Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values
identified with any particular nation. For
Attitude
- An attitude is a learned tendency to respond in
a consistent way to a given object or entity.
- Attitudes are clusters of interrelated beliefs.
Belief
- A belief is an organized pattern of knowledge
that an individual holds to be true about the
world.
“Attitudes and Beliefs, in turn,
are closely related to values”
Values
- A value can be defined as an enduring belief or
feeling that a specific mode of conduct is
personally or socially preferable to another.
- Represent the deepest level of a culture and
are present in the majority of the members of a
particular culture.
- smaller groups of people with their own
shared subset of attitudes, beliefs, and values.
Subcultures
- often represent attractive niche
marketing opportunities.
Religion
- it is a particular system of faith and worship.11
- Religion is one important source of society’s
beliefs, attitudes, and values.
1. Buddhism
2. Hinduism
3. Islam
4. Judaism
5. Christianity
Aesthetics
- it is an overall sense of beauty, what
represents good taste as opposed to
tastelessness or even obscenity, and so on.
Music
- Music is an aesthetic component of all
cultures, accepted as a form of artistic
expression and source of entertainment.
- Music represents a “transculture” that is not
example, rhythm, or movement through time, is
a universal aspect of music.
Dietary Preferences
- culture influences are also quite in food
preparation and consumption patterns and
habits.
Need Proof?
1. Domino’s Pizza pulled out of Italy
because Italians perceived its product to be
“too American” In particular, the tomato sauce
was too bold and the toppings were too heavy.
2. To successfully launch the Subway
chain in India, it was necessary to educate
consumers about the benefits of the company’s
sandwiches. Why? Because Indians do not
normally consume bread.
Language and Communication
- The diversity of cultures around the world is
also reflected on language.
Linguistics have divided the study of spoken or
verbal language into four main areas.
1. Syntax (rules of sentence formation)
2. Semantics (system of meaning)
3. Phonology (system of sound
patterns)
4. Morphology (word formation)
Unspoken or nonverbal communication
- includes gestures, touching, and other forms
of body language that supplement spoken
communication.
- is sometimes called the “silent language”
- both the Spoken and Unspoken aspects of
language are included in the broader linguistics
field of “Semiotics”
Semiotics
- study of signs and their meanings
Fundamental Concepts of Organizational
Behavior
 Individual Difference
 Perception
 A whole person
 Motivated Behavior
 Desire for Involvement
 Value of Person
 The Nature of Organization
 Social Systems
 Mutual Interest
 Ethics
1. Individual Differences
- This idea supported by science.
Each person is different from all
others, probably in million ways,
just as each person DNA profile is
different.
2. Perception
- People’s perceptions also differ
when they see an object. Two
people can differently present a
same object. And this is occurring
for their experience.
3. A whole person
- An employee’s personal life is not
detached from his working life. As a
result, it’s impact falls on her
concentration that means her
working life.
4. Motivated Behavior
- An employee has so many needs.
So, they want to fulfill those. That’s
why they had to perform well in the
organization. Some motivations are
needed to enrich the quality of
work.
5. Desire for Involvement
- Every employee is actively seeking
opportunities at work to involve in
decision-making problems. They
hunger for the chance to share
what they know and to learn from
the experience.
6. Value for the Person
- An employee wants to be treated
separately from other factor of
production (land, capital, labor). For
this reason, they want to be treated
with carrying respect, dignity and
other things from their employers
and society.
7. The Nature of Organization
- There are two Assumptions as to
nature of organization:
a) Formal
b) Informal
8. Social Systems
- Organizations are social systems
and governed by social and
psychological laws. They have social
roles and status. Their behavior
influenced by their group’s
individual drives.
9. Mutual Interest
- In order to develop the organization
behavior mutually of interest
organizations and people is
necessary. Organizations need
people and people in turn, need
organizations.
10. Ethics
- To succeed, organization must treat
employees in an ethical conduct.
Every company is required to
establish codes of ethics, ethical
values, publicized positive role
models, and set up internal
procedures to handle misconduct.
The Political Environment
This includes governing party’s attitude toward
the following:
1. Sovereignty
2. Political Risk
3. Taxes
4. Threat of equity dilution
5. Expropriation
Sovereignty
- Supreme and independent political authority.
Political Risk
– the possibility of a change in a country’ or
local government’s political environment or
government policy that would adversely affect a
company’s ability to operate effectively and
profitably.
Categories:
1. War
- It is a state of armed conflict between
different nations or states or different
organizations within a nation or state.
2. Social Unrest
- Fractionalization by language, ethnic, and/or
religious groups.
3. Orderly Political Transfer
-Coercive measures required to retain power
with forecasted local operations or restrictions.
4. Politically Motivated Violence
- Rebellion or riot within the organization or
state. Non-action of government can also be
characterized as a form of political violence,
such as refusal to alleviate government issues.
5. International Disputes
- A disagreement over the rights of two or more
organizations with regard to control of a given
piece of territory.
6. Change in Organizational Perspective
- Many are skeptical or large-scale change
management initiatives. However, once new
perspective is gained positively, efforts to create
large-scale change can be easily managed.
7. Institutional Effectiveness
-The degree to which institutions provide
quality information such that informed
decisions and effective planning can be
accomplished by the stakeholders.
8. Bureaucracy
- A body of non-elective officials and an
administrative policy-making group. Historically,
a bureaucracy was a government administration
managed by departments staffed with non-
elected officials.
9. Transparency or Fairness
- In a business or governance context, is defined
as honesty and openness and is generally
considered as a pillar of good corporate
governance.
10. Corruption
- Dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in
power, typically involving bribery.
11. Crime
- An action or omission that constitutes an
offense that may be prosecuted by the state
and is punishable by law.
The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Habit 5 is greatly embraced in the Greek
philosophy represented by 3 words:
-published in 1989
1) Ethos -- your personal credibility. It's the
-a business and a self-help book by Stephen
trust that you inspire, your Emotional Bank
Covey
Account.
INDEPENDENCE
2) Pathos is the empathetic side -- it's the
1. Be proactive - circle of influence and
alignment with the emotional trust of
circle of Concern
another person's communication.
2. Begin with the end in mind- envision what
3) Logos is the logic -- the reasoning part of
you want in the future so you can work and
the presentation.
plan towards it. Understand how people
make decisions in their life.
6. Synergy - Combine the strengths of
3 First things first - leadership in the outside people through positive teamwork, so as to
world begins with personal vision and achieve goals that no one could have done
personal leadership. Talks about what is alone
important and what is urgent
Quadrant I. Urgent and important (Do)
The final habit is that of continuous
Quadrant II. Not urgent but improvement in both the personal and
important (Plan) interpersonal spheres of influence
Quadrant III. Urgent but not 7. Sharpen the Saw -Balance and renew
important (Delegate) your resources, energy and health to create
a sustainable, long-term, effective lifestyle
Quadrant IV. Not urgent and not
important (Eliminate)

INTERDEPENDENCE
4. Think win-win - Genuine feelings for
mutually beneficial solutions or agreements
in your relationships. 
5. Seek first to understand, then to be
understood - Use empathetic listening to
genuinely understand a person, which
compels them to reciprocate the listening
and take an open mind to be influenced by
you.