Code No: R7210305 1

II B.Tech I Semester(R07) Supplementary Examinations, May 2009

THERMODYNAMICS
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. (a) Explain the reversible process and causes of irreversibility.

(b) A fluid in a cylinder is at a pressure of 700 KN/m2 . It is expanded at constant pressure from a
volume of 0.28 m3 to a volume of 1.68 m3 .
Calcuate the work done. [6+10]
2. (a) Derive the expression for stedy flow energy equation.
(b) A blower handles 1 kg/sec of air at 20 0 C and consumes a power of 15 kw. The inlet and outlet
velocities of air are 100 m/s and 150 m/s respectively. Find the exit air temperature, assuming
adiabatic conditions. [8+8]
3. In an air standard Otto cycle the compression ratio is 8, and compression begins at 38o C, 0.11 MPa.
The maximum temperature of the cycle is 1125o C. Find
(a) the temperature and pressure at the cardinal points of the cycle,
(b) the heat supplied per kg of air,
(c) the work done per kg of air,
(d) the cycle efficiency, and
(e) the m.e.p. of the cycle. [16]
4. (a) How do you determine the state of the steam? Explain.
(b) Calculate the amount of heat supplied to a boiler to generate 10 Kg/s of steam at 10 bar pressure
and 0.95 quality. If the water is supplied to it at 30 0 C and at the same pressure. [6+10]
5. A closed cylinder of 0.2m diameter is fitted with a light frictionless piston. The piston is retained in
position by a catch in the cylinder wall and the volume on one side of the piston contains air at a
pressure of 800 kN/m2 . The volume on the other side of the piston is evacuated. A helical spring is
mounted coaxially with the cylinder in this evacuated space to give a force of 150 N on the piston in
this position. The catch is released and the piston travels along the cylinder until it comes to rest
after a stroke of 1.4m. The piston is held in its position of maximum travel by a ratchet mechanism.
The spring force increases linearly with the piston displacement to a final value of 5.5 kN. Calculate
the work done by the compressed air on the piston. [16]
6. A gaseous mixture contains 23 % by volume of Nitrogen, 45% by volume of Hydrogen, and 32%
by volume of Carbon-dioxide. Calculate the Molecular weight of the mixture, the characteristic gas
constant R for the mixture and the value of the reversible adiabatic index γ. (At 10o C, the cp values of
Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Carbon dioxide are 1.04, 13.95, and 0.85 kJ/kg K respectively.) A cyclinder
contains 0.095 m3 of the mixture at 1.1 bar and 10o C. The gas undergoes a reversible non-flow process
during which its volume is reduced to one-fifth of its original value. If the law of compression is Pv1.25
= constant, determine the work and heat transfers in magnitude and direction and the change in
entropy. [16]
7. (a) What is an air standard cycle? Why are such cycles conceived?
(b) Find the air standard efficiencies for Otto cycles with a compression ratio of 6 using ideal gases
having specific heat ratios 1.35, 1.43 and 1.62. What are the advantages and disadvantages of
using helium as the working fluid? [6+10]
8. A dense closed cycle refrigeration system working between 4 bar and 16 bar extracts 126 MJ of heat
per hour. The air enters the compressor at 5 0 C and into the expander at 20 0 C. Assuming the unit
runs at 300rpm, find out 1. Power required to run the unit. 2. Bore of compressor if stroke is 300
mm3 . Refrigerating capacity in tones of ice at 0 0 C per day. [16]

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Code No: R7210305 2
II B.Tech I Semester(R07) Supplementary Examinations, May 2009
THERMODYNAMICS
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. (a) Define vacuum pressure and gauge pressure and explain the difference between them.
(b) The basic barometer can be used as an altimeter in an aeroplane. When an aeroplane is trying
to land, the ground control reports a barometric reading of 750 mm Hg while the pilot‘s reading
is 660 mm Hg. Estimate the altitude of the aeroplane, assuming the average density of air to be
1.1 Kg/m3 . [6+10]
2. (a) Explain the principles of thermometry.
(b) A fluid is confined in a cylinder by a spring loaded, frictionless piston so that the pressure in the
fluid is p=a+bv. The internal energy of the fluid U=34+3.15 pv.
Where u is in KJ, p in kpa, and V in m3 . If the fluid changes from an initial state of 170 kPa,
0.03 m3 to a final state of 400 Kpa, 0.06 m3 with no work other than that done on the piston,
find the direction and magnitude of the work and heat transfer. [6+10]
3. An ideal air cycle consists of isentropic compression, constant volume heat transfer, isentropic expan-
sion to the original pressure, and constant pressure heat transfer to the original temperature. Deduce
an expression for the cycle efficiency in terms of volumetric compression ratio rk and isothermal expan-
sion ratio, re . ln such a cycle, the pressure and temperature at the start of compression are 1 bar and
40o C, the compression ratio is 8, and the maximum pressure is 100 bar. Determine the cycle efficiency
and the m.e.p. [16]
4. (a) Explain the different terms pertaining to the steam formation.
(b) Draw the pVT surface for water and explain. [8+8]
5. An ideal gas with a constant volume of Cp = 28.8 J/gmol-K is made to undergo a cycle consisting of
the following reversible processes in a closed system: Process 1-2: The gas expands adiabatically from
4.5MPa, 575 K to 0.8 Mpa; Process 2-3: The gas is heated at constant volume until 575 K; Process
3-1: The gas is compressed isothermally back to its initial condition. Calculate the work and the heat
transactions for each of the three processes. Draw the p-v and T-s diagrams.
[16]
6. Air at 28 o C, 78% RH is cooled by spraying in water at 10 o C. This causes saturation, followed by
condensation, the mixing being assumed to take place adiabatically and the condensate being drained
off at 17.5o C. The resulting saturated mixture is then heated to produce the required conditions of
55% RH at 23o C. The total pressure is constant at 101 kPa. Determine the mass of water supplied to
the sprays to provide 12 m3 /h of conditioned air. What is the heater power required? [16]
7. An ideal air cycle consists of isentropic compression, constant volume heat transfer, isentropic expan-
sion to the original pressure, and constant pressure heat transfer to the original temperature. Deduce
an expression for the cycle efficiency in terms of volumetric compression ratio rk and isothermal expan-
sion ratio, re . ln such a cycle, the pressure and temperature at the start of compression are 1 bar and
40o C, the compression ratio is 8, and the maximum pressure is 100 bar. Determine the cycle efficiency
and the m.e.p. [16]
8. (a) What do you understand by the terms refrigeration effect and ton of refrigeration?
(b) An ideal refrigeration system working on Carnot cycle operates between the temperature limits of
-25 o C and 30o C. Find the ideal COP and the power required from an external source to absorb
4 kW at low temperature. If the system operates as a heat pump, determine the COP and the
power required to discharge 4 kW at high temperature. [6+10]

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Code No: R7210305 3
II B.Tech I Semester(R07) Supplementary Examinations, May 2009
THERMODYNAMICS
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. (a) Write a note on pressure exerted due to a column of fluid.

(b) A water pump is required to supply water at 900 liters/min into a tank at a height of 20 m. Find
the power required to drive the pump in kw. [6+10]
2. (a) Explain the different scales of temperature.
(b) The e.m.f in a thermo couple with the test junction at t0 C on gas thermometer scale and reference
junction at ice point is given by ε=0.2 t-5×−4 t2 mv. The milli voltmeter is calibrated at ice and
steam points. what will this thermometer read in a place where the gas thermometer reads 500 C?
[6+10]
3. (a) What is a spark ignition engine? What is the air standard cycle of such an engine? What are its
four processes?
(b) Show that the efficiency of the Otto cycle depends only on the compression ratio. How is the
compression ratio of an SI engine fixed? [6+10]
4. (a) How do you determine the state of the steam? Explain.
(b) Calculate the amount of heat supplied to a boiler to generate 10 Kg/s of steam at 10 bar pressure
and 0.95 quality. If the water is supplied to it at 30 0 C and at the same pressure. [6+10]
5. An ideal gas cycle of three processes uses Argon (Mol. wt. 40) as a working substance. Process 1-2 is a
reversible adiabatic expansion from 0.015 m3, 650 kPa, 270o C to 0.066 m3 . Process 2-3 is a reversible
isothermal process. Process 3-1 is a constant pressure process in which heat transfer is zero. Sketch
the cycle in the p-v and T-s planes, and find
(a) the work transfer in process 1-2,
(b) the work transfer in process 2-3, and
(c) the net work of the cycle. Take γ= 1.67. [16]
6. A gaseous mixture contains 23 % by volume of Nitrogen, 45% by volume of Hydrogen, and 32%
by volume of Carbon-dioxide. Calculate the Molecular weight of the mixture, the characteristic gas
constant R for the mixture and the value of the reversible adiabatic index γ. (At 10o C, the cp values of
Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Carbon dioxide are 1.04, 13.95, and 0.85 kJ/kg K respectively.) A cyclinder
contains 0.095 m3 of the mixture at 1.1 bar and 10o C. The gas undergoes a reversible non-flow process
during which its volume is reduced to one-fifth of its original value. If the law of compression is Pv1.25
= constant, determine the work and heat transfers in magnitude and direction and the change in
entropy. [16]
7. An air - standard Carnot cycle is executed in a closed system between the temperature limits 330 k
and 1600 k. The minimum pressure of the cycle is 101 kpa and the heat added is 300 kj/kg. Determine
the thermal efficiency, the compression ratio, the pressure ratio, the maximum pressure, and the mean
effective pressure of the cycle. Treat air to be an ideal gas with variable specific heats. [16]
8. (a) How is a reversed Brayton cycle used for refrigeration?
(b) A water cooler supplies chilled water at 5o C when water is supplied to it at 25o C at a rate of
0.8 litres / min, while the power consumed amounts to 210 Watts. Compare the COP of this
refrigeration plant with that of the ideal refrigeration cycle for a similar situation. [6+10]

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Code No: R7210305 4
II B.Tech I Semester(R07) Supplementary Examinations, May 2009
THERMODYNAMICS
(Mechanical Engineering)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. (a) An open system defined for a fixed region and a control volume are synonymous. Explain.
(b) What is the concept of continumm. How well you define density and pressure using this concept?
[8+8]
2. (a) Derive the steady flow energy equation and hence reduce it to the throtting device.
(b) Air blower handles 1 kg/s of air at 200 C and consumes a power of 15 kW. The inlet and outlet
velocities of air are 100 m/s and 150 m/s respectively. Find the exit air temperature assuming
adiabatic conditions. [8+8]
3. An air - standard Carnot cycle is executed in a closed system between the temperature limits 330 k
and 1600 k. The minimum pressure of the cycle is 101 kpa and the heat added is 300 kj/kg. Determine
the thermal efficiency, the compression ratio, the pressure ratio, the maximum pressure, and the mean
effective pressure of the cycle. Treat air to be an ideal gas with variable specific heats. [16]
4. A steam boiler initially contains 5 m3 of steam and 5 m3 of water at 1 Mpa. Steam is taken out at
constant pressue until 4 m3 of water is left. What is the heat transferred during the process. [16]
5. (a) A certain gas has cp = 0.813 and Cv = 0.553 kJ/kg K. Find the molecular weight and the gas
constant R of the gas.
(b) Argon flows through a pipe of diameter of 14 cm. The rate of mass flow of the gas is 1.5 kg/s. It
has a pressure of 7 bar and temperature 90o C before it is throttled to a pressure of 3 bar. Find
the velocity of the gas after it is throttled. Also show that for a perfect gas (in this case argon)
temperature does not change during the throttling process. [6+10]
6. A mixture consisting of 3 kg-mole of Hydrogen and 5 kg-mole of Argon at 1.5 bar and 0 o C is compressed
reversibly and adiabatically in a closed system to a pressure of 7 bar. Assuming that the internal energy
and the enthalpy of the constituent gases are zero at 0o C, compute at the final state of the mixture
(a) the partial pressure of the constituent gas
(b) the final temperature of the mixture
(c) the internal energy and the enthalpy of the mixture and
(d) the work done on the gas mixture. [16]
7. (a) Plot the efficiency of the air standard Otto cycle as a function of the compression ratio for
compression ratios from 6 to 12. Also plot the efficiency as a function of the cut-off ratio for
cut-off ratios from 1 to 4 for an air standard Diesel cycle with a compression ratio of 15 and
Compare with the results of Otto cycle mentioned above
(b) With the help of p-v and T-s diagrams, show that for the same maximum pressure and temper-
ature of the cycle and the same heat rejection.
ηDiesel > ηDual > ηOtto [8+8]
8. An ideal vapor-compression refrigerating cycle operates between temperature limits of 3o C and 33o C.
Dry saturated vapor leaves the compressor and saturated liquid enters the expansion valve. For a
refrigerating capacity of 22 kJ/s, calculate the required power input if the refrigerant is
(a) ammonia
(b) R134a. [16]

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