ABEE1027

The University of Nottingham Ningbo China

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

LEVEL 1 MODULE SPRING SEMESTER 2018-2019

THERMOFLUIDS 1

Time allowed TWO Hours

Candidates may complete the front cover of their answer book and sign their desk card but

must NOT write anything else until the start of the examination period is announced

Answer Any THREE Out of the FIVE Questions

All questions carry marks as indicated

Only silent, self contained calculators with Single-Line Display are permitted in this

examination

Dictionaries are not allowed with one exception. Those whose first language is not English

may use a standard translation dictionary to translate between that language and English

provided that neither language is the subject of this examination. Subject specific

translation dictionaries are not permitted.

No electronic devices capable of storing and retrieving text, including electronic dictionaries
may be used.

DO NOT turn examination paper over until instructed to do so

ADDITIONAL MATERIALS: CIBSE Psychrometric Chart (A3 Size), Appendix 1- Steam Tables

(Saturated Water–Temperature Table and Saturated Water–Pressure Table)

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1. Answer all parts of the question

a) A vessel which contains 0.05kg of air at 29°C and 120kPa is heated isobarically until the

temperature is 327°C. You may assume ideal gas conditions. Find the:

i. Volume of the air at the beginning of the process. [10%]

ii. Specific volume of the air at the beginning. [10%]

iii. Density of the air at the beginning. [10%]

iv. Volume of air at the end of the process. [10%]

v. Change in internal energy. [10%]

vi. Work done by air. [10%]

vii. Heat supplied. [10%]

[Given: for air, gas constant R = 287J/kgK; specific heat capacity at constant volume c v =

718J/kgK]

b) A gas contained in a cylinder undergoes an adiabatic process in which 45kJ of energy is

transferred to the surroundings as work (Figure Q1-a), followed by a constant volume

process in which 55kJ of energy is transferred to the surroundings as heat (Figure Q1-b).

If the mass of gas in the cylinder is 2kg,

Figure Q1. A cylinder with gas inside

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i. Show the direction of work and the direction of energy in Figure Q1-a and

Figure Q1-b respectively, and hence determine the change in specific internal

energy during each process. [25%]

ii. Find the overall change in internal energy of the system. [5%]

2. Answer all parts of the question

a) Cooling water in a jacket surrounding the cylinder absorbs heat from the air at the

rate of 59kW, as shown in Figure Q2. Air flows steadily at the rate of 0.4kg/s through

an air compressor, entering at 6 m/s with a pressure of 1 bar (note: 1 bar = 100kPa)

and a specific volume of 0.85m 3/kg, and leaving at 4.5m/s with a pressure of 6.9

bar and a specific volume of 0.16m 3/kg. The specific internal energy of the leaving

air, , is 88kJ/kg greater than that of the entering air, . Calculate the;

i. Power required to drive the compressor. [70%]

ii. Inlet and outlet pipe cross-sectional areas. [30%]

Figure Q2. Sketch of engineering cooling system

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(The expression of the flow equation is given;

𝐶12 𝐶22
𝑚̇ (𝑢1 + + 𝑝1 𝑣1 ) + 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ = 𝑚̇ (𝑢2 + + 𝑝2 𝑣2 ) in which the changes in height are
2 2

negligible and hence the potential energy terms have been omitted in the

equation , and may be used without verification)

3. Answer all parts of the question

a) Thermodynamic cycles which are used in devices producing power are called power

cycles. Power cycles are fallen into two types; (a) Vapour Power Cycle and (b) Gas

Power Cycle. Vapour Power Cycle and Gas Power Cycle can be further classified as,

for instance Reheat cycle and Dual cycle respectively.

i. List three (3) other cycles that belong to the Vapor Power Cycle type and

give three (3) other cycles that appertain to the Gas Power Cycle style.

[18%]

ii. Briefly explain the difference between these two power cycles; Vapour

power cycle and Gas power cycle, in terms of working fluid. [20%]

iii. Give one example and two examples of engines that operate on vapour

cycles and gas cycles respectively. [12%]

b) Use the Steam Tables in Appendix 1 to determine the following for atmospheric air at

room temperature of 30ºC and relative humidity of 60%:

i. Partial pressure of air. [10%]

ii. Humidity ratio. [10%]

iii. Dew point temperature. [5%]

iv. Density of the air mixture. [10%]

[Take R = 287J/kg.K for air]

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c) Define vapour and distinguish clearly the differences between gases and vapour.

[15%]

4. Answer all parts of the question

a) Briefly explain the kinetic theory of gases and outline three (3) key assumptions of this

theory. [20%]

b) In 5kg mixture of gases at 1.013bar and 300K the percentages of the constituent gases

are as follows, 80% N2, 18% O2, 2% CO2. Using Table Q4, determine the:

i. Gas constants for the mixture. [20%]

ii. Specific heat at constant pressure for the mixture. [20%]

iii. Total number of moles in the mixture. [20%]

iv. Molar mass of the mixture. [20%]

Table Q4 Gas Constituent Properties

Parameter N2 O2 CO2

Ratio of specific heats, γ 1.4 1.4 1.3

Molecular weight, g/mol 28 32 44

Universal gas constant, J/kmol∙K 8314

5. Answer all parts of the question

a) Briefly discuss two (2) limitations of the ideal gas law and explain how attempts have

been made to correct them. [10%]

b) In an environment that is estimated to contain, approximately, 450kg combined mass

of moisture and dry air, the dry-bulb temperature is measured to be 35°C and the wet-
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bulb temperature is 25°C. The air is cooled to 13°C dry-bulb temperature and, in the

process, the Percentage Saturation drops to 75%.

i. Show the processes on the CIBSE Psychrometric Chart attached. [10%]

ii. Using the CIBSE Psychrometric Chart attached, determine the:

a. Initial humidity ratio. [5%]

b. Final humidity ratio. [5%]

c. Total amount of heat removed and explain why the sign of the heat

removed is negative. [25%]

d. Amount of sensible heat removed. [10%]

e. Amount of latent heat removed. [5%]

f. Final wet-bulb temperature. [5%]

g. Initial dew point temperature. [5%]

h. Final dew point temperature. [5%]

i. Amount of moisture removed. [15%]

[Take Sensible Heat Ratio (SHR) 0.51]

End

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Appendix 1 - Steam Tables

Table A. Saturated Water – Temperature Table

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Table B. Saturated Water – Pressure Table

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