BU I - Lec Module - Fundamentals of Plumbing System

09/09/2019
BUILDING UTILITIES I
(Principles & practices in plumbing and sanitary systems)
LECTURE 1: Introduction to Plumbing Fundamentals
WHAT IS PLUMBING?
- art & science of installing pipes, fixtures and

other apparatus to convey & supply water in
buildings and to dispose and discharge waste
ARCH 100 BU I: Lecture 1 Introduction to Plumbing Fundamentals
water & other liquids, gases and other

substances out of buildings in a safe, orderly,
healthy and sanitary way to ensure the health
Arch. Christine Mariz Gonzales-Costa, uap
and sanitation of life and property (Plumbing Design

& Estimate 2nd Edition, Max B. Fajardo).
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WHAT IS PLUMBING?
- any business, trade, or work that has to do with the

installation, removal, alteration, maintenance, or
repair of plumbing and drainage systems or parts
thereof (International Plumbing Code Handbook 2009).
- relates to the connection of:

- sanitary drainage systems

- storm drainage systems
- venting systems
- public or private water supply systems.
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HOW DID IT STARTED?
- started in prehistoric times but became more

evident during the Greco-Roman Civilization
- started bathing as a daily ritual
- high demand for a constant supply of clean

water
- construction of famous Roman baths and

Roman Aqueduct
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THE ROMAN AQUEDUCT
• 11 aqueducts, built in the period 312 BCE - 226 CE

• Water source: Tiber River – the second longest Italian river after
the Po. It is 252 miles (405 km) long.
HOW DID IT STARTED?
- when the Roman empire collapsed during the

Goth invasion, it hindered the European
progress in the field of plumbing & sanitation.
- plumbing was again revived during the

Rennaissance when Europe was plagued with
epidemic diseases
- the first plumbing apprentice law was passed

in the 17th century, where France followed suit
in the 18th century
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HOW DID IT STARTED?
PLUMBER
- a title given to a person who is skilled in the
field of sanitation
- derived from the ancient Roman word

Plumbarius (individual who worked in the
sanitary field of ancient Rome), taken from the
Latin word Plumbum (lead: metal used as

plumbing materials, preferred for being
malleable & acid resistant)
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HISTORY OF PLUMBING SYSTEM

IN THE PHILIPPINES
- during the 1940s, household plumbing installation was considered a

luxury
- water supply was conveyed through improvised bamboo
pipes/containers
- waste were disposed in the rivers, seashores & other waterways
- due to eminent outbreak of epidemic diseases, the government

introduced programs where massive education on proper sanitation
was initiated
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HISTORY OF PLUMBING SYSTEM

IN THE PHILIPPINES
- 1950s, model toilets were built

- low cost water seal closet was introduced, backed up by local

ordinances where every residence should have a sanitary comfort
room w/ proper sewage disposal system (Septic tank)
OBJECTIVES OF PLUMBING SYSTEM
Two Main Objectives:

1. To supply water to different parts of the building
2. To remove and discharge human wastes & other substances out of

the building into pblic sewer or septic tank.
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EFFECTIVE PLUMBING SYSTEM
I. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

1. To provide sufficient amount of water supply each plumbing fixture
2. To prevent back flow of used water into the water supply system
II. DRAINAGE SYSTEM

1. Fast removal of the waste with a minimum probability of leakage &

stoppage of drains
2. To prevent the entry of house vermin & obnoxious gases into the house
from piping system.
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MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS
(National Plumbing Code of the Philippines)
ALL PLUMBING DESIGN AND INSTALLATIONS ARE GOVERNED BY A SET OF RULES AND LIMITATIONS
PRESCRIBED BY THE NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
All drainage system must conform with a set of requirements enumerated as follows:
1. That, all pipe joints must be well fitted and tightly connected with each
other to prevent leakage of gas & liquid.
2. That, drainage pipe should be graded or inclined properly for a downward

gravity flow of water towards the main sewer line or to the septic tank.
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MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS
(National Plumbing Code of the Philippines)
3. That, drainage pipe should be provided with adequate cleanout, accessible

for repair in case of stoppage.
4. The drainage system must be provided with ventilation pipe that will
convey gases to the atmosphere where it can do no harm to human

health.
5. That, except of water closet, each fixture shall be provided with suitable
trap that will prevent backflow of gases
6. That, the drainage system must be vented, to avoid siphonage or back

flow of the water seal.
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DRAINAGE SYSTEM
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THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
TYPES OF WASTES
1. Solid Waste – wastes being discharged by the water closet
2. Liquid Waste – wastes coming from various fixtures like floor drains,
lavatories, sinks, urinals etc.

TYPES OF DRAINAGE PIPING
1. Soil Pipe – pipe that conveys wastes from the water closet
2. Liquid Waste – any pipe that conveys wastes other than the water closet
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THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
- sometimes referred to as DWV

D – drainage of solid waste

W – waste coming from various fixtures other than
WC
V – ventilation of piping system
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PLUMBING SYSTEM
- includes a water supply and - vent pipes

distribution pipes - sanitary sewers
- plumbing fixtures
- storm sewers and building

- traps drains
- water-treating equipment - include connections, devices,
- water-using equipment and appurtenances within a

- soil pipes structure or premises.
- waste pipes
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PLUMBING MATERIALS
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PLUMBING MATERIALS
1. PIPE: - Cast Iron

A continuous tubular conduit, generally leakproof, - Ductile Iron
for the transport of liquid & gases. - Galvanized Wrought Iron
- comes in different sizes and types; - Lead
TYPES for WATER LINE - Copper,

- PVC, uPVC (unplasticized) - Brass
- PPR (H/C) - Extra Strength Vitrified Clay Tile
- Galvanized Iron (GI)

- Copper (H/C)
- HDPE for Irrigation System
TYPES for SEWER & DRAINAGE LINE
- PVC, uPVC (series 1000, DMV)
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PLUMBING MATERIALS
2. ADAPTER FITTINGS: - Cast Iron

Any approved fitting that can be used to connect - Ductile Iron
pipes and fittings that would not otherwise fit - Galvanized Wrought Iron
together is an adapter fitting. - Lead
- comes in different sizes and types; - Copper,

TYPES for WATER LINE - Brass
- PVC, uPVC (unplasticized) - Extra Strength Vitrified Clay Tile
- PPR (H/C)
- Galvanized Iron (GI)
- Copper (H/C)
TYPES for SEWER & DRAINAGE LINE
- PVC, uPVC (series 1000, DMV)
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ARCH 100 BU I: Lecture 1 Introduction to Plumbing Fundamentals ARCH 100 BU I: Lecture 1 Introduction to Plumbing Fundamentals
Arch. Christine Mariz Gonzales-Costa, uap Arch. Christine Mariz Gonzales-Costa, uap
ADAPTER FITTINGS: PPR FOR WATERLINE

ADAPTER FITTINGS: PVC FOR WATERLINE
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PLUMBING MATERIALS
PLUMBING MATERIALS
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PLUMBING MATERIALS
ADAPTER FITTINGS: PVC FOR SEWER & DRAINAGE LINE

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PLUMBING MATERIALS
3. PLUMBING FIXTURE COMMON TYPES of Plumbing Fixtures

- receptacles attached to a plumbing system in RESIDENCES
other than a
trap in which water or waste may be collected or
- Water closet
retained for ultimate discharge into the plumbing

system. - Lavatory
- Kitchen Sink
- Urinal
- Bidet/Sprayhead
- Bath tub
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PLUMBING MATERIALS
LAVATORY
- a fixture designed for the washing of the hands
or face. It is also known as wash basin.
WATER CLOSET
- a plumbing fixture used to receive human

excremental and to discharge it through a
waste pipe, using water as a conveying
medium.
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PLUMBING MATERIALS
KITCHEN SINK
- a plumbing fixture usually consisting of a basin
with a water supply, connected with a drain.
URINAL
- a sanitary fixture equipped with a water
supply and drain for flushing away urine.
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PLUMBING MATERIALS
- a tube for bathing, usually a fixed plumbing

installation designed for one person. It is available
in left outlet and right outlet.
BIDET
- a plumbing fixture used for washing the
middle part of the body, especially the
genitals. It is also known as the Sitz Bath.
BATH TUB
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PLUMBING FIXTURES: WATER CLOSET
TYPES OF WATER CLOSET - It is mechanically satisfactory and is lower in

AS TO DESIGN: price;
1. Siphon Wash down - widely used and entirely acceptable where
price is the main consideration
2. Reverse trap
.
3. Siphon Jet
4. Siphon Vortex
SIPHON WASH DOWN

- the least expensive but the noisiest;
- only small amount of standing water-
susceptible to fouling, staining and
contamination;
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REVERSE TRAP
- the trap way located at the rear of the water
closet eliminated the bulge at the front;
- the design and appearance of the bowl plus
its large water area and quietness in

operation, make it desirable than siphon wash
down.
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SIPHON JET
- the jet being submerged introduces its water
underwater so that its operation is entirely
muffled;
- it has a large amount of standing water to

prevent fouling.
- it is mechanically efficient but expensive
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SIPHON VORTEX
- this type of bowl develops its flushing action
through the water entering through diagonal
holes around the rim which creates a swirling
action which forms a vortex in the center;

- it is considered to be the most quiet, most
efficient and most sanitary water closet
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TYPES OF WC AS TO MAKE
1. One-piece
2. Closed Coupled
3. Pail Flush
4. Squat Bowl
ONE-PIECE
- the water closet fixture is manufactured with

the bowl and the flush tank molded into a
single unit;
- usually used in tandem with the bidet.
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CLOSED COUPLED - a water closet comprising only of a bowl

- a water closet where in the flush tank is without a flush tank;
separate but is attached to the toilet bowl; - flushing action is obtained only through water
- it is a two-piece model poured from a pail or bucket;
- this is used in areas where running water

systems are not available
PAIL FLUSH
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SQUAT BOWL
- a water closet that is otherwise known as
“Eastern type” since the user assumes a
squatting position rather than a sitting
position
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TYPES OF WC AS TO FLUSHING
MECHANISM
1. Flush Tank
2. Flush Valve
FLUSH TANK
- holds a supply of water for flushing a fixture
such as the water closet;

- it has a capacity of 5 to 6 gallons.
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FLUSH VALVE
- valve designed to supply a fixed quantity of
water for flushing purposes;
- it is activated by direct water pressure
without the use of a flush tank;

- it is also known as Flushometer or
Flushometer valve;
- the flush valve requires 10 to 20 psi flow
pressure.
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TYPES OF WC AS TO SHAPE - is more comfortable but occupies a larger

1. Round Front space
2. Elongated Front
ROUND FRONT
- intended for installation on a limited space

ELONGATED FRONT
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TYPES OF WC AS TO INSTALLATION WALL HUNG

1. Free standing (Floor mounted)
2. Wall-hung (Wall mounted)
FREE STANDING
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PLUMBING FIXTURES: LAVATORY
TYPES OF LAVATORY PEDESTAL TYPE

1. Wall-hung
center weighted
2. Pedestal type faucet
3. Counter type
4. One piece
WALL HUNG
widespread
faucet
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PLUMBING FIXTURES: LAVATORY
COUNTER TYPE ONE PIECE

1. Under counter
2. Over counter
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1.
4.
3.
2.
STALL
Stall
Through
Wall hung
WALL HUNG
Pedestal Type
TYPES OF URINAL
PEDESTAL
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PLUMBING FIXTURES: URINAL
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THROUGH
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PLUMBING FIXTURES: SINKS
TYPES OF KITCHEN SINKS

1. Single bowl, Single drain
2. Double bowl, Single drain
3. Double bowl, Double drain
4. Triple bowl DOUBLE BOWL, DOUBLE DRAIN

5. Corner sink
SINGLE BOWL, SINGLE DRAIN
DOUBLE BOWL, SINGLE DRAIN

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1.
4.
2.
5.
3.
Towel bar
Seat cover
TRIPLE BOWL
Soap holder
ACCESSORIES:
Tissue holder
Tooth brush & tumbler
holder
CORNER SINK
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PLUMBING ACCESSORIES
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TYPES OF SINKS SLOP SINK

1. Kitchen sink - a deep sink, usually set low and used by
2. Bar sink janitors for emptying pails of dirty water and
3. Laundry sink mop cleaning
4. Slop sink SCRUB SINK

5. Scrub sink
- a plumbing fixture usually located in the
LAUNDRY SINK operating room in a hospital to enable
- a deep wide sink or but used for washing personnel to scrub their hands prior to a
clothes; surgical procedure;

- it is also known as Laundry Tray or Set Tub - the hot and cold water supply is activated by
a knee-action mixing valve or by wrist or
pedal control
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PLUMBING INSTALLATION
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WATER CLOSET
WATER CLOSET
MINIMUM CLEARANCES FOR WATER CLOSET
ROUGHING-IN DIMENSION OF WATER CLOSET

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LAVATORY
LAVATORY
MINIMUM CLEARANCES FOR LAVATORY
ROUGHING-IN DIMENSION OF LAVATORY

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BIDET
BATH TUB
ROUGHING-IN DIMENSION OF BIDET
ROUGHING-IN DIMENSION OF BATH TUB
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URINAL
MINIMUM CLEARANCES FOR URINAL
TYPICAL FIXTURE LAYOUT FOR TOILET & BATH

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TYPICAL FIXTURE CLEARANCES FOR DISABLED PERSONS

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TYPICAL FIXTURE CLEARANCES FOR DISABLED PERSONS
MOUNTING DIMENSIONS FOR TOILET & BATHROOM ACCESSORIES

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MOUNTING DIMENSIONS OF LAVATORY ACCESSORIES

MOUNTING DIMENSIONS OF ACCESSORIES AND FITTINGS AT SHOWER AREA
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SHOWER
MOUNTING DIMENSIONS OF ACCESSORIES AND FITTINGS AT BATH TUB/
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09/09/2019

LECTURE 1: Introduction to Plumbing Fundamentals

- art & science of installing pipes, fixtures and

water & other liquids, gases and other

and sanitation of life and property (Plumbing Design

- any business, trade, or work that has to do with the

thereof (International Plumbing Code Handbook 2009).

- relates to the connection of:

- sanitary drainage systems

HOW DID IT STARTED?

- started in prehistoric times but became more

- high demand for a constant supply of clean

- construction of famous Roman baths and

THE ROMAN AQUEDUCT

• 11 aqueducts, built in the period 312 BCE - 226 CE

HOW DID IT STARTED?

- when the Roman empire collapsed during the

- plumbing was again revived during the

- the first plumbing apprentice law was passed

HOW DID IT STARTED?

- derived from the ancient Roman word

Latin word Plumbum (lead: metal used as

HISTORY OF PLUMBING SYSTEM

- during the 1940s, household plumbing installation was considered a

- due to eminent outbreak of epidemic diseases, the government

HISTORY OF PLUMBING SYSTEM

- 1950s, model toilets were built

- low cost water seal closet was introduced, backed up by local

OBJECTIVES OF PLUMBING SYSTEM

Two Main Objectives:

1. To supply water to different parts of the building

2. To remove and discharge human wastes & other substances out of

the building into pblic sewer or septic tank.

EFFECTIVE PLUMBING SYSTEM

I. WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

II. DRAINAGE SYSTEM

1. Fast removal of the waste with a minimum probability of leakage &

2. That, drainage pipe should be graded or inclined properly for a downward

3. That, drainage pipe should be provided with adequate cleanout, accessible

convey gases to the atmosphere where it can do no harm to human

6. That, the drainage system must be vented, to avoid siphonage or back

THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

lavatories, sinks, urinals etc.

THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

- sometimes referred to as DWV

D – drainage of solid waste

- includes a water supply and - vent pipes

- storm sewers and building

- water-using equipment and appurtenances within a

1. PIPE: - Cast Iron

TYPES for WATER LINE - Copper,

- Galvanized Iron (GI)

2. ADAPTER FITTINGS: - Cast Iron

- comes in different sizes and types; - Copper,

ADAPTER FITTINGS: PPR FOR WATERLINE

ADAPTER FITTINGS: PVC FOR SEWER & DRAINAGE LINE

3. PLUMBING FIXTURE COMMON TYPES of Plumbing Fixtures

retained for ultimate discharge into the plumbing

- a plumbing fixture used to receive human

- a tube for bathing, usually a fixed plumbing

PLUMBING FIXTURES: WATER CLOSET

TYPES OF WATER CLOSET - It is mechanically satisfactory and is lower in

SIPHON WASH DOWN