University of Baghdad Subject: Electronics I

College of Engineering Second Class 2020-2021

Department of Electrical Eng. Dr. Ismael Shanan Desher

Electronic Lecture 1: Bias Stabilization

II)) Stability Factors for Emitter bias Config. As shown in Fig. 4.122

A) Find the stability factor = at fixed VBE and

Step 1: find IB
Vcc=
IE RE + VBE + IB RB – Vcc = 0

IE = IB + IC
RC
(IB + IC) RE + VBE + IB RB – Vcc = 0 RB
− −
=
+
Step 2: Find Ic

= + ( + 1)
RE
( − − )
= + ( + 1) … … … (1)
+
Step 3: Derive Eqn. 1 w.r.t at fixed VBE and
−
= + ( + 1)
+
− ( + 1)
1= +
+
( + 1)( + )
= = 62.68
+ ( + 1)

B) Find = at fixed and

Step 1 and 2 still the same

Step 3: Derive Eqn. 1 w.r.t at fixed and

−
= − +0
+

−1
1= −
+ ′

−
= = − 0.23 × 10 Ω
+ ( + 1)

C) Find = at fixed VBE and

∆ 1(1 + ⁄ )
= =
∆ ( + ⁄ )
We have found a and b. Now, finding c.

= ( ) = 125 = ( )= + 0.25 × = 125 + 0.25 × 125 = 156.25

−
= = 4.426
+ ( + 1)
4.426(1 + 270⁄2.2)
= = 0.0157
125(156.25 + 270⁄2.2)
′ ′′
d. ∆ = ∆ 0 + ∆ + ∆

= 62.68 × (10 − 0.2 ) + (− 0.23 × 10 )(0.5 − 0.7) + (0.0157 × 10 )(156.25 − 125) =

= 1.15 mA

Which means at T1, Ic1=4.426 mA and at T2, Ic2=Ic1+1.15 mA=5.576 mA

III)) Stability Factors for Feedback Bias Config as shown in Figure 2

A) Find the stability factor = at fixed VBE and

Step 1: find IB

IE RE + VBE + IB RF + IE RC – Vcc = 0

IE = IB + IC

(IB + IC) RE + VBE + IB RF – Vcc = 0

− −
=
+
Step 2: Find Ic Figure 2

= + ( + 1)
( − − )
= + ( + 1) … … … (2)
+
Step 3: Derive Eqn. 1 w.r.t at fixed VBE and

As you see, Eqn. 2 is the same as Eqn.1 except that RB is replaced by RF hence all the stability factors have the same
formulas as '' in Emitter bias'' by replacing RB with RF.
( + 1)( + )
=
+ ( + 1)

−
=
+ ( + 1)

∆ 1(1 + ⁄ )
= =
∆ ( + ⁄ )
IV)) Stability Factors for voltage divider Bias Config as shown in Figure 3

A) Find the stability factor = at fixed VBE and

For this figure, first, applying Thevenin theorem at point B, as we were doing

in the class. Then, the new circuit is shown in Figure 4 with B

= and =
Now, before applying the three steps to find the stability

Factors, we can notice that this figure is the same

As Emitter bias figure by replacing Vcc and RB with Figure 3

Vth and Rth respectively. Then

Step 1: find IB

IE RE + VBE + IB Rth – Vth = 0

IE = IB + IC
B
(IB + IC) RE + VBE + IB Rth – Vth = 0
− −
=
ℎ+
Step 2: Find Ic

= + ( + 1) Figure 4
( − − )
= + ( + 1) … … … (3)
ℎ+
Step 3: Derive Eqn. 1 w.r.t at fixed VBE and

As you see, Eqn. 3 is the same as Eqn.1 except that Vcc and RB are replaced with Vth and Rth respectively. Hence
all the stability factors have the same formulas as '' in Emitter bias'' with small changes as below.
( + 1)( ℎ + )
=
ℎ + ( + 1)

−
=
ℎ+( + 1)

∆ 1(1 + ℎ⁄ )
= =
∆ ( + ℎ⁄ )