Unit 16 – States of Matter

Gases, Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces

Key Concepts – Read the BOOK! We will be working through section by section

16.1 The Nature of Gases – Chapter 11, pages 359 - 365

• Particles in a gas are considered to be small, hard spheres with an insignificant

volume. The motion of the particles in a gas is rapid, constant, and random. All
collisions between particles in a gas are perfectly elastic.
• Gas pressure is the result of simultaneous collisions of billions of rapidly moving
particles in a gas with an object.
• The Kelvin temperature of a substance is directly proportional to the average kinetic
energy of the particles of the substance.

16.2 The Nature of Liquids - TBD

• The interplay between the disruptive motions of particles in a liquid and the attractions
among the particles determines the physical properties of liquids.
• During evaporation, only those molecules with a certain minimum kinetic energy can
escape from the surface.
• In a system at constant vapor pressure, a dynamic equilibrium exists between the
vapor and the liquid. The rates of evaporation and condensation are equal.
• At a temperature at which particles throughout a liquid have enough kinetic energy to
vaporize, the liquid begins to boil.

16.3 The Nature of Solids

• The general properties of solids and the shapes of crystals reflect the orderly
arrangement and the fixed locations of particles within the solids.

16.4 Changes of State

• Sublimation occurs in solids that have vapor pressures that exceed atmospheric
pressure at or near room temperature.
• Conditions of pressure and temperature at which two phases exist in equilibrium are
indicated on a phase diagram by a line separating the two regions representing the
phases.
 NB 1

Vocabulary – Define the following as we work through sections of this unit

1) Kinetic energy -

2) Kinetic theory-

3) Gas pressure -

4) Vacuum -

5) atmospheric pressure -

6) barometer -

7) Pascal (Pa) –

8) Torr –

9) Standard atmosphere (atm) -

10) Absolute Zero -

11) Entropy

12) Brownian motion -

13) Intermolecular Interactions

14) Vaporization

15) Evaporation

16) Vapor pressure

17) Boiling point (BP)

18) Normal BP

19) Dynamic Equilibrium

20) Open system

21) Closed system

22) Surface Tension

23) Surfactant

24) Polarity
 NB 2
NAME: ______________________________________________ Period: ________

The Nature of Gases

U-tube Teachers Pet - KE Theory States of Matter
Assumptions of the KTG

Connecting to Your World You are walking your dog in the woods. Suddenly your
dog begins to bark and run toward what you think is a black cat. But before you
realize that the “cat” is not a cat, the damage is done. The skunk has released its
spray! Within seconds you smell that all-too-familiar foul odor. In this section, you
will discover some general characteristics of gases that help explain how odors travel
through the air, even on a windless day.

Key Concepts - U16S1

1. What are the three assumptions of the kinetic theory as it applies to gases?
1.1. –

1.2. –

1.3. -

2. How does kinetic theory explain gas pressure?

3. What is the relationship between the temperature in kelvins and the average kinetic energy of
particles?

Ideal Gas Law States of Matter KE & Temperature

 CHANGES OF STATE FLOW CHART NB 3

GOING THIS WAY

EXOTHERMIC – IN THIS DIRECTION ENERGY IS _________________

(EX = exit)

N
A
M
E
T
H
E
C SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA
H
A
N
G
E

ENDOTHERMIC – IN THIS DIRECTION ENERGY IS __________________

(ENDO = into)

GOING THIS WAY

REMEMBER: TEMPERATURE DOES NOT CHANGE DURING A CHANGE OF STATE

States of Matter KE & Temperature

 NB 4
Name: __________________________

Moving Matter Mysteries

The Kinetic Theory of Matter

Phenomenon: GASES – KE, KT, Force, Pressure, Particle size

• As I approach my house, I see my soccer ball begin to roll and the leaves in the yard appear to
just fly away.
• As I get near the front door I can see my mom cooking in the kitchen and smell the delicious
food all the way outside.

Think About it: asking the right questions – add your questions
1. What made the ball move and the leaves fly away? (The wind is not the answer!)

2. What is required to be present for the ball & leaves to be moved?

3. Why do I smell the cooking food all the way outside?

4. Why do I smell the Hot food and not the cold food?

5. How does this phenomenon relate to the Kinetic Theory of Matter?

Analyze it – Diagram it – Model it

1. What do I smell when I smell food?

2. Draw in & show the motion, of what you think is happening.

3. How does your model explain what you smell?

4. The leaves and ball cannot just move by themselves.

Draw in what you think is moving the objects.

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 NB 5a
Name: __________________________

The Kinetic Theory of Gases

How does it move

1. How do gases Move? – Watch the video I posted on the board for this!
1.1. BB’s in a box – KE, KE Theory, Gas Pressure, Vacuum, absolute zero, Energy Distribution

Obtain a Molecular Motion Dish (BB’s in a closed Petri Dish). Begin to shake the dish
slowly/randomly and observe the motion of the BB’s. What are they doing, how are they moving,
what direction are they moving, do they touch each other, do they all move the same speed?
Begin moving the dish faster and faster and observe how the motion of the BB’s changes. Use
your phone to take a slow-motion video of the movement of the BB’s in the dish. Note – take
one for the dish being shaken slowly and one for the dish being shaken faster for comparison.

❖ How is this activity related to Temperature? Show a curve of the “Energy Distribution model”
that explains what you have observed and sketch out the set-up showing the motion of the
particles. Use the vocabulary words to help you explain your model.

1.2. Making Sense of Scents - KE, KE Theory, KE vs. Temperature

Obtain two 250ml beakers, fill one with 50ml of ice and water and one with 50ml boiling water.
Place three to four drops of perfume or food scent flavoring into each beaker. Using your sense
of smell determine which beaker produces the most noticeable smell. How far away can you
smell the scent from each beaker. How & Why does temperature (Energy) affect the result?
❖ Develop a model that explains what you have observed and sketch out the set-up showing
the motion of the particles. Use the vocabulary words to help you explain your model.

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 Name: __________________________ NB 5b

The Kinetic Theory of Gases

How does it move
1.3. Syringe Secrets – Gas Pressure, compression, atm, barometer, kPa, mmHg, vacuum – 1.3 EXTRA CREDIT PART
Obtain a large plastic syringe, pull the plunger out to as far as it will go without removing it. Cap
off the syringe with the plastic tip. Push the plunger in on the syringe to reduce the volume and
observe what happens. Use your experience from activities 1&2 and develop a hypothesis for
why the gas behaved this way.

❖ Develop a model that explains what you have observed and sketch out the set-up showing
the motion of the particles with the plunger out and with the plunger pushed in. Use the
vocabulary words to help you explain your model.

EXTRA CREDIT

1.4. Balloon Business – Gas Pressure, atm

Obtain a medium size balloon. Blow the balloon up about half way. Why did the balloon
expand? Use your experience from activities 1,2, and 3 to explain your observations

❖ Develop a model that explains what you have observed and sketch out the set-up showing
the motion of the particles. Describe what real-world relationship you have experienced?
Use the vocabulary words to help you explain your model.

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 Name: __________________________ NB 5c

The Kinetic Theory of Gases

How does it move
These are the 3 assumptions of the Kinetic Theory of Matter as it relates to
Gasses:

1. Particles in a gas are in random, rapid, constant motion. Gasses will spread out
in all directions.
2. Gas Molecules have Perfectly Elastic Collisions – No energy is lost, never slow
down due to the collisions.
3. The space between particles in the gas state is empty. The particles in a gas have
an insignificant volume compared to the space they occupy.

Conclusion Questions

1) Which experiment(s) did you observe in the lab that support the first assumption of the
kinetic theory of matter as it relates to gasses? Give supporting details from your laboratory
observations.

2) Which experiment(s) did you observe in the lab that support the second assumption of the
kinetic theory of matter as it relates to gasses? Give supporting details from your laboratory
observations.

3) Which experiment(s) did you observe in the lab that support the third assumption of the
kinetic theory of matter as it relates to gasses?

4) What is the relationship between the temperature in Kelvins and the average kinetic energy
of particles?

5) How does the Kinetic Theory of Matter explain gas pressure?

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 NB 6a

Name: Score:

States of Matter
Review:
1) Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy of ____________.

2) Potential energy (PE) is the energy of ____________.

3) What property of a substance corresponds to the average KE of its particles? _______________

4) What property of a substance corresponds to the average PE of its particles? _______________

5) List the three common states of matter in order of highest Entropy → lowest entropy.

___________________ → __________________________ → _______________________

e-Lab: https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/states-of-matter

INSTRUCTIONS – Fill in the missing words or circle the correct answers

1) Open PhET simulation States of Matter.

2) The beginning of the lab starts with Neon in a solid state at 13 K. (Kelvin (K) is a direct unit of
ENERGY. Celsius and Fahrenheit measure the “AVERAGE KINETIC ENERGY” of matter in
“degrees” and we call this TEMPERATURE. You can heat or cool the substances in the
container by sliding the bar on the bucket to Heat (for fire) or Cool (for ice). Slide the bar to
Cool and cool the neon to 0 K (this will take a while).

a) The atoms are … (circle the correct answer)

• Not moving. • Sliding past each other.

• Vibrating about a fixed position. • Moving independently around

the container.

b) Explain why your answer to a) makes sense in terms of the Kelvin Temperature.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________

c) Go up to the temperature tab and change the temperature scale from Kelvin to Celsius.
According to this 0 K = _____ºC. Change the scale back to Kelvin.

d) Fill in the formula between oC & K K = C + _____

 NB 6b

e) Notice the pattern of the atoms relative to each other. ( ie. How many atoms touch a central
atom) This pattern can best be described as .
(circle the correct answer)

• rectangular • octagonal
• hexagonal • amorphous (random or no pattern)

3) Click on the “Solid” button on the right of the page. This puts the Neon's temperature back to
13 K.
a) What is this temperature in Celsius? _____________
b) The atoms are … (circle the correct answer)

• Not moving. • Sliding past each other.

• Vibrating about a fixed position. • moving independently around the
container

c) Are the atoms still in their crystalline pattern even though they're moving? Explain!

___________________________________________________________________________

4) Heat the solid Neon to 20K

a) What is this temperature in Celsius? ______________

b) What happens to the motion of the atoms? _______________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

c) Are the atoms still in the crystalline pattern? _____________

d) Draw a model and name the State this represent? _____________ →

5) Heat the Neon to 27 K.

a) What is this temperature in Celsius? ______________

b) The atoms are … (circle the correct answer)

• Not moving. • Sliding past each other.

• Vibrating about a fixed position. • Moving independently around the container.

a) Draw a model and name the State this represent? _____________ →

NOTE: Every now and then one atom gains enough energy to break
Free from the group.
This is called …………… _________________________
 NB 6c
2) Heat the Neon to 60 K.
a) What is this temperature in Celsius? ______________________

b) The atoms are … … (circle the correct answer)

• not moving. • sliding past each other.

• vibrating about a fixed position. • moving independently around the container.

a) Draw a model and name the State this represent? _____________ →

b) Are all of the atoms moving at the same speed?

Explain________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________

c) Does one individual atom always go the same speed?

Explain___________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

d) Temperature corresponds to the ________________ KE (or speed) of the atoms.

2) Heat the Neon to 120 K. - … (circle the correct answer)

a) On average, the speed of the atoms is ___________ the speed of the atoms at 60 K.

• half • sixty times

• twice • the same as

3) Look at water as a gas by clicking on the water tab in the right column. The molecules now
have two types of motion. Linear and ____________________________.

4) Look at water as a solid. Notice the pattern. Now look at Neon, Argon, and Oxygen as a solid.
What do you notice in terms of the space between the particles?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

5) The volume of most substances shrink when they freeze from a liquid into a solid, but because
of water's unique shape, when it freezes the volume actually ____________.

6) 0ºC = _________ K 100ºC = _________ K K = oC + ________

 NB 7
CHEMISTRY
NAME: _____________________________________________________ Period: ________

NOTE:
1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 101.3 kPa

Q1 Q2
 NB 8a

NAME: __________________________________________ Period: ________

U16
S1
NB 8b