MACHINE FOUNDATIONS

1
 INTRODUCTION

• The performance, safety and stability of machines depend largely on their

design, manufacturing and interaction with environment.
• Machine foundations should be designed such that the dynamic forces of
machines are transmitted to the soil through the foundation in such a way that
all kinds of harmful effects are eliminated
• It should be remembered that operation of the machines generates not only
vertical forces, but also forces acting perpendicular to the axis;
• The most important parameters for the design of a machine foundation are:
(i) natural frequency of the machine-foundation; and
(ii) amplitude of motion of the machine at its operating frequency.
 TYPES OF MACHINES

1. RECIPROCATING MACHINE

2. IMPACT TYPE MACHINE

3. ROTATING MACHINE
 TYPES OF MACHINES
o RECIPROCATING MACHINE
o Produces periodic unbalanced force.
o Operating frequency is < 600 rpm.
o Example:- Reciprocating Engine, Compressor etc.

o IMPACT TYPE MACHINE

o Produces Impact Load.
o Operating frequency is 60 to 150 blows/min.
o Example:- Forge hammer.

o ROTATING MACHINE
o Operating frequency is 3000 to 10000 rpm.
o Example:- High Speed Machines like Turbo generator, Rotary
Compressor.
 TYPES OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS

1. BLOCK TYPE FOUNDATION.

2. BOX OR CAISSON TYPE FOUNDATION.

3. WALL OR FRAME TYPE FOUNDATION.

 TYPES OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS

1. BLOCK TYPE FOUNDATION.

• Machines producing impulsive and periodical forces at low speed are
generally mounted on block-type foundations.
 TYPES OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS

2. BOX OR CAISSON TYPE FOUNDATION.

 TYPES OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS

3. WALL OR FRAME TYPE FOUNDATION.

• Machines working at high speeds and the rotating type of machines are
generally mounted on framed foundations.

• Machines which produce very little dynamic force may be bolted directly
to the floor without special foundations.
 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS

• The Foundation should be able carry the superimposed loads without causing
shear or crushing failure.
• The settlements should be within the permissible limits.
• The combined C.G of machine and foundation should as far as possible be in
the same vertical line as C.G of base plane.
• No resonance should occur. For low-speed machines, the natural frequencies
should be high and vice versa.
• The amplitude under service conditions should be within permissible limits.
• The foundation should be planned to permit a subsequent alteration of natural
frequency by changing base area or mass of the foundation as may
subsequently found necessary.
• The groundwater table should be as low as possible.
• Machine foundations should be separated from adjacent building components
by means of expansion joints.
 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
OF MACHINE FOUNDATIONS

• Any steam or hot air pipes, embedded in the foundation must be properly
isolated.
• The foundation must be protected from machine oil by means of acid-resisting
coating or suitable chemical treatment.
• Machine foundations should be taken to level lower than the level of the
foundations of adjoining buildings.
 METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
1. MSD MODEL.

• Mass - Spring - Dashpot Model.

2. EHS THEORY.

• Elastic Half Space model based on linear theory of elasticity.

3. Tschebotarioff’s reduced natural frequency method (1953)

• Semi-empirical method.
• It can also be used for any earth retaining structures.
 METHODS OF ANALYSIS FOR
MACHINE FOUNDATIONS
1. Mass Spring Dashpot Model.