Rohith Gudati - U15S2 HW Packet

NB10
Name: ___________________________________ Period: ________
Phase Change Lab

Enthalpy, Q and The Heat Curve
Objective: Observe and record data on the changes of state of ice to water to steam
• What is a “Change in State” - _____________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________
• What is a heating curve - _________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
• What is “Heat Capacity” - ________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Predictions: If I add Energy (Heat) to the ice …………
1) What will happen to the ice? _____________________________________________________

2) What will happen to the water? ___________________________________________________
3) Are you witnessing an endothermic or exothermic change? ________________________________
BACKGROUND
Like many substances, water can exist in different
States of Matter: liquid, solid, and gas.
A “Heating Curve” shows how the temperature
changes as a substance is heated up at a constant rate.
Drawing a Heating Curve
Temperature is plotted on the y-axis, while the x-axis
represents the heat that has been added. A constant
rate of heating is assumed, so that one can also think
of the x-axis as the amount of time that goes by as a
substance is heated.
There are two main observations on the measured

curve:
• regions where the temperature increases as
heat is added Heating time
• plateaus(flat) where the temperature stays constant.
It is at the plateaus that a phase (state) change occurs.
Phase Change Lab
Enthalpy, Q and The Heat Curve
YOUR TASK - Complete the following activity in your kitchen with PARENTAL PERMISSION or
PARENTAL GUIDANCE.
Materials: 1Qt cooking Pot, Ice, Stove, Thermometer, stopwatch
Procedure:
1) Fill your Pot to ¾ full of crushed ice. Stir the ice and record the initial
temperature in the data table.
2) Place the pot on the stove top and turn the heat up to Medium - High on the
dial.
3) Stir the ice / water frequently to keep the Temperature uniform throughout the
pot.
4) Record the temperature of the ice every 30 seconds until it melts completely.
(mark this time with a *)
5) Continue to record the temperature of the water as it heats up

(mark the point where the water starts to boil with a *)
6) Keep recording the temperature for 3 minutes after the water starts to boil.
7) After you are done stirring, reading and recording the temperatures, take the
recorded data and use the included graph paper to Plot a best fit line graph of
the data comparing temperature versus time.
Name: ___________________________________ Period: ________
Data: Record Your Temperature vs. Time Data
Time Temp. Time Temp. Time Temp. Time Temp.

(min.) (ºC) (min.) (ºC) (min.) (ºC) (min.) (ºC)
Initial Temp
0.5 [30
seconds]
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
On a piece of graph paper, plot the data you recorded. Label the areas of the graph where water is a solid, liquid
and gas. Label the areas where phase changes occur (melting, boiling, etc.)
Answer the following questions:
a) What was the initial temperature of the ice? __________Celsius
b) What was the temperature of the liquid water as the ice was melting? _______ Celsius
c) What was the highest temperature that the liquid water reached? ________ Celsius
d) What were the two changes of state that you were observing?
e) Explain how the temperature changed as the ice was melting?
f) Explain how the temperature changed as the water was boiling?

Name: _______________________
Change of State & the Heat Curve

Things you should know
CROSSING THE (SOLID-to-LIQUID) BRIDGE
1.What does the horizontal line in the diagram mean?
2.What happens to the speed of the molecules at this line?
3.What does ∆Hfus really mean?
4.What does ∆Hsolid really mean?
5.Why is the temperature always at 0 C?

o
6.How does the quantity of heat absorbed by a melting solid compare to the quantity of heat released when the
liquid solidifies?
1) You have a cold piece of ice at 0.00C. The 2) You have a match that can supply 0.400kJ of
mass of the ice is 10.0g. How many kilojoules heat when lit. If all the energy was used to
of heat are required to just melt all 10g of the melt a block of ice, how grams of ice could be
ice? melted if the initial temperature of the ice was
0.00C?
PHENOMENONLABS.COM LEGAL COPYING OF THIS ARTICLE REQUIRES WRITTEN PERMISSION COPYRIGHT © 2017 PHENOMENON LABS
Change of State & the Heat Curve
Things you should know
CROSSING THE (LIQUID-to-GAS) BRIDGE
1. What does the horizontal line mean?
2. What happens to the speed of the molecules at this line?
3. What does ∆Hvap really mean?
4. What does ∆Hcond really mean?
5. Why is the temperature always at 100oC – Why?
6. How does the quantity of heat absorbed by a vaporizing liquid compare to the quantity of heat released
when the vapor condenses?
3) If you have 63.7g of hot H2O(l) at 1000C and 4) 0.46g of chloroethane (C2H5Cl – bp12.30C)
standard Pressure (101.3 kPa), how much vaporizes at its normal BP. How many kJ of
energy would need to be absorbed to turn the heat must have been absorbed? (∆Vvap = 26.4
water into 1000C steam? kJ/mol)
Name: _______________________
Heat Curve and Changes of State
Things you should know - ∆H and ∆H f v
1. All solids (absorb/release) heat in melting to liquids.
2. What happens to the temperature of a substance while it is undergoing a phase change?
3. Explain what happens to all of the heat energy absorbed by a melting ice cube at 0˚C. Where does
it go? What is it used for?
4. Match the following ΔH the phase change:

a. Solid → liquid ΔH vap
b. Liquid → solid ΔH cond
c. Liquid → gas ΔH fusion
d. Gas → liquid ΔH solid
5. What is the value for the following ΔH of water?
a. ΔH vap - ___________ c. ΔH fusion- ___________
b. ΔH cond - ___________ d. ΔH solid - __________
6. How many moles of ice at 0˚C could be melted by the addition of 2.25 kJ of heat?
(ΔH fusion H2O = 6.01 kJ/mole)
7. How much heat is absorbed when 24.8 g of H2O(l) at 100˚C is converted to steam at
100˚C? (ΔH vap = - ΔH cond = -40.7 kJ/mole)
8. How much heat is released when 137.2g liquid methanol (CH3OH), freezes at -97.8˚C?
(ΔH solid MeOH = -3.16 kJ/mole)
9. How many kilojoules of heat are absorbed when 0.46g of chloroethane (C2H5Cl, boiling point 12.3
˚C) vaporizes at its boiling point? For chloroethane, Hvap=26.4 kJ/mol.
Changes of State Energy Diagrams
72.3 g of ice at -15.0oC has heat energy added to it until it becomes steam at 145oC. Calculate
the total amount of heat energy needed (in Joules) to accomplish this.
5 Calculations will be needed. Then add the energy from each step to get the total energy required.
a) Calculate the energy required to heat the ice to its melting point (cice = 2.01 J/goC)
b) Calculate the energy required to melt the ice (Hfusion = +6.01 KJ/mol)
c) Calculate the energy required to heat the water to its boiling point(cwater = 4.186 J/goC)
d) Calculate the energy required to vaporize the water (Hvaporization = +40.7 kJ/mol)
e) Calculate the energy required to heat the steam to 145oC (csteam = 2.02 J/goC)
J
+
Draw a graph on the back sheet (Energy (J) vs. Temperature (ºC)) that correlates to this problem.
Temperature (ºC) vs. Energy (J)
(Be sure to include all important temperatures.)
HINT: This can be done more easily by using the chart maker in MS Word.
Thermochemistry & Heat Curve Practice
65 g of ice at -25oC has heat energy added to it until it becomes water at 45oC. Calculate the
total amount of heat energy needed (in Joules) to accomplish this.
Draw a graph for Temperature (ºC) vs. Energy (J) that correlates to this problem.

c ice = 2.01 J/gC H fus = +6.01 kJ/mol

c water = 4.184 J/gC H solid = -6.01 kJ/mol
c steam = 2.02 J/gC H cond = -40.7 kJ/mol
H vap =+40.7 kJ/mol
Calculations Below
Another problem!
137 g of steam at 125oC has heat energy removed until it becomes water at 45oC. Calculate the
total amount of heat change (in Joules) required in order to accomplish this.
Draw a graph for Temperature (ºC) vs. Energy (J) that correlates to this problem

c ice = 2.01 J/gC H fus = +6.01 kJ/mol

c water = 4.184 J/gC H solid = -6.01 kJ/mol
c steam = 2.02 J/gC H cond = -40.7 kJ/mol
H vap =+40.7 kJ/mol
Calculations Below
DIRECTIONS: Identify the part of the curve in question and draw the portion of
the curve, then solve the question ………….. How much Energy is required to:
10. Change 25 g of ice at 0oC into water.
11. Change 500 g of water at its boiling point into steam.
12. Change 40 g of 100oC water into steam.
13. Change 36 g of 100oC steam into water.
14. Change 145.5 g of 382.5oC steam into 107.7oC steam.
15. Change 15 g of –5oC ice into 0oC ice.
16. Change 10 g of –65.4oC ice into –123oC ice.
17. 1555 J of heat was needed to melt __________ g of ice.
DIRECTIONS: Identify the part of the curve in question and draw the portion of
the curve, then solve the question ………….. How much Energy is required to:
18. Change 1 g of 100.1oC steam into 1oC water.
19. Change 200 g of 80oC water into 100oC steam.
20. Change 2.2 g of ice into 22oC water.
21. Change 50 g of 75oC water into 125oC steam.
22. Change 5 g of steam into 90oC water.
23. Change 55.7 g of –34.12oC ice into 117.56oC steam.
24. When 100 calories of heat is added to 72 grams of a metal at 25˚C, the temperature will increase to
70˚C. What is the specific heat of the metal?
Metal Specific Heat in cal/goC

Iron 0.11
Aluminum 0.21
Using the chart, identify the metal. - ___________ Silver 0.056
Lead 0.031
Magnesium 0.24
Name: __________________________
ENTHALPY “∆H”
Endothermic & Exothermic Reactions
BACKGROUND
What is ENTHALPY - “∆H” - When a process occurs at constant pressure, the heat evolved
(either released or absorbed) is equal to the change in enthalpy.
Enthalpy (H) is the sum of the internal energy (U) and the product of pressure and volume (PV) given by the
equation:
H=U+PV
When a process occurs at constant pressure, the heat evolved (either released or absorbed) is equal to the change
in enthalpy. Enthalpy is a state function which depends entirely on the state functions T, P and U. Enthalpy is usually
expressed as the change in enthalpy (∆H) for a process between initial and final states:
ΔH=ΔU+ΔPV
If temperature and pressure remain constant through the process and the work is limited to pressure-volume work,
then the enthalpy change is given by the equation:
ΔH=ΔU+PΔV
Also at constant pressure the heat flow (q) for the process is equal to the change in enthalpy defined by;
ΔH=q
By looking at whether q is exothermic or endothermic we can determine a relationship between ΔH and q.
• If the reaction absorbs heat it is endothermic, so q > 0 (positive). “we are adding heat”
o Therefore, at constant temperature and pressure, if q is positive then ΔH is also positive.
• If the reaction releases heat, then it is exothermic, so q < 0 (negative).
o If q is negative, then ΔH will also be negative. “we are minus-ing heat”
Exothermic reactions are:

• Energy is released, an energy term will appear on the _________________ side of the equation.
• The thermite reaction is a highly exothermic reaction between ferric oxide and aluminum,
producing aluminum oxide and molten iron: (write the Rxt two ways)
Fe2O3 (s) + 2Al(s) → Al2O3(s)+ 2Fe(l)+ 847.6 kJ

or
_____________________________________________________________
Endothermic reactions
• Consider the reaction when Potassium Chlorate decomposes into potassium chloride and oxygen.
This reaction requires a net input of 391 kJ of energy in order to occur: (write the Rxt two ways)
2 KClO3(g) + 391 kJ → 2KCl(g) + 3O2(g)
Or
__________________________________________________
Name: __________________________
Thermochemistry Stoichiometry
Solve the Enthalpy problems using the balanced chemical reactions
1. The combustion of ethene, C2H4, is an exothermic reaction. Use the information below to
determine the amount of energy given off when 2.3 moles of ethene is combusted.
C2H4 + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + H2O H= - 1390 kJ
2. Carbon dioxide can be formed from the reaction of carbon monoxide and oxgyen. How many
moles of carbon monoxide must be reacted in order to produce 147 kJ of energy?
2 CO + O2 → 2 CO2 H = -787 kJ
3. When carbon disulfide,CS2, forms from its elements, heat is absorbed. How much heat would
be required to produce 6.5 moles of carbon disulfide?
C + 2 S → CS2 H = +89.3 kJ
4. Baking soda, NaHCO3, decomposes when it is heated. How much heat will be absorbed by the
decomposition of 5.25 moles of baking soda?
2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 H = +129 kJ
Name: __________________________
5. How many grams of oxygen are needed to react with excess methane in the following reaction,
in order to produce 325 kJ of energy?
CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + H2O H = -890.4 kJ
6. How many kilojoules of heat are produced when 34.0 g of Fe2O3 reacts with an excess of CO
according to the following reaction?
Fe2O3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO2 H = -26.3 kJ
7. How many grams of carbon dioxide would be produced from the following reaction, if 175 kJ of
energy is given off?
2 CO + O2 → 2 CO2 H = -566 kJ
8. How much heat, in kilojoules, is needed to produce 1850 grams of ammonia (NH3), according to the
following reaction?
2 N2 + 6 H2O → 4 NH3 + 3 O2 H = + 1530 kJ
Name: __________________________
H Stoichiometry
Mixed Concept Problems
Given the information - Solve for the indicated unknown quantity
9. C2H4 + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 2 H2O H = – 1,390 kJ
2.3 n H = ________ kJ
10. 2 CO + O2 → 2 CO2 H = – 787 kJ
________ n H = – 147 kJ
11. C + 2S → CS2 H = + 89.3 kJ
6.5 n H = ________ kJ
12. 2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 H = + 129 kJ
5.25 n H = ________ kJ
13. C2H5OH + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 3 H2O H = – 1,235 kJ
_______ n H = – 570 kJ
14. CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O H = – 890.4 kJ
________ g H = – 325 kJ
15. Fe2O3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO2 H = – 26.3 kJ
34 g H = ________ kJ
16. 2 CO + O2 → 2 CO2 H = – 566 kJ
________ g H = – 175 kJ
17. 2 N2 + 6 H2O → 4 NH3 + 3 O2 H = + 1,530 kJ
1,850 g H = ________ kJ
18. 2P + 3 Cl2 → 2 PCl3 H = – 574 kJ
________ g H = – 333 kJ
19. PbCl2 → Pb + Cl2 H = + 359.4 kJ
610 g H = ________ kJ
20. 2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO H = – 1,204 kJ
6.55 g H = ________ kJ

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NB10

Name: ___________________________________ Period: ________

Phase Change Lab

• What is a “Change in State” - _____________________________________________________

Predictions: If I add Energy (Heat) to the ice …………

1) What will happen to the ice? _____________________________________________________

There are two main observations on the measured

Materials: 1Qt cooking Pot, Ice, Stove, Thermometer, stopwatch

5) Continue to record the temperature of the water as it heats up

Data: Record Your Temperature vs. Time Data

Time Temp. Time Temp. Time Temp. Time Temp.

Answer the following questions:

a) What was the initial temperature of the ice? __________Celsius

e) Explain how the temperature changed as the ice was melting?

f) Explain how the temperature changed as the water was boiling?

Change of State & the Heat Curve

CROSSING THE (SOLID-to-LIQUID) BRIDGE

1.What does the horizontal line in the diagram mean?

2.What happens to the speed of the molecules at this line?

3.What does ∆Hfus really mean?

4.What does ∆Hsolid really mean?

5.Why is the temperature always at 0 C?

CROSSING THE (LIQUID-to-GAS) BRIDGE

1. What does the horizontal line mean?

2. What happens to the speed of the molecules at this line?

3. What does ∆Hvap really mean?

4. What does ∆Hcond really mean?

5. Why is the temperature always at 100oC – Why?

1. All solids (absorb/release) heat in melting to liquids.

2. What happens to the temperature of a substance while it is undergoing a phase change?

4. Match the following ΔH the phase change:

Temperature (ºC) vs. Energy (J)

c ice = 2.01 J/gC H fus = +6.01 kJ/mol

Temperature (ºC) vs. Energy (J)

c ice = 2.01 J/gC H fus = +6.01 kJ/mol

10. Change 25 g of ice at 0oC into water.

11. Change 500 g of water at its boiling point into steam.

12. Change 40 g of 100oC water into steam.

13. Change 36 g of 100oC steam into water.

14. Change 145.5 g of 382.5oC steam into 107.7oC steam.

15. Change 15 g of –5oC ice into 0oC ice.

16. Change 10 g of –65.4oC ice into –123oC ice.

17. 1555 J of heat was needed to melt __________ g of ice.

18. Change 1 g of 100.1oC steam into 1oC water.

19. Change 200 g of 80oC water into 100oC steam.

20. Change 2.2 g of ice into 22oC water.

21. Change 50 g of 75oC water into 125oC steam.

22. Change 5 g of steam into 90oC water.

23. Change 55.7 g of –34.12oC ice into 117.56oC steam.

Metal Specific Heat in cal/goC

Exothermic reactions are:

Fe2O3 (s) + 2Al(s) → Al2O3(s)+ 2Fe(l)+ 847.6 kJ

2 KClO3(g) + 391 kJ → 2KCl(g) + 3O2(g)

Solve the Enthalpy problems using the balanced chemical reactions

9. C2H4 + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 2 H2O H = – 1,390 kJ

10. 2 CO + O2 → 2 CO2 H = – 787 kJ

11. C + 2S → CS2 H = + 89.3 kJ

12. 2 NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 H = + 129 kJ

13. C2H5OH + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 3 H2O H = – 1,235 kJ

15. Fe2O3 + 3 CO → 2 Fe + 3 CO2 H = – 26.3 kJ

16. 2 CO + O2 → 2 CO2 H = – 566 kJ

17. 2 N2 + 6 H2O → 4 NH3 + 3 O2 H = + 1,530 kJ

18. 2P + 3 Cl2 → 2 PCl3 H = – 574 kJ

19. PbCl2 → Pb + Cl2 H = + 359.4 kJ

Name: ___________________________ Period: