U15 S3-4 HW Keys

Name: ____KEY________
Change of State & the Heat Curve

Things you should know
CROSSING THE (SOLID-to-LIQUID) BRIDGE
1.What does the horizontal line in the diagram mean?
2.What happens to the speed of the molecules at this line?
3.What does ∆Hfus really mean?
4.What does ∆Hsolid really mean?
5.Why is the temperature always at 0 C? o
6.How does the quantity of heat absorbed by a melting solid compare to the quantity of heat released when the
liquid solidifies?
1) You have a cold piece of ice at 0.00C. The 2) You have a match that can supply 0.400kJ of
mass of the ice is 10.0g. How many kilojoules heat when lit. If all the energy was used to
of heat are required to just melt all 10g of the melt a block of ice, how grams of ice could be
ice? melted if the initial temperature of the ice was
For H2O #KJ =? m = 10.0g ∆Hfus = 6.01 KJ/mol 0.00C?
MM = 18.0g For H2O mg = ?g ∆Hfus = 6.01 KJ/mol
#KJ = 0.400KJ
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 6.01𝐾𝐽 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 18.0𝑔
#𝐾𝐽 = 10.0𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 #𝑔 = 0.400𝐾𝐽 𝑥 𝑥
18.0𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 6.01𝐾𝐽 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
#KJ = 3.34 KJ 3) #g = 1.20g
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Change of State & the Heat Curve
Things you should know
CROSSING THE (LIQUID-to-GAS) BRIDGE
1. What does the horizontal line mean?
2. What happens to the speed of the molecules at this line?
3. What does ∆Hvap really mean?
4. What does ∆Hcond really mean?
5. Why is the temperature always at 100oC – Why?
6. How does the quantity of heat absorbed by a vaporizing liquid compare to the quantity of heat released
when the vapor condenses?
3) If you have 63.7g of hot H2O(l) at 1000C and 4) 0.46g of chloroethane (C2H5Cl – bp12.30C)
standard Pressure (101.3 kPa), how much vaporizes at its normal BP. How many kJ of
energy would need to be absorbed to turn the heat must have been absorbed? (∆Vvap = 26.4
water into 1000C steam? kJ/mol)
KJ = ? m = 63.7g ∆Hvap = 40.7 KJ/mol KJ = ? m = 0.46g ∆Hvap = 26.4 KJ/mol
1𝑚𝑜𝑙 40.7𝐾𝐽 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 26.4𝐾𝐽

#𝐾𝐽 = 63.7𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 #𝐾𝐽 = 0.46𝑔 𝑥 𝑥
18.0𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 64.5𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
#KJ = 144KJ #KJ = 0.19KJ
Name: ___KEY________
Heat Curve and Changes of State
Things you should know - ∆H and ∆Hf v
1. All solids (absorb/release) heat in melting to liquids.
2. What happens to the temperature of a substance while it is undergoing a phase change?
No Temperature change occurs, the average kinetic energy stays the same however the
potential energy of the system increases.
3. Explain what happens to all of the heat energy absorbed by a melting ice cube at 0˚C. Where
dose it go? What is it used for?
The energy is absorbed and is used to break the bonds that are holding the molecules
together. The speed of movement of the molecules remains the same (temperature unchanged)
however the potential energy of the system is increased (conservation of energy)
4. Match the following ΔH the phase change:

a. Solid  liquid ΔH vap
b. Liquid  solid ΔH cond
c. Liquid  gas ΔH fusion
d. Gas  liquid ΔH solid
5. What is the value for the following ΔH of water?
a. ΔH vap - __40.7 KJ/mol c. ΔH fusion- __6.01 KJ/mol
b. ΔH cond - _-40.7 KJ/mol d. ΔH solid - __-6.01 KJ/mol
6. How many moles of ice at 0˚C could be melted by the addition of 2.25 kJ of heat?
(ΔH fusion H2O = 6.01 kJ/mole)
1𝑚𝑜𝑙
#𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 2.25𝐾𝐽 𝑥 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟕𝟒 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔
6.10 𝐾𝐽
7. How much heat is absorbed when 24.8 g of H2O(l) at 100˚C is converted to steam at
100˚C? (ΔH vap = - ΔH cond = -40.7 kJ/mole)
1𝑚𝑜𝑙 40.7 𝐾𝐽
#𝐾𝐽 = 24.8𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 = 56.1 𝐾𝐽
18.0𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
8. How much heat is released when 137.2g liquid methanol (CH3OH), freezes at -97.8˚C?
(ΔH solid MeOH = -3.16 kJ/mole)
1𝑚𝑜𝑙 −3.16 𝐾𝐽
#𝐾𝐽 = 137.2𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 = −13.5 𝐾𝐽
32.0𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
9. How many kilojoules of heat are absorbed when 0.46g of chloroethane (C2H5Cl, boiling point
12.3 ˚C) vaporizes at its boiling point? For chloroethane, Hvap=26.4 kJ/mol.
#𝐾𝐽 = 0.46𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 = 0.19 𝐾𝐽
64.45𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
10. Change 25 g of ice at 0oC into water.
#𝐾𝐽 = 25𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 = 8.34 𝐾𝐽
18.02𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
11. Change 500 g of water at its boiling point into steam.
#𝐾𝐽 = 500𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 = 1129 𝐾𝐽
18.02𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
12. Change 40 g of 100oC water into steam.
#𝐾𝐽 = 40𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 = 90.3 𝐾𝐽
18.02𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
13. Change 36 g of 100oC steam into water.
1𝑚𝑜𝑙 −40.7 𝐾𝐽
#𝐾𝐽 = 36𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 = −81.3 𝐾𝐽
18.02𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
14. Change 145.5 g of 382.5oC steam into 107.7oC steam.
Q = ( 145.5 ) ( 2.01 ) ( 107.7 – 382.5 ) = – 80,367 J
15. Change 15 g of –5oC ice into 0oC ice.
Q = ( 15 ) ( 2.01 ) ( 0 – -5 ) = 150.75 J
16. Change 10 g of –65.4oC ice into –123oC ice.
Q = ( 10 ) ( 0.48) (–123 – –65.4 ) = – 276 cal
17. 1555 J of heat was needed to melt __4.66__ g of ice.
1 KJ 1mol 18.02g
#g = 1,555 J x x x = 4.66 g
1000J 6.01 KJ 1 mol
18. When 100 calories of heat is added to 72 grams of a metal at 25˚C, the temperature will increase
to 70˚C. What is the specific heat of the metal?
Metal Specific Heat in cal/goC
𝑞 100 𝑐𝑎𝑙 Iron 0.11
𝐶= = = 0.03 cal/g ∙ c
𝑚 ∙ ∆𝑇 72 ∙ (70 − 25) Aluminum 0.21
Silver 0.056
Using the chart, identify the metal. - __lead_____ Lead 0.031
Magnesium 0.24
Changes of State Energy Diagrams
72.3 g of ice at -15.0oC has heat energy added to it until it becomes steam at 145oC. Calculate
the total amount of heat energy needed (in Joules) to accomplish this.
5 Calculations will be needed. Then add the energy from each step to get the total energy required.
a) Calculate the energy required to heat the ice to its melting point (cice = 2.01 J/goC)
m = 72.3g 𝑞 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑐 ∙ ∆𝑇 2,180 J
𝐽
o
Ti = -15.0 C 𝑞 = 72.3𝑔 ∙ 2.01 ∙ (0 − −15)
𝑔∙𝑐
Tf = 0.00oC 𝑞 = 2,180𝐽
Cice = 2.10 J/g∙C
b) Calculate the energy required to melt the ice (Hfusion = +6.01 KJ/mol)
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 6.01 𝐾𝐽 1000𝐽

#𝐽 = 72.3𝑔 ∙ ∙ ∙ = 24,113 J
18.02𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝐾𝐽 24,100 J
c) Calculate the energy required to heat the water to its boiling point(cwater = 4.18 J/goC)
m = 72.3g 𝑞 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑐 ∙ ∆𝑇
𝐽
Ti = 0oC 𝑞 = 72.3𝑔 ∙ 4.184 ∙ (100 − 0)
𝑔∙𝑐 30,300 J
Tf = 100oC 𝑞 = 30,250𝐽
Cice = 4.18 J/g∙C
d) Calculate the energy required to vaporize the water (Hvaporization = +40.7 kJ/mol)
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 40.7 𝐾𝐽 1000𝐽

#𝐽 = 72.3𝑔 ∙ ∙ ∙ = 163,297 J 163,000 J
18.02𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝐾𝐽
e) Calculate the energy required to heat the steam to 145oC (csteam = 2.02 J/goC)
m = 72.3g 𝑞 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑐 ∙ ∆𝑇 6,540 J
𝐽
Ti = 100oC 𝑞 = 72.3𝑔 ∙ 2.01 ∙ (145 − 100)
𝑔∙𝑐
Tf = 145oC 𝑞 = 6,540𝐽
Cice = 2.02 J/g∙C Total=226,120 J
Draw a graph on the back sheet (Energy (J) vs. Temperature (ºC)) that correlates to this problem.
Temperature (ºC) vs. Energy (J)

(Be sure to include all important temperatures.)
HINT: This can be done more easily by using the chart maker in MS Word.
Temperature (oC) vs. Energy (J)

160
145
140
𝑞 = 𝑚 ∙ 𝑐 ∙ ∆𝑇
120
100 100
100
4.07 𝐾𝐽
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
80
60
Temperature
40
6.01 𝐾𝐽
20 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
0 0
0
0
-15 2180 26300 56500 219000 226000
24,100 J 163,000 J
-20
2,180 J 30,300 J 6,540 J
-40
Heat (J)
Thermochemistry & Heat Curve Practice
DIRECTIONS: Identify the part of the curve in question and draw the portion of the curve, then solve
the question
1. Change 500 g of water at its boiling point into steam. In Joules
w→s Q = 500g x 1mole/18.02g x 40.7 KJ/mol = 1,129 KJ
2. Change 1 g of 100.1oC steam into 1oC water. In Joules. – 638.05 cal
cool s Q = ( 1g ) ( 2.01 ) ( 100 – 100.1 ) = - 0.201 J
s→w Q = 1g x 1mole/18.02g x -40.7 KJ/mol x 1000J/1KJ = – 2259 J
cool w Q = ( 1g ) ( 4.184 J/gc ) ( 1 – 100 ) = – 414 J

+____________________________________________________________
– 2673 J
3. Change 40 g of 100oC water into steam. In Joules
w→s Q = 40g x 1mole/18.02g x 40.7 KJ/mol x 1000J/KJ = 90,000 J
4. Change 145.5 g of 382.5oC steam into 107.7oC steam. In Joules
cool s Q = ( 145.5g ) ( 2.01 ) ( 107.7 – 382.5 ) = – 80,367 J
5. Change 10 g of –65.4oC ice into steam. In Joules
heat i Q = ( 10g ) ( 2.01 ) ( 0 – –65.4 ) = 1,315 J
i→w Q = 10g x 1mole/18.02g x 6.01 KJ/mol x 1000J/KJ = 3,335J
heat w Q = ( 10 ) ( 4.184 ) ( 100 – 0 ) = 4,184 J
w→s Q = 10g x 1mole/18.02g x 40.7 KJ/mol x 1000J/KJ = 22,586J

+___________________________________________________________
+ 31,420 J
6. Change 200 g of 80oC water into 100oC steam. In Joules
heat w Q = ( 200 ) ( 4.184 ) ( 100 – 80 ) = 16,736 J
w→s Q = 200g x 1mole/18.02g x 40.7 KJ/mol x 1000J/KJ = 45,172 J

+______________________________________________________
= 61,908 J
7. Change 2.2 g of ice into 22oC water. In Joules
i→w Q = 2.2g x 1mole/18.02g x 6.01 KJ/mol x 1000J/KJ = 734J
heat w Q = ( 2.2 ) ( 4.184 ) ( 22 – 0 ) = 203 J

+__________________________________________________________
937 J
8. Change 50 g of 75oC water into 125oC steam. In Calories
heat w Q = ( 50 ) ( 1.000 cal/gc ) ( 100 – 75 ) = 1,250 cal
w→s Q = 50g x 1mole/18.02g x 9.73 Kcal/mol x 1000cal/Kcal = 26,998
heat s Q = ( 50 ) ( 0.48cal/gc) ( 125 – 100 ) = 600 cal

+___________________________________________________________
28,848 cal
9. Change 5 g of steam into 90oC water. In Calories
s→w Q = 5g x 1mole/18.02g x 9.73 Kcal/mol x 1000cal/Kcal = – 2,700 cal
cool w Q = (5g) ( 1.000 cal/gc ) ( 90 – 100 ) = – 50 cal

+________________________________________________________
– 2750 cal
10. Change 55.7 g of –34.12oC ice into 117.56oC steam. In Joules 173.6 kJ
heat i Q = ( 55.7 ) ( 2.01 ) ( 0 – –34.12 ) = 3820 J
i→w Q = 55.7g x 1mole/18.02g x 6.01 KJ/mol x 1000J/KJ = 18,577 J
heat w Q = ( 55.7 ) ( 4.184 ) ( 100 – 0 ) = 23,305 J
w→s Q = 55.7g x 1mole/18.02g x 40.7 KJ/mol x 1000J/KJ = 125,804 J
heat s Q = ( 55.7 ) ( 2.01 ) ( 117.56 – 100 ) = 1,966J

+_______________________________________________________
173,472 J
Name: ____KEY__________
Thermochemistry Stoichiometry
Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions
Solve the Enthalpy problems using the balanced chemical reactions

1. The combustion of ethene, C2H4, is an exothermic reaction. Use the information below to
determine the amount of energy given off when 2.3 moles of ethene is combusted.
C2H4 + 3 O2  2 CO2 + H2O H= - 1390 kJ
# KJ  2.3mol C 2 H 4 x 1390KJ   3197 KJ

1mol C 2 H 4
2. Carbon dioxide can be formed from the reaction of carbon monoxide and oxgyen. How many
moles of carbon monoxide must be reacted in order to produce 147 kJ of energy?
2 CO + O2  2 CO2 H = -787 kJ
2mol CO
# molCO  147 KJ x  0.374moles
787 KJ
3. When carbon disulfide,CS2, forms from its elements, heat is absorbed. How much heat would be
required to produce 6.5 moles of carbon disulfide?
C + 2 S  CS2 H = +89.3 kJ
89.3KJ
# KJ  6.5molCS 2 x  580 KJ
1molCS 2
4. Baking soda, NaHCO3, decomposes when it is heated. How much heat will be absorbed by the
decomposition of 5.25 moles of baking soda?
2 NaHCO3  Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 H = +129 kJ
129 KJ
# KJ  5.25molNaHCO3 x  339 KJ
2molNaHCO3
Name: __________________________
5. How many grams of oxygen are needed to react with excess methane in the following reaction, in
order to produce 325 kJ of energy?
CH4 + 2 O2  CO2 + H2O H = -890.4 kJ
2molO 2 32 g
# gO 2   325KJ x x  23.4 gO 2
890.4 KJ 1molO 2
6. How many kilojoules of heat are produced when 34.0 g of Fe2O3 reacts with an excess of CO
according to the following reaction?
Fe2O3 + 3 CO  2 Fe + 3 CO2 H = -26.3 kJ
1molFe2O3 26.3KJ
# KJ  34.0 gFe 2O 3 x x   5.60 KJ
159.7 gFe2O3 1molFe 2O 3
7. How many grams of carbon dioxide would be produced from the following reaction, if 175 kJ of
energy is given off?
2 CO + O2  2 CO2 H = -566 kJ
2molCO 2 44 gCO 2
# gCO 2 175KJ x x  27.2 g
566 KJ 1molCO 2
8. How much heat, in kilojoules, is needed to produce 1850 grams of ammonia (NH3), according to the
following reaction?
2 N2 + 6 H2O  4 NH3 + 3 O2 H = + 1530 kJ
1molNH 3 1530 KJ
# KJ 1850 gNH 3 x x  41.600 KJ
17 gNH 3 4molNH 3
Name: ___KEY__________
H Stoichiometry
Mixed Concept Problems
Given the information - Solve for the indicated unknown quantity
9. C2H4 + 3 O2  2 CO2 + 2 H2O H = – 1,390 kJ
2.3 n H = – 3,197 kJ
10. 2 CO + O2  2 CO2 H = – 787 kJ
0.37 n H = – 147 kJ
11. C + 2S  CS2 H = + 89.3 kJ
6.5 n H = + 580.45 kJ
12. 2 NaHCO3  Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 H = + 129 kJ
5.25 n H = 338.63 kJ
13. C2H5OH + 3 O2  2 CO2 + 3 H2O H = – 1,235 kJ
0.92 n H = – 570 kJ
14. CH4 + 2 O2  CO2 + 2 H2O H = – 890.4 kJ
0.365 moles Find the moles first, then convert to grams H = – 325 kJ
5.86 grams
15. Fe2O3 + 3 CO  2 Fe + 3 CO2 H = – 26.3 kJ
34 g H = – 5.52 kJ
16. 2 CO + O2  2 CO2 H = – 566 kJ
9.89 g H = – 175 kJ
0.309 n
17. 2 N2 + 6 H2O  4 NH3 + 3 O2 H = + 1,530 kJ
1,850 g H = 413, 10 kJ
108 n
18. 2 P + 3 Cl2  2 PCl3 H = – 574 kJ
123.4 g H = – 333 kJ
1.74 n
19. PbCl2  Pb + Cl2 H = + 359.4 kJ
610 g H = 787 kJ
2.19 n
20. 2 Mg + O2  2 MgO H = – 1,204 kJ
6.55 g H = 162.5 kJ
0.27 n
21. 4 Al + 3 O2  2 Al2O3 H = – 3,352 kJ
85 g 95 g this is a LR problem H = 2640 kJ
3.15 n 2.97 n --------------------------------------------------------- 3318 kJ

|
|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2640 kJ
Name: __KEY_____
Collision Theory & Rates of Reaction
Factors affecting Reaction
collision theory Teachers Pet - Collision Theory Teachers Pet -Reaction Rates
1. To use the collision theory to explain why changes to a reaction can increase the rate of
reaction (temperature, concentration, surface area and catalyst)
2. To understand why not all collisions are successful
When two particles collide (hit each other) sometimes a chemical reaction happens. Not all
collisions result in a chemical reaction. To increase the number of successful collisions we can
change the conditions of a reaction (see page 2).
1. Do all collisions between particles cause a reaction to happen? NO
2. What do we call the minimum energy the particles must have for a reaction to
happen? Activation Energy
3. What do we call a collision between two particles that causes a chemical reaction? An
effective collision
4. Look at the picture above, how do you know the first reaction is not a successful
collision? The reactants are identical to the products – NO CHANGE
Change to the What happens What happens What happens What

reaction to movement to the to the number happens
(kinetic energy) frequency of of successful to the
of the particles? collisions collisions rate of
every second? every second? reaction?
Increase the
temperature Move faster Increases Increases Increases
Increase the
concentration No Change Increases Increases Increases
Increase the
surface area of a No Change Increases Increases Increases
solid
Add a catalyst
No Change No Change Increases Increases
Energy Diagram Practice
Use this energy diagram to answer these questions.
1. The enthalpy of the reactants of the reaction is about 80 kilojoules.
2. The enthalpy of the products of the reaction is about 160 kilojoules.
3. The activation energy of the reaction is about 160 kilojoules.
4. The heat of reaction (ΔH) of the reaction is about 80 kilojoules.
5. The forward reaction is endothermic (endothermic or exothermic).
6. Addition of a catalyst would lower the activation energy.
7. The enthalpy of the reactants is less (less/greater) than the enthalpy of the products.
8. (True/False) Addition of a catalyst will change the value for ΔH
9. (True/False) Addition of a catalyst will change the value for the enthalpy of the reactants
10. (True/False) Addition of a catalyst will change the value for the enthalpy of the products
Name: ___KEY________
Energy Diagrams
Interpreting the Reaction Sequence
Energy Diagrams
1) Point _____ represents the energy of the activated complex. A B C D
2) Point _____ represents the energy of the reactants. A B C D
3) _____ is equal to the activation of the forward reaction.
a) B – C b) C – B c) D – B d) D – C
4) _____ is equal to the activation energy for the reverse reaction.
a) B – C b) C – B c) D – B d) D – C
5) _____ is equal to the ∆H for the forward reaction.
a) B – C b) C – B c) D – B d) D – C
6) Raising the temperature of gas particles increases _____.
a) both collision energy and favorability of orientation
b) collision energy but not favorability
c) favorability of orientation but not collision energy.
d) neither collision energy nor favorability of orientation
7) In an activated complex _____.
a) a catalyst is always produced

b) both bond formation and bond breaking are occurring
c) only bond breaking is occurring
d) only bond formation is occurring
8) The minimum energy required to produce an effective collision is activation energy.
9) The activated complex is a short lived structure formed during a collision.
Name: ___KEY_________
Practice with State Functions
Heat of Formation - (Final – Initial)
The standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the

change of enthalpy during the formation of 1 mole of the compound from its constituent
elements, with all substances in their standard states at 1 atmosphere (1 atm or 101.3 kPa).
Use a standard enthalpies of formation table to determine the ∆H for each of these
reactions.
RULES: The ∆Hf = 0 for substances in their elemental state
a) NaOH(s) + HCl(g) ----> NaCl(s) + H2O(g)
[(-411.0) + (-241.8)] – [(-426.7) + (-92.3)] = -133.8 kJ
b) 2 CO(g) + O2(g) ---> 2 CO2(g)
[2(-393.5)] – [2(-110.5)] = -566 kJ
c) CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) ---> CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
[(-393.5) + 2(-285.8)] – [(-74)] = -891.1 kJ
d) 2 H2S(g) + 3 O2(g) ---> 2 H2O(l) + 2 SO2(g)
[2(-285.8) + 2(-296.1)] – [2(-20.1)] = -1123.6 kJ
e) 2 NO(g) + O2(g) ---> 2 NO2(g)
[2(+33.9)] – [2(+90.4)] = -113 kJ

Compound Hf (kJ/mol) Compound Hf (kJ/mol)
CH4(g) -74.8 HCl(g) -92.3
CO2(g) -393.5 H2O(g) -241.8
NaCl(s) -411.0 SO2(g) -296.1
H2O(l) -285.8 NH4Cl(s) -315.4
H2S(g) -20.1 NO(g) +90.4
H2SO4(l) -811.3 NO2(g) +33.9
MgSO4(s) -1278.2 SnCl4(l) -545.2
MnO(s) -384.9 SnO(s) -286.2
MnO2(s) -519.7 SnO2(s) -580.7
NaCl(s) -411.0 SO2(g) -296.1
NaF(s) -569.0 SO3(g) -395.2
NaOH(s) -426.7 ZnO(s) -348.0
NH3(g) -46.2 ZnS(s) -202.9
Finding Heats of Reaction from Heats of Formation
1. Calcium carbonate decomposes at high temperature to form carbon dioxide and calcium
oxide:
CaCO3 CO2 + CaO
Given that the heat of formation of calcium carbonate is –1207 kJ/mol, the
heat of formation of carbon dioxide is –394 kJ/mol, and the heat of formation
of calcium oxide is –635 kJ/mol, determine the heat of reaction.
Hrxn = Hf(products) – Hf(reactants)

Hrxn = [1(-394 kJ/mol) + 1(-635 kJ/mol)] – [1(-1207 kJ/mol)]
Hrxn = -1029 kJ/mol + 1207 kJ/mol
Hrxn = +178 kJ/mol
2. Carbon tetrachloride can be formed by reacting chlorine with methane:

CH4 + 2 Cl2 CCl4 + 2 H2
Given that the heat of formation of methane is –75 kJ/mol and the heat of
formation of carbon tetrachloride is –135 kJ/mol, determine the heat of
reaction.

Hrxn = [1(-135 kJ/mol)] – [1(-75 kJ/mol)]
Hrxn = -60. kJ/mol
3. When potassium chloride reacts with oxygen under the right conditions, potassium
chlorate is formed:
2 KCl + 3 O2 2KClO3
Given that the heat of formation of potassium chloride is –436 kJ/mol and the
heat of formation of potassium chlorate is –391 kJ/mol, determine the heat of
reaction.
Hrxn = [2(-391 kJ/mol)] – [2(-436 kJ/mol)]
Hrxn = 90. kJ/mol
Name: _______________________
Practice with State Functions
Heat of Formation - (Final – Initial)
Heats of Formation Problem Solving

1. Write a balanced equation for the formation of CaCO3 from its elements and find ∆H.
2 Ca + 2C + 3 O2 2 CaCO3 ∆H = – 2,416 kJ
0 0 0 – 1,208
0 0 0 – 2,416
0 – 2,416
∆H = P – R = – 2,416 – 0 = – 2,416
2. Use ∆H°f to find ∆H: 4 NH3 + 5 O2 4 NO  + 6 H2O (g)

– 45.9 0 + 90.3 – 286
– 183.6 0 + 361.2 – 1,716
– 183.6 – 1,354.8
∆H = P – R = – 1,354.8 – – 183.6 = – 1,171.2 KJ
3. What quantity of heat is absorbed or evolved in the formation of 10.0 g of NH 3?

N2 + 3 H2  2 NH3 ∆H = – 91.8 kJ
0 0 – 45.9
0 0 – 91.8
0 – 91.8
∆H = P – R = – 91.8 – 0 = – 91.8
10 g
0.59 n ∆H = – 27.08 kJ
4. Use ∆H°f to find ∆H: Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O (g)
– 986 – 394 – 1,208 – 286
– 1,380 – 1,494
∆H = P – R = – 1,494 – – 1,380 = – 114 KJ
5. What quantity of heat is absorbed or evolved if 1.00 kg of Ca(OH)2 is consumed?
Ca(OH)2 + CO2  CaCO3 + H2O (g) ∆H = – 114 kJ
1 kg
1,000 g
13.49 n ∆H = – 1,538.86 kJ
6. When 2.40 g of NaCl is formed from its elements the ∆H = __________ kJ.
2 Na + Cl2  2 NaCl ∆H = – 844 kJ
0 0 – 422
0 0 – 844
0 – 844
∆H = P – R = – 844 – 0 = – 844
2.4 g
0.041 n ∆H = – 17.3 kJ
7. When 0.054 g of sulfur burns forming SO2 the ∆H = __________ kJ.
S8 + 8 O2 
8 SO2 ∆H = – 2,376 kJ
0 0 – 297
0 0 – 2,376
0 – 2,376
∆H = P – R = – 2,376 – 0 = – 2,376
0.054 g
0.00021 n ∆H = – 0.5 kJ
8. When 0.20 n of HgO decomposes the ∆H = __________ kJ.
2 HgO  2 Hg + O2 ∆H = + 182 kJ
– 91 0 0
– 182 0 0
– 182 0
∆H = P – R = 0 – – 182 = + 182
0.2 n ∆H = + 18.2 kJ
9. When 2.40 g of NH3 is formed the ∆H = __________ kJ.
N2 + 3 H2  2 NH3 ∆H = – 91.8 kJ
0 0 – 45.9
0 0 – 91.8
0 – 91.8
∆H = P – R = – 91.8 – 0 = – 91.8
2.4 g
0.14 n ∆H = – 6.43 kJ
10. Use ∆H°f values and ∆H to find the ∆H°f of naphthalene.
C10H8 + 12 O2  10 CO2 + 4 H2O (l) H = – 5,156.1 kJ

X 0 – 394 – 242
X 0 – 3940 – 968
X – 4908
H = P – R = – 4908 – x = – 5156.1 x = ∆Hf° = 248.1 kJ
Standard Molar Enthalpies of Formation
# Formula Name Phases ∆H°f
1 BaO barium oxide solid – 554
2 BaO2 barium peroxide solid – 634
3 Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide solid – 986
4 CaCO3 calcium carbonate solid – 1,208
5 CH3OH methanol liquid – 238
6 CO2 carbon dioxide gas – 394
7 Cr2O3 chromium oxide solid – 1,135
8 H2O water vapor gas – 286
9 H2O water liquid – 242
10 HgO mercury oxide solid – 91
11 MgO magnesium oxide solid – 601
12 NaCl sodium chloride solid – 422
13 NH3 ammonia gas – 45.9
14 NO nitrogen monoxide gas + 90.3
15 P4O10 tetraphosphorus decoxide solid – 2,984
16 SO2 sulfur dioxide gas – 297
Honors Chemistry
NAME: ______ KEY________________________ Period: ________
Hess's Law
Introduction
Many chemical reactions occur in a series of steps rather than a single step.
For example, Reaction #1 describes the burning (combustion) of Carbon with Oxygen:
(1) C (s) + O2(g) → CO2(g) ΔH = -393.5 kJ
HOWEVER IN REAL LIFE THIS OFTEN HAPPENS IN STEPS
If not enough oxygen is present, some CO rather

(2) C (s) + ½ O2(g) → CO (g) ΔH = -110.0 kJ
than CO2 is produced: (this is usually the case)
If more oxygen is now added, CO will undergo

(3) CO (g) + ½ O2(g) → CO2 (g) ΔH = -283.0 kJ
further combustion with oxygen:
Watch what happens if we add together the second and third reaction:
Just like Be sure you see how these equations can be added together
regular Math
(2) C (s) + ½ O2(g) → CO (g)
Add things that are on the same side of the equation:
(3) CO (g) + ½ O2(g) → CO2 (g)
½O2+ ½O2= 1 O2
+ and cross things out on opposite side of the equation
(the CO)
Just like (1) C (s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
regular Math Sometimes you will be left with a "remainder" - things won't cancel
completely
Now compare the total energy released in the second and third reactions with the
amount of energy released in the original reaction:
ΔHReaction 2 + ΔHReaction 3 = ΔHReaction 1
-110.5 kJ + (-283.0 kJ) = -393.5 kJ
-393.5 kJ = -393.5 kJ
The end result is that it doesn't

matter if the reaction proceeds all at Hess's Law
once or in series of steps; the net
The enthalpy change for any reaction depends
energy change is the same. This only on the energy states of the final products
illustrates Hess's Law of Constant and initial reactants and is independent of the
Heat Summation: pathway or the number of steps between the
reactant and product.
Here is another example. You need to make sure you carefully understand how the equations are
added together.
Example: Given the intermediate steps in the production of tetra phosphorus decaoxide, P4O10,
calculate ΔHf for P4O10
Given the following reactions:
(Step 1) 4 P + 3 O2 → P4O6 ΔH1 = -1640 kJ

We are given these or we
look them up in tables
(Step 2) P4O6 + 2 O2 → P4O10 ΔH2 = -1344 kJ
Recall the heat of formation reaction involves the production of one mole of the compound from
its elements. Thus, we want to calculate ΔH for the actual reaction:
4 P + 5 O2 → P4O10
Answer
Carefully examine the reactions you are given, and see how they compare with the final equation
for which you are asked to determine ΔH.
For this example, we see that if we add reactions (1) and (2) we can obtain the desired heat of
formation reaction. Thus, we can also add together the ΔH values to obtain ΔH for the desired
reaction:
(Step 1) 4 P + 3 O2 → P4O6 ΔH = -1640kJ
(Step 2) P4O6 + 2 O2 → P4O10 ΔH = -1344 kJ
(Step 3) 4 P + 5 O2→ P4O10 ΔH = -2984 kJ Answer
Some Important Things to Know:
If you reverse an equation, be sure to move the energy term to the other side of the
equation as well. If you write the enthalpy term separately from the equation as ΔH, be sure to
reverse the sign of ΔH
For example – Write the reverse reaction for Step 1 above;
- With ∆H in the reaction P4O6 + 1640 kJ → 4 P + 3 O2
- With ∆H off to the right P4O6 → 4 P + 3 O2 ΔH = +1640 kJ

If you change the balancing coefficients within an equation, be sure to adjust the value of the
energy term.
For example, if 1640 kJ of energy are released when 1 mole of P 4O6 is formed from its elements:
4 P + 3 O2 → P4O6 ΔH = -1640kJ
then producing 2 moles of P4O6 will release 3280 kJ of energy (2 × 1640 kJ):
8 P + 6O2 → 2 P4O6 ΔH = -3280kJ
Another Example: You are given the following two reactions (Reactions 1 and 2):
(1) C2H2(g) + 5/2 O2(g) → 2 CO2(g) + H2O(l) ΔH = -1299 kJ
(2) C6H6(l) + 15/2 O2(g) → 6 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l) ΔH = -3267 kJ
Find ΔH for the following reaction (Reaction 3) and tell whether it is exothermic or endothermic:
(3) 3 C2H2(g) → C6H6(g)
Solution HINTS:
1. Reverse any of the intermediate steps as necessary. You will have to reverse equation 2. Why? Because
C6H6 needs to end up on the product side of the equation, but it is on the reactant side in equation (2),
the only equation in which it appears. Remember to change the sign of ΔH.
2. Check to see how you will have to balance the overall equation. You will have to multiply equation (1) by 3
in order to end up with the correct number of moles for the final equation. Remember to also multiply
ΔH by 3.
3. Add the equations together and cancel out the variables:
3 C2H2(g) + 15/2 O2(g) → 6 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l) ΔH = 3(-1299) = -3897
6 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l) → C6H6(l) + 15/2 O2(g) ΔH = + 3267 kJ
3 C2H2(g) → C6H6(g) ΔH = -630 kJ
Or 3 C2H2(g) → C6H6(g) + 630 kJ

Since ΔH is (negative / positive), the reaction is (exothermic /endothermic)
Hess’s Law – Independent Practice – YOU DO!

1. Using these two equations, determine the heat of formation, ΔH f, for nitrogen monoxide, NO.
4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) → 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (l) ΔH° = -1170 kJ Recall that a formation reaction describes
the formation of one mole of the
4 NH3 (g) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 N2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) ΔH° = -1530 kJ compound from its elements. Thus, the
formation reaction for nitrogen monoxide,
NO, is:
½ N2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) → NO
(g)
Practice Questions Chapter 17.4
Hess’s Law Answers
1. Given the following equations:
4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) → 4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (l) ΔH° = -1170 kJ
4 NH3 (g) + 3 O2 (g) → 2 N2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) ΔH° = -1530 kJ
Using these two equations, determine the heat of formation, ΔHf, for nitrogen monoxide, NO.
Solution
Recall that a formation reaction describes the formation of one mole of the compound from its elements. Thus, the
formation reaction for nitrogen monoxide, NO, is:
½ N2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) → NO (g)
Next, examine the two reactions given to you. Some things you will want to notice:
Both reactions contain ammonia, NH3 (g), which does not appear in the formation reaction. It must get cancelled out when
we add the equations together.
Similarly, H2O (l) must also be cancelled out since it does not appear in our desired equation.
Oxygen also appears in both equations, as well as in our desired reaction. It will be of no help to us in decided which, if
any, of the equations need to be reversed.
NO only appears in one of the original equations (equation 1), and it also appears in our desired equation. In Equation 1, NO
is on the product side of the equation, which is where we want it to appear in our final equation. So, we don't want to
reverse equation 1.
N2 appears only in Reaction 2 and in our desired equation. In the formation reaction, N2 appears on the reactant side of
the equation, but it appears on the product side of Reaction 2. Therefore we must reverse the entire equation.
IMPORTANT - when you reverse the equation, the sign in front of ΔH will change.
This gives us the following. Reaction 1 is unchanged; reaction 2 has been reversed:
4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g)  4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (l) ΔH° = -1170 kJ
2 N2 (g) + 6 H2O (l)  4 NH3 (g) + 3 O2 (g) ΔH° = +1530 kJ
Next, look carefully at the coefficients in the balanced equation. Remember, we want both NH 3 and H2O to get cancelled
out, as they do not appear in the final equation. We find that if we now add together our two equations, both NH 3 and H2O
will indeed cancel out (4 NH3 on the reactant side cancels out the 4 NH3 on the product side; H2O also cancels out as 6
moles appear on both sides of the equation).
Notice O2 - the number of moles are not the same on the two sides of the equation. This will leave us with a net of 2 moles
of O2 on the reactant side of the equation.
Once we can add up the reactants and products, we can then add the ΔH° values:
4 NH3 (g) + 52 O2 (g)  4 NO (g) + 6 H2O (l) ΔH° = -1170 kJ
2 N2 (g) + 6 H2O (l)  4 NH3 (g) + 3 O2 (g) ΔH° = +1530 kJ
2 N2 (g) + 2 O2 (g)  4 NO (g) ΔH° = +360 kJ
We are almost done, but not quite. A heat of formation reaction calls for the production of one mole of the compound,
NO. Our equation above produces 4 moles. Therefore, we need to divide everything in the equation by 4, including ΔH°.
Thus, our final answer is: ½ N2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) → 4 NO (g) ΔH° = +90 kJ
NAME: _______KEY___________________________ Period: ________
HESS’s LAW – Calculating Heats of Reaction

USE HESS’ LAW TO DETERMINE THE H FOR THE FOLLOWING REACTIONS.
1. Calculate the H for the reaction

2 Al + Fe2O3  2 Fe + Al2O3
Using the following information:
2 Al + 3/2 O2  Al2O3 H = -1670 kJ
2 Fe + 3/2 O2  Fe2O3 H = -824 kJ
2Al + 32O2  Al2O3 ∆H = -1670 kJ

Fe2 O3  2Fe + 32O2 ∆H = 824 kJ
2Al + Fe2O3  2Fe + Al2O3 ∆H = -846 kJ
2. Calculate the H for the following reaction:

2 H2O2  2 H2O + O2
H2 + O2  H2O2 H = -188 kJ
H2 + ½ O2  H2O H = -286 kJ
Plan: I want H2O2 on the left so flip the first Rxt around
H2O2  H2 + 1/2O
2 ∆H = 188 kJ
H2 + ½ O2  H2O ∆H = -286 kJ
H2O2  H2O + ½ O2 ∆H = -98 kJ

Can’t have this
X2 2H2O2  2H2O + O2 ∆H = -196 kJ
3. Determine the H for the reaction:

NO + ½ O2  NO2
½ N2 + ½ O2  NO H = + 90.0 kJ
½ N2 + O2  NO2 H = + 34.0 kJ
Plan: I want NO on the left so flip the first Rxt around
NO  ½ N2 + ½ O2 ∆H = -90.0 kJ
½ N2 + ½O2  NO2 ∆H = 34.0 kJ
NO + ½ O2  NO2 ∆H = -56.0 kJ
PbCl2 + Cl2  PbCl4
Given the following information:
Pb + 2 Cl2  PbCl4 H = -393 kJ
Pb + Cl2  PbCl2 H = -359 kJ

Plan: I want PbCl2 on the left so flip the second Rxt around
Pb + 2 Cl2  PbCl4 H = -393 kJ

PbCl2  Pb + Cl2 H = 359 kJ
PbCl2 + Cl2  PbCl4 H = -34 kJ

N2 + O2  2 NO
4 NH3 + 3 O2  2 N2 + 6 H2O H = -1530 kJ
4 NH3 + 5 O2  4 NO + 6 H2O H = -1170 kJ

Plan: I want N2 on the left so flip the first Rxt around
2 N2 + 6 H2O  4 NH3 + 3 O2 H = 1530 kJ

4 NH3 + 52 O2  4 NO + 6 H2O H = -1170 kJ
2 N2 + 2O2  4 NO H = 360 kJ
Simplify the equation (÷2)
N2 + O2  2 NO H = 180 kJ

2 NF3 + Cu  N2F4 + CuF2
2 NF3 + 2 NO  N2F4 + 2 ONF H = -83 kJ
NO + ½ F2  ONF H = -157 kJ
Cu + F2  CuF2 H = -531 kJ
Plan: 1) We are going to need to cancel out the NO and F elements so flip the second Rxt around
2) to cancel out the F2 and NO multiply the third reaction by 2
2 NF3 + 2 NO  N2F4 + 2 ONF H = -83 kJ

Cu + F2  CuF2 H = -531 kJ
X2 2ONF  2NO + ½ 1F2 H = 157 kJ 314kJ
2 NF3 + Cu  N2F4 + CuF2 H = -300 kJ

Study
Guide
NAME: ________KEY______________________________ Period: ________
Thermochemistry, Review Sheet

1. Tell if the following are exothermic or endothermic.
a. a solid melts at its melting point ___Endothermic _______
b. a reaction feels hot ___Exothermic ________
c. a gas turns to a liquid at its condensation point ___Exothermic ________
d. H = +137 kJ ___Endothermic _______
e. 2K + 2H2O  2K(OH) + H2 + 800kJ ___Exothermic ________
f. 4Al + 3O2  2Al2O3 H = -3352 kJ ___Exothermic ________
2. Fill in the following blanks:

a. __q or Heat_____ is equal to mcT
b. 1 Calorie is __1000__ calories
c. ____1_____ calorie is __4.184_ Joules
d. The units (not abbreviation) for specific heat are __J/g∙C____ and __cal/g∙C______
e. The specific heat of water is either __4.18 J/g∙C___ or ___1.00 cal/g∙C______
f. One __calorie___ is the quantity of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water 1C.
g. A __calorimeter__ is a device used to measure the heat involved in a chemical/physical
process.
h. _Enthalpy Change__ is represented by H, and means ‘heat change’.
Complete the following calculations. Show all work, and remember your units and SIG FIGS!.
3. A reaction produces 0.8764 kilojoules. How many calories are produced?
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒋 𝟏 𝒄𝒂𝒍
#𝒄𝒂𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟕𝟔𝟒 𝒌𝑱 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎𝟗. 𝟒 𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝟏𝒌𝒋 𝟒. 𝟏𝟖𝟒𝑱
4. One Chips Ahoy! chocolate chip cookie has 80.0 Calories. How many Joules is this?
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝟒. 𝟏𝟖𝟒 𝑱
#𝑱 = 𝟖𝟎. 𝟎 𝑪𝒂𝒍 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟑𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑱 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟎 𝒙 105 𝐽
𝟏 𝑪𝒂𝒍 𝟏 𝒄𝒂𝒍
5. How many calories of heat must be added to 45.0 grams of water to increase the temperature from
25.0C to 55.0C
𝒒 = 𝒎 ∙ 𝒄 ∙ ∆𝑻
𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝒒 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟎𝒈 ∙ 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 ∙ (𝟓𝟓. 𝟎°𝑪 − 𝟐𝟓. 𝟎°𝑪) = 𝟏, 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝒈∙𝑪
6. A 46.00 gram piece of metal is heated and the wire changes from 27.00C to 95.00C. The
amount of heat absorbed is 1024 Joules. What is the specific heat of the metal?
𝒒 = 𝒎 ∙ 𝒄 ∙ ∆𝑻 𝒄 = 𝒒 /𝒎 ∙ ∆𝑻
𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒𝒋
𝒄= = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟕𝟒 𝒋/𝒈 ∙ 𝒄
𝟒𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝒈 ∙ (𝟗𝟓. 𝟎𝟎°𝑪 − 𝟐𝟕. 𝟎𝟎°𝑪)
7. How much heat is gained by water when 12.4 g of ice melts at 0C? (Hfus = 6.01 kJ/mole)
𝟏𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝟔. 𝟎𝟏 𝒌𝒋
#𝒌𝑱 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝒈 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝒋
𝟏𝟖. 𝟎𝟐𝒈 𝟏𝒎𝒐𝒍
8. How much heat (in kJ) will be absorbed by the decomposition of 109.2 grams of sodium hydrogen
carbonate?
2NaHCO3  Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 H = +129 kJ
𝟏𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝟏𝟐𝟗 𝒌𝒋
#𝒌𝑱 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟐𝒈 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟗 𝒌𝒋
𝟖𝟒. 𝟎𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒎𝒐𝒍
9. Find the overall heat of reaction if:
C + 2H2  CH4 H = ?
Given:
H2+ ½ O2 H2O H= -285.8kJ
C + O2 CO2 H= -293.5kJ
CH4+ 2O2 CO2+ 2H2O H= -890.4kJ
X2 2 H2+ ½ 1O2 2H2O H= -285.8kJ 571.6 kJ

C + O2 CO2 H= -293.5kJ
CO2+ 2H2O  CH4+ 2O2 H= +890.4kJ
C + 2H2  CH4 H= +25.3kJ
10. How much energy (in Joules) does it take to convert 123g of water at 19.0oC to c ice = 2.01 J/gC
steam at 165oC? Draw a picture of the Temperature (C) vs. Energy (J) (or c water = 4.184 J/gC
time) graph that correlates to this problem. Label all steps on graph and what c steam = 2.02 J/gC
calculations go with each step.
Calculations below
Diagram
H fus = +6.01 kJ/mol
1. 𝒒 = 𝒎 ∙ 𝒄𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 ∙ ∆𝑻
165°C -------------------------------------------------------------------- H solid = -6.01 kJ/mol
𝑱
16,100J 𝒒 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝒈 ∙ 𝟒. 𝟏𝟖 ∙ (𝟏𝟎𝟎°𝑪 − 𝟏𝟗. 𝟎°𝑪) = 𝟒𝟏, 𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑱 H cond = -40.7 kJ/mol
𝒈∙𝑪
H vap =+40.7 kJ/mol

278,000J 𝟏𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝟒𝟎.𝟕 𝒌𝒋 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑱
2. #𝑱 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝒈 𝒙
𝟏𝟖.𝟎𝟐𝒈
𝒙
𝟏𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝒙
𝟏𝑲𝒋
= 𝟐𝟕𝟖, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒋
100°C ----------------------------------------
Tem p 
3. 𝒒 = 𝒎 ∙ 𝒄𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒂𝒎 ∙ ∆𝑻
41,600J
𝑱
𝒒 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑𝒈 ∙ 𝟐. 𝟎𝟐 ∙ (𝟏𝟔𝟓°𝑪 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎. °𝑪) = 𝟏𝟔, 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑱
𝒈∙𝑪
19°C ------------------------------
Section 1 + Section 2 + Section 3 = 335,700J

0°C---------------
Energy 
PART II – Extra Practice
1. Fill in the best answer for each of the following:

a) Reactions that absorb heat are called ____Endothermic_______
b) The energy used or produced during a chemical reaction is called the _Heat of Reaction__
c) ____HESS’s_______ law says that the ΔH for reactions are additive.
d) The ____Specific Heat________ of a substance tell how much energy is needed to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of that substance by 1oC.
e) 1 calorie is equal to __4.184____ joules.
f) An ___exothermic______ reaction is one that gives off heat.
g) The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of pure water by 1oC is exactly
equal to one __calorie____
h) _____Heat__________ is the type of energy that always flows from warmer objects to cooler one.
i) ___Thermochemistry_______ is the study of heat changes during chemical and physical changes.
j) If a reaction is reversed, the ΔH for the reaction must be ___reversed – change the sign______
2. Use dimensional analysis to make the following conversions.

a) Convert 475 J to cal
𝟏 𝐜𝐚𝐥
#𝐜𝐚𝐥 = 𝟒𝟕𝟓𝐉 𝐱 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝐜𝐚𝐥
𝟒. 𝟏𝟖𝟒𝐉
b) Convert 270 cal to J
𝟒. 𝟏𝟖𝟒𝐉
#𝐉 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐱 = 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐉
𝟏 𝐜𝐚𝐥
c) Convert 1420 J to kJ
𝟏 𝐤𝐉
#𝐉 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟎𝐉 𝐱 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟐𝐉
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐉
d) Convert 10.1 kcal to J
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝟒. 𝟏𝟖𝟒𝐉

#𝐉 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝐤𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐱 𝐱 = 𝟒𝟐, 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝐉
𝟏𝐤𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝟏𝐜𝐚𝐥
3. How much heat (in joules) is needed to raise the temperature of 355 g of ethanol (c = 2.4 J/goC) by
63oC?
#𝐪 = 𝐦 𝐱 𝐜 𝐱 ∆𝐓
𝑱
𝐪 = 𝟑𝟓𝟓𝐠 𝐱 𝟐. 𝟒 𝐱 𝟔𝟑𝒄𝒐 = 𝟓𝟒, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝐉
𝒈𝒄𝒐
4. How many kilojoules of heat are required to heat 2550 grams of water from 17.5oC to 100.0oC?
q = mc∆T
𝑱 𝟏𝒌𝑱
𝐪 = 𝟐𝟓𝟓𝟎𝐠 𝐱 𝟒. 𝟏𝟖𝟒 𝒐
𝐱 𝟖𝟐. 𝟓𝒄𝒐 𝐱 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝟖𝟖𝟎𝐉
𝒈𝒄 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑱
5. What mass of iron (c = 0.11 cal/goC) would need 875 cal of energy in order to raise its temperature
by 3.5oC?
q=mc∆T  m = q/c∆T
𝟖𝟕𝟓𝒄𝒂𝒍
𝐠= = 𝟐, 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝐠
(𝟎. 𝟏𝟏 𝒄𝒂𝒍/𝒈𝒄)(𝟑. 𝟓𝑪)
6. What is the final temperature of a sample of magnesium (c = 0.240 cal/goC), if 1835 cal is added to
612 g of magnesium at an initial temperature of 19.3oC?
q=mc (Tf-Ti)
1835cal = (612g) (0.24 cal/gc)(Tf – 19.3oC)
Tf = 31.8 oC
7. What is the total energy required to raise the temperature of 135 g of water from 22.0oC to
133.0oC? (3 calculations are required) cwater = 4.186 J/goC
csteam = 2.02 J/goC
Hvaporization = +40.7 kJ/mole
Diagram 1) q=mc∆T
q = (135g)(4.184j/gc)(78.0C)
133.0°C --------------------------------------------------------------------
q = 44,100J
9000J
𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝟒𝟎.𝟕𝒌𝑱 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝑱
305,000J 2) 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝒈 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟎𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟖.𝟎𝟐𝒈 𝟏𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝟏𝒌𝑱
100°C ----------------------------------------
Tem p 
3) q=mc∆T
44,100J q = (135g)(2.02J/gc)(33.0C)
q = 9,000J
22.0°C ------------------------------
Total = 44,100 + 305,000 + 9,000 = 358,100J

0°C---------------
8. How many moles of water are produced from the following reaction, when 275 kJ of energy is
given off? 4 NH3 + 3 O2  2 N2 + 6 H2O ΔH = -1530 kJ
𝟔 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐇𝟐𝐎
# 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐇𝟐𝐎 = 𝟐𝟕𝟓𝐤𝐉 𝐱 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖 𝐦𝐨𝐥
−𝟏𝟓𝟑𝟎𝐤𝐉
9. How much energy is produced when 93.5 grams of oxygen reacts with 13.2 g hydrogen in the
following reaction? 2 H2 + O2  2 H2O ΔH = -572 kJ
This is a limiting Reactant problem – the one that makes the least is the most that can be made!
𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐎𝟐 𝟓𝟕𝟐𝐤𝐉
# 𝐤𝐉 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟓𝐠 𝑶𝟐 𝐱 𝐱− = 𝟏, 𝟔𝟕𝟎 𝐤𝐉
𝟑𝟐.𝟎𝟎𝐠 𝟏𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐎𝟐
𝟏 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐇𝟐 𝟓𝟕𝟐𝐤𝐉
# 𝐤𝐉 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟐𝐠 𝑯𝟐 𝐱 𝐱− = 𝟏, 𝟖𝟕𝟎 𝐤𝐉
𝟐. 𝟎𝟐𝐠 𝟐𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐇𝟐
10. How many grams of magnesium sulfate would be produced from the following reaction if 176 kJ
of energy is absorbed by the reaction.
Al2(SO4)3 + 3 MgI2  2 AlI3 + 3 Mg(SO4) ΔH = +722 kJ
𝟑 𝐦𝐨𝐥 𝐌𝐠𝐒𝐎𝟒 𝟏𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝒈

# 𝐠 𝐌𝐠𝐒𝐎𝟒 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝐤𝐉 𝐱 𝐱 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟎𝐠
𝟕𝟐𝟐𝐤𝐉 𝟏𝒎𝒐𝒍𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒
11. Calculate the ΔH for the following reaction:
CS2 + 2 H2O  CO2 + 2 H2S
H2S + 3/2 O2  H2O + SO2 ΔH = -563 kJ
CS2 + 3 O2  CO2 + 2 SO2 ΔH = -1075 kJ
SO2 + H2O  3/2 O2 + H2S ∆H = +563 kJ
CS2 + 3 O2  CO2 + 2 SO2 ΔH = -1075 kJ
X2 2SO2 + 2H2O  3 O2 + 2H2S ∆H = +1126 kJ
CS2 + 3 O2  CO2 + 2 SO2 ΔH = -1075 kJ
CS2 + 2 H2O  CO2 + 2 H2S ∆H = 51 kJ
12. Calculate the ΔH for the following reaction:

CH4 + 3 Cl2  CHCl3 + 3 HCl
C + 2 H2  CH4 ΔH = -74.8 kJ
C + 3
/2 Cl2 + 1
/2 H2  CHCl3 ΔH = -132.1 kJ
1
/2 H2 + 1
/2 Cl2  HCl ΔH = -92.0 kJ
CH4  C + 2 H2 ΔH = +74.8 kJ
C + 3/
2 Cl2 + 1/
2 H2  CHCl3 ΔH = -132.1 kJ
X3 3/
2 H2 + 3/
2 Cl2  3 HCl ΔH = -276.0 kJ
CH4 + 3 Cl2  CHCl3 + 3 HCl ΔH = -333.3 kJ

U15 S3-4 HW Keys

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Name: ____KEY________

Change of State & the Heat Curve

CROSSING THE (SOLID-to-LIQUID) BRIDGE

1.What does the horizontal line in the diagram mean?

2.What happens to the speed of the molecules at this line?

3.What does ∆Hfus really mean?

4.What does ∆Hsolid really mean?

5.Why is the temperature always at 0 C? o

CROSSING THE (LIQUID-to-GAS) BRIDGE

1. What does the horizontal line mean?

2. What happens to the speed of the molecules at this line?

3. What does ∆Hvap really mean?

4. What does ∆Hcond really mean?

5. Why is the temperature always at 100oC – Why?

1𝑚𝑜𝑙 40.7𝐾𝐽 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 26.4𝐾𝐽

1. All solids (absorb/release) heat in melting to liquids.

2. What happens to the temperature of a substance while it is undergoing a phase change?

4. Match the following ΔH the phase change:

11. Change 500 g of water at its boiling point into steam.

12. Change 40 g of 100oC water into steam.

13. Change 36 g of 100oC steam into water.

14. Change 145.5 g of 382.5oC steam into 107.7oC steam.

Q = ( 145.5 ) ( 2.01 ) ( 107.7 – 382.5 ) = – 80,367 J

15. Change 15 g of –5oC ice into 0oC ice.

16. Change 10 g of –65.4oC ice into –123oC ice.

Q = ( 10 ) ( 0.48) (–123 – –65.4 ) = – 276 cal

17. 1555 J of heat was needed to melt __4.66__ g of ice.

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 6.01 𝐾𝐽 1000𝐽

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 40.7 𝐾𝐽 1000𝐽

Temperature (ºC) vs. Energy (J)

Temperature (oC) vs. Energy (J)

1. Change 500 g of water at its boiling point into steam. In Joules

w→s Q = 500g x 1mole/18.02g x 40.7 KJ/mol = 1,129 KJ

2. Change 1 g of 100.1oC steam into 1oC water. In Joules. – 638.05 cal

cool s Q = ( 1g ) ( 2.01 ) ( 100 – 100.1 ) = - 0.201 J

s→w Q = 1g x 1mole/18.02g x -40.7 KJ/mol x 1000J/1KJ = – 2259 J

cool w Q = ( 1g ) ( 4.184 J/gc ) ( 1 – 100 ) = – 414 J

3. Change 40 g of 100oC water into steam. In Joules

w→s Q = 40g x 1mole/18.02g x 40.7 KJ/mol x 1000J/KJ = 90,000 J

4. Change 145.5 g of 382.5oC steam into 107.7oC steam. In Joules

cool s Q = ( 145.5g ) ( 2.01 ) ( 107.7 – 382.5 ) = – 80,367 J

5. Change 10 g of –65.4oC ice into steam. In Joules

heat i Q = ( 10g ) ( 2.01 ) ( 0 – –65.4 ) = 1,315 J

i→w Q = 10g x 1mole/18.02g x 6.01 KJ/mol x 1000J/KJ = 3,335J

heat w Q = ( 10 ) ( 4.184 ) ( 100 – 0 ) = 4,184 J

w→s Q = 10g x 1mole/18.02g x 40.7 KJ/mol x 1000J/KJ = 22,586J

6. Change 200 g of 80oC water into 100oC steam. In Joules

heat w Q = ( 200 ) ( 4.184 ) ( 100 – 80 ) = 16,736 J

w→s Q = 200g x 1mole/18.02g x 40.7 KJ/mol x 1000J/KJ = 45,172 J

i→w Q = 2.2g x 1mole/18.02g x 6.01 KJ/mol x 1000J/KJ = 734J

heat w Q = ( 2.2 ) ( 4.184 ) ( 22 – 0 ) = 203 J

8. Change 50 g of 75oC water into 125oC steam. In Calories

heat w Q = ( 50 ) ( 1.000 cal/gc ) ( 100 – 75 ) = 1,250 cal

w→s Q = 50g x 1mole/18.02g x 9.73 Kcal/mol x 1000cal/Kcal = 26,998

heat s Q = ( 50 ) ( 0.48cal/gc) ( 125 – 100 ) = 600 cal

9. Change 5 g of steam into 90oC water. In Calories

s→w Q = 5g x 1mole/18.02g x 9.73 Kcal/mol x 1000cal/Kcal = – 2,700 cal

cool w Q = (5g) ( 1.000 cal/gc ) ( 90 – 100 ) = – 50 cal

heat i Q = ( 55.7 ) ( 2.01 ) ( 0 – –34.12 ) = 3820 J

i→w Q = 55.7g x 1mole/18.02g x 6.01 KJ/mol x 1000J/KJ = 18,577 J

heat w Q = ( 55.7 ) ( 4.184 ) ( 100 – 0 ) = 23,305 J

w→s Q = 55.7g x 1mole/18.02g x 40.7 KJ/mol x 1000J/KJ = 125,804 J

heat s Q = ( 55.7 ) ( 2.01 ) ( 117.56 – 100 ) = 1,966J

Name: KEY____

17. 1555 J of heat was needed to melt 4.66 g of ice.