength bolt
FT transverse force perpendicular to axis of the weld
Ft,Sd applied tensile force (=NSd/ntot)
Ft,wb,Rd resistance of beam web in tension
Ft,wc,Rd resistance of column web in tension
fu ultimate tensile strength
fu,b,k tensile strength bolt
fub tensile strength bolt
Fv,Rd shear resistance of the bolt
fy characteristic yield strength according to EC3
fy,b,k yield strength bolt
fy,fb characteristic yield strength of the beam flange according to EC3
fy,k characteristic yield strength according to DIN
fy,k,fb characteristic yield strength of the beam flange according to DIN
fy,k,wc characteristic yield strength of the column web according to DIN
fy,wc characteristic yield strength of the column web according to EC3
hb beam height
k coefficient (=0.5 for single line of bolts, =2.5 for two lines of bolts)
k for rolled I or H section, = T+r
for welded I or H section = T
Ke net area coefficient
ks value for slip resistance (=1.0 for holes with standard nominal clearances)
l effective bearing length
= c +5 ( t + r )
leff effective length of yield line in the equivalent T stub
Leff effective length of yield line in the equivalent T stub
Lt effective tensile length of web assuming a maximum spread of 60° from the bolts to the
center of the web
Lt length of the tension face
Lv length of the shear face
Mc,Rd moment resistance of beam
Mp plastic moment capacity of the equivalent T stub
mpl,p plastic moment capacity of the equivalent T stub
Mpl,Rd plastic moment capacity of the equivalent T stub
n number of friction interfaces (=1)
SCIA 113
n number of bolts
N normal force
n =5
except at the end of a member
= 2+0.6 be/k
n1 length obtained by a 1:2.5 dispersion through the column flange and root radius
n2 length obtained by a 45° dispersion through half the depth of the column
nn number of bolts not in tension zone
NR,d tension resistance in bolt
nt number of bolts in tension zone
p1 bolt spacing, in load direction
pbb bearing strength of the bolt
Pbb bearing capacity of the bolt
pbs bearing strength of connected element
Pbs bearing capacity of connected element
Pbw bearing capacity of the unstiffened web
pc compressive strength of column web
Pc resistance of column web in compression
Pc resistance of beam flange and web in compression
Po design preloading force
Ps shear resistance of the bolt
PsL design slip resistance of preloaded high-strength bolt
Pt resistance of column web in tension
Pt tension resistance in bolt
pt tension strength of bolts
Pv shear resistance of column web panel
Pv shear resistance
pw design strength of fillet welds
Px buckling resistance of the unstiffened web
py design strength according to BS
pyb design strength of the beam according to BS
pyc design strength of the column according to BS
Q resulting shear force acting on the bolts
r root radius
Ra,Rd crippling resistance
Rb,Rd buckling resistance
rc column root radius
Ry,Rd crushing resistance
sf weld fillet leg length
ss length of stiff bearing
t element thickness
t thickness
T flange thickness
t web thickness
t flange thickness
Tb beam flange thickness
SCIA 114
Tb beam flange thickness

tc column web thickness
Tc column flange thickness
tf flange thickness
tfb beam flange thickness
tfb beam flange thickness
tp element thickness
tw thickness of column or beam web
tw web thickness
twc column web thickness
Va,R,d shear resistance of the bolt
VRd shear resistance
Vwp,Rd shear resistance of column web panel
μ slip factor
SCIA 115
Theoretical background for bolted diagonal

connections
Introduction to the bolted diagonal connection
The design and check of a bolted connection, where the member is subjected to normal force, are considered.
The connection is made by bolts on a gusset plate, or by bolting the member directly to the column member. The
checks are according to EC3 Ref.[32]
The following checks are performed to establish the unity check of the connection :
 Member resistance
 Connection resistance
 Weld size calculation for gusset plate
SCIA 116
Member resistance
Resistance of the gross section of diagonal
The design plastic resistance of the gross section is given by :
Af y
N pl ,Rd 
 M1
with A the area of the diagonal element
fy the yield strength of the diagonal element
Npl,Rd the design plastic resistance
M1 the partial safety factor for resistance of cross-section to overall

yielding
Resistance of the net section of diagonal
The design ultimate resistance of the net section is given by :
0.9A net f u
N u , Rd 
 M2
with Anet the net area of the diagonal element

See also chapter "Determination of Anet"
fu the ultimate tensile strength of the diagonal element
Nu,Rd the design ultimate resistance
M2 the partial safety factor for resistance of net section
In the case of unsymmetrical connected diagonals (such as angles by one leg), the eccentricity of the fasteners
in end connections shall be taken into account.
Angle diagonal with 1 bolt
SCIA 117
2.0e 2  0.5d o tf u

N u ,Rd 
 M2
with e2 the edge distance
t the material thickness
d0 the bore hole
Angle diagonal with 2 bolts on 1 line
 2 A net f u
N u , Rd 
 M2
SCIA 118
e2
e1 t
d0
p1
with Anet the net area of the diagonal element :

for unequal-leg angle connected by its smaller leg, Anet should be
taken as equal to the net section area of an equivalent equal-leg
angle of leg size to that of the smaller leg.
2 reduction factor (see table)
d0 the bore hole
Pitch p1 <= 2.5 d0 >5.0 d0

2 bolts : 2 0.4 0.7
3 bolts or more : 3 0.5 0.7
Angle diagonal with 3 bolts on 1 line
3 A net f u
N u ,Rd 
 M2
SCIA 119
with Anet the net area of the diagonal element :

for unequal-leg angle connected by its smaller leg, Anet should be
taken as equal to the net section area of an equivalent equal-leg
angle of leg size to that of the smaller leg.
FU the ultimate tensile strength of the diagonal element
3 reduction factor (see table in chapter "Angle diagonal with 2 bolts

on 1 line")
d0 the bore hole
Angle diagonal with Double Leg connection
0.9 Anet f u
N u ,Rd 
M2
Anet  A  2d 0t
with fu the ultimate tensile strength of the diagonal element
A the area of the diagonal element
Anet the net area of the diagonal element
d0 the bore hole
Other sections and configurations
See Ref.[31] pp.4.9
SCIA 120
0.9A n f u
N u , Rd 
 M2
A n  A 1  A 2
3A 1

3A 1  A 2
with A1 the net area of the connected flange

A2 the area of the free flanges / webs
Resistance of the gross section of gusset plate
The design plastic resistance of the gross section is given by :
Af y
N pl ,Rd 
 M1
with A the area of the gusset plate
fy the yield strength of the gusset plate
M1 the partial safety factor for resistance of cross-section to overall

yielding
In case of a double leg connection, the calculated resistance is multiplied by 2.
Resistance of the net section of gusset plate
SCIA 121
The design ultimate resistance of the net section is given by :
0.9A net f u
N u , Rd 
 M2
with Anet the net area of the gusset plate

fu the ultimate tensile strength of the gusset plate
In case of a double leg connection, the calculated resistance is multiplied by 2.
Determination of Anet
For 2 rows of bolts in a non-staggered configuration, the Anet is given by :
A net  t  e 2  p 2  e 2  d 0  d 0 
with Anet the net area
e2 the edge distance
p2 the spacing
d0 the bore hole
SCIA 122
For 2 rows of bolts in a staggered configuration , the A net is given by :
 s² 
A net  t   e 2  p 2  e 2  d 0  d 0  
 4p 2 
with Anet the net area
e2 the edge distance
p2 the spacing
d0 the bore hole
s the staggered pitch
SCIA 123
Connection resistance
Shear resistance
The shear resistance per shear plane and per bolt is given by :
for bolt grade 4.6, 5.6 and 8.8 :
0.6 f ub As
Fv . Rd   Lf
 M2
for bolt grade 4.8, 5.8 and 10.9 :
0.5 f ub As
Fv . Rd   Lf
 M2
with As the tensile stress area of bolt
fub the ultimate tensile strength of bolt
M2 the partial safety factor for resistance of bolts
Lf the reduction factor for long joints
Fv.Rd the shear resistance
L j  15d
 Lf  1 
200d
 Lf  1.00
 Lf  0.75
with d the bolt diameter
Lj the connection length
SCIA 124
Shear resistance for preloaded bolts
The design preloading force Fp,Cd is given by
Fp ,Cd  0.7  f ub  A s
with fub the tensile strength of the bolt

As the tensile stress area of the bolt
The design slip resistance of preloaded high-strength bolt Fs,Rd is given by
ks  n   
Fs , Rd  Fp ,Cd
 M3
with n the number of friction interfaces

ks the value for slip resistance (=1.0 for holes with standard
nominal clearances)
μ the slip factor
M3 the partial safety factor for slip resistance
Bearing resistance
The bearing resistance for each part of the connection and per bolt, Fb.Rd is given by Ref.[32] Table 3.4.
The bearing resistance of single lap joints with 1 bolt is limited by
SCIA 125
1.5 f u dt
Fb . Rd 
2
If the edge distance e2 is smaller than 1.5 d 0 or the spacing p2 is smaller than 3.0 d0, the bearing resistance
should be reduced. This reduction is 2/3 when e2 =1.2 d0 or p2=2.4 d0. For intermediate values (1.2 d0 < e2  1.5
d0 and/or 2.4 d0 < p2  3.0 d0) the value of Fb.Rd is determined by linear interpolation.
Checking the connection resistance
If no preloading is used, the connection is considered as category A bolted connections :
Fv.Sd  Fv.Rd
Fv.Sd  Fb.Rd
If preloading is used, the connection is considered as category C bolted connections :
Fv.Sd  Fs.Rd
Fv.Sd  Fb.Rd
with Fv.Sd the design shear force per bolt for the ultimate limit state
SCIA 126
Weld size calculation for gusset plate
Calculation of weld length
The length of the weld size La is calculated according to Ref.[32] part 4.5.3.3..
The default throat thickness a is equal to plate thickness/2.
t
a
2
Fw. Rd  f vw. d a
fu
f w .d  3
 w 2
N
La  Rd
Fw. Rd
N Rd  min N u. Rd , N pl . Rd 
with a the throat thickness

La the weld size length
t the plate thickness
Fw;Rd the weld design resistance per unit length
fvw.d the design shear strength of the weld
fu the ultimate tensile strength of the weld
w the correlation factor
M3 the partial safety factor for resistance of welds
NRd the design resistance
Steel grade Ultimate tensile strength W

(N/mm²)
FE 360 360 0.80
FE 430 430 0.85
FE 510 510 0.90
SCIA 127
Basic Weld symbols

Weld symbols
The following weld symbols are used ( see Ref. [8] and Ref.[9]) :
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Number Description
1 fillet weld
2 double fillet weld
3 bevel (HV) weld
4 square weld
5 plug weld
6 weld length at haunch
Remark : the weld symbol (6) is not defined in the codes. This symbol is used to represent the weld length which
is calculated according to chapter "Haunch with flange". On the graphical representation, the symbol (6) or the
symbol (3) can be used for representing the weld size at the haunches. This can be set in the basic data.
The location of the weld is defined by the above welding symbol. The X stands for the weld size, and Y stands
for the weld symbol. The circle symbol in (2) is the weld-all-around symbol.
The example given in (3) means : fillet weld with 6 mm weld size.
X Y X Y 6
(1) (2) (3)

SCIA 128
Bolt symbols
Bolt symbols
For some metric bolt diameters (M10, M12, M16, M20, M22, M24), the following symbols are used (See Ref.[9]) :
The symbol for M20, is used as the default symbolic representation for all other diameters.
SCIA 129
References
List of references
[1] Eurocode 3 : Part 1.1.

Revised annex J : Joints in building frames
ENV 1993-1-1/pr A2
[2] Eurocode 3
Design of steel structures
Part 1 - 1 : General rules and rules for buildings
ENV 1993-1-1:1992, 1992
[3] P. Zoetemeijer
Bolted beam to column knee connections with haunched beams
Tests and computations
Report 6-81-23
Delft University of Technology, Stevin Laboratory, December 1981
[4] P. Zoetemeijer
Een rekenmethode voor het ontwerpen van geboute hoekverbindingen met een kolomschot
in de trekzone van de verbinding en een niet boven de ligger uitstekende kopplaat.
Rapport 6-81-4
Staalcentrum Nederland, Staalbouwkundig Genootschap, Juni 1982
[5] Eurocode 3 : Part 1.1.

Annex L: Design of column bases
ENV 1993-1-1:1992
[6] Eurocode 2
Design of concrete structures
Part 1: General rules and rules for buildings
ENV 1992-1-1:1991
[7] Y. Lescouarc’h
Les pieds de poteaux articulés en acier
CTICM, 1982
[8] Manual of Steel Construction

Load & Resistance Factor Design
Volume II : Connections
Part 8 : Bolts, Welds, and Connected Elements
AISC 1995
[9] U. Portmann
Symbole und Sinnbilder in Bauzeichnungen nach Normen, Richtlinien und Regeln
Wiesbaden, Berlin : Bauverlag, 1979
[10] Sprint Contract RA351

Steel Moment Connections according to Eurocode 3
SCIA 130
Simple Design aids for rigid and semi-rigid joints

1992-1996
[11] DIN18800 Teil 1

Stahlbauten : Bemessung und Konstruktion
November 1990
[12] J. Rudnitzky
Typisierte Verbindungen im Stahlhochbau. 2. Auflage
Stahlbau-Verlags-GmbH-Köln 1979
[13] H. Buchenau A.Tiele

Stahlhochbau 1
B.G. Teubner
Stuttgart 1981
[14] F. Mortelmans
Berekening van konstructies Deel 2
Staal Acco
Leuven, 1980
[15] Frame Design Including Joint Behaviour

Volume 1
ECSC Contracts n° 7210-SA/212 and 7210-SA/320
January 1997
[16] F. Wald, A.M. Gresnigt, K. Weynand, J.P. Jaspart

Application of the component method to column bases
Proceedings of the COST C1 Conference
Liège, Sept.17-19, 1998
[17] F.C.T. Gomes, U. Kuhlmann, G. De Matteis, A. Mandara

Recent developments on classification of joints
Liège, Sept.17-19, 1998
[18] M. Steenhuis, N. Gresnigt, K. Weynand

Pre-design of semi-rigid joints in steel frames
COST C1 Workshop
Prague, October 1994
[19] M. Steenhuis, N. Gresnigt, K. Weynand

Flexibele verbindingen in raamwerken
Bouwen met Staal 126
September/Oktober 1995
[20] O. Oberegge, H.-P. Hockelmann, L. Dorsch

Bemessungshilfen für profilorientiertes Konstruieren
3. Auflage 1997
Stahlbau-Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Köln
[21] M. Steenhuis, JP Jaspart, F. Gomes, T. Leino
SCIA 131
Application of the component method to steel joints

Liège, Sept.17-19, 1998
[22] J.A. Packer, J. Wardenier, Y. Kurobane, D. Dutta, N. Yeomans

Design Guide for rectangular hollow sections (RHS) joints under predominantly static
loading
CIDECT
Köln, 1992, Verlag TUV Rheinland
[23] Eurocode 3
Part 1.1. Revised Annex J
Joints in building frames, edited
Approved draft : january 1997
[24] Rekenregels voor het ontwerpen van kolomvoetplaten en experimentele verificatie

TNO report N° BI-81-51
[25] Typisierte Anschlüsse im Stahlhochbau

Band 1
DSTV - 2000
[26] Typisierte Anschlüsse im Stahlhochbau

Band 2
DSTV - 2000
[27] Joints in Steel Construction

Moment Connections
BCSA - 1997
[28] Joints in Simple Construction

Volume 1 : Design methods
BCSA - 1994
[29] BS 5950
Structural use of steelwork in building
Part 1 : Code of practice for design - Rolled and welded sections
2000
[30] Hotz R.
Oberkantenbündige Deckenträger-Unterzug-Anschlüsse mit verbesserter Wirtschaftlichkeit
(II)
Stahlbau 64 (1995) Heft 2
[31] Maquoi R.
Elements de constructions métalliques
Université de Liège, 1988
[32] EN 1993-1-8
Eurocode 3 : Design of steel structures
Part 1-8 : Design of Joints
2005
SCIA 132
SCIA 133

Steel Connections Theory Enu

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Steel Connections Theory Enu

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Theory

Design of Frame Connections

Scientific Application Group

Manual : SCIA STEEL DESIGNER

 Copyright 2008 SCIA Group. All rights reserved.

Theoretical background for bolted and welded frame connections ............................5

Theoretical background for bolted and

 The influence of the normal force

Mb Partial safety factor for resistance of bolts

da Height of angle shaped shear iron

Fw Design resistance of the weld

lb,net Required anchorage length

The influence of the normal force

Default Interaction Check

 For bolted connections

If there is an axial compression force NSd, we check the following :

Fc  min( Vwp , Rd , Fc , wc ,Rd , Fc,fb , Rd )

with h the distance between the compression and tension point

 For welded connections

Fc  min( Ft, fc, Rd , Ft, wc, Rd )

When an axial compressive force NSd is present :

Fc  min( Vwp, Rd , Fc, wc, Rd , Fc, fb, Rd )

with h the distance between the compression and tension point in

Interaction Check according to EN 1993-1-8 (Ref.[32])

The value for Nj,Rd is calculated as follows :

- For bolted connection, as a combination for all bolt rows :

- For welded connection :

In all cases, N j,Rd  N pl,Rd.

The effective width beff

The calculation of weld sizes

fyd Weld size

with af the throat thickness of weld at beam flange (fillet weld)

with FRd the design force in the beam flange

 = 1.7 for sway frames

with bf the beam flange width

Fw = min ( Nt.Rd,  FRd)

with Fw the design resistance of the weld

Calculation of aw for welded connection

Consider the figure. (See also Ref[14], pp.545)

We can define the following properties :

with bf the beam flange width

l1 the length for weld size a1

with fu the ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part

Calculation of aw for bolted connection

Consider the figure.

with fu the ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part

The calculation of stiffener dimensions

with Fw the design resistance of the weld

The weld size ah for the stiffener is

The transformation factor

The value of the factor  is limited to 2.0.

The use of 4 bolts / row

If these conditions are not fulfilled, Fadd = 0.0.

with fy the yield strength

The use of haunches

Weld sizes for haunches

Haunch with flange

The weld size ab is given by :

For the limit state, we suppose Mc=Me.

Haunch without flange

The weld size awc is given by :

For the limit state, we suppose Mc=Me.

Resistance for haunches