Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2016; 4(3): 270-276

ISSN 2320-3862
JMPS 2016; 4(3): 270-276
© 2016 JMPS
A comprehensive review of Kaempferia galanga L.
Received: 23-03-2016 (Zingiberaceae): A high sought medicinal plant in
Accepted: 25-04-2016
Tropical Asia
Thankappan Suvarna Preetha
Department of Botany,
University College, Thankappan Suvarna Preetha, Achuthan Sudarsanan Hemanthakumar
Thiruvananthapuram - 695034,
Kerala, India
and Peringatulli Narayanan Krishnan

Achuthan Sudarsanan Abstract

Hemanthakumar
Biotechnology and
Bioinformatics Division,
Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical
Botanic Garden and Research
Institute, Palode,
Thiruvananthapuram – 695562,
Kerala, India
Peringatulli Narayanan Krishnan
Biotechnology and
Bioinformatics Division,
Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical
Botanic Garden and Research
Institute, Palode,
Thiruvananthapuram – 695562,
Kerala, India
Kaempferia galanga L. (Family Zingiberaceae) is an endangered medicinal plant with potent medicinal
activities. The leaves, rhizome and root tubers of the plant possess a number of medicinal applications.
The plant is economically important and is over exploited to the extent that there is always scarcity of
propagating material (rhizomes) which is the consumable part too. As it is vegetatively propagated, its
conservation via conventional and non-conventional means is very much crucial. The present review
provides broad information of K. galanga throwing light on its current status, economic value, agronomy,
ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and conservation strategies.
Keywords: Kaempferia galanga, economic value, agronomy, ethnobotany, phytochemistry,
pharmacology, conservation
Introduction
The genus Kaempferia L. includes approximately 60 species distributed in Tropical Africa to
India and South East Asia [65]. The generic name commemorates Engelbert Kaempfer (1651-
1716), a German naturalist and physician [42]. K. galanga L., K. rotunda L. and K. scaposa
(Nimmo) Benth. and Hook. are the species present in South India. Kaempferia elegans Wall.
an ornamental species from Malaysia is grown in gardens and popularly called ‘peacock
ginger’. Kaempferia galanga L. is known as sugandhavacha and chandramulika in Sanskrit
and is used as spice, condiment, medicine and in cosmetics. In Rheede’s Hortus Malabaricus,
K. galanga L. has been described under the name katsjula kelengu which shows that the plant
was used as a drug source in Kerala in the 17th century [40]. The present review highlights
agronomy, phytochemistry, pharmacology, ethnobotanical uses and in vitro conservation
methods of K. galanga and further will be a source reference to studies targeting this high
sought medicinal species.

Kaempferia galanga L. (Family Zingiberaceae)

Taxonomic position
Kingdom : Plantae
Sub Kingdom : Phanerogamae
Division : Spermatophyta
Sub Division : Angiospermae
Class : Monocotyledonae
Series : Epigynae
Order : Scitaminales
Family : Zingiberaceae
Genus : Kaempferia
Species : galanga.
Correspondence
Thankappan Suvarna Preetha
Parts used
Department of Botany, Rhizome, root stock, leaves.
University College,
Thiruvananthapuram - 695034,
Kerala, India
~ 270 ~
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies
Habit
A perennial aromatic herb with very fragrant underground
parts; leaves two or more, spreading flat on the ground, round-
ovate, thin, deep green, petioles very short, chanelled (Fig. 1);
flowers white with purplish spots in the axillary fascicles,
corolla tube 2.5 cm long, connective of anther produced in to a
Fig 1: Kaempferia galanga L. plants in natural habit and their rhizomes
Species status, origin and distribution
K. galanga is an endangered, highly priced medicinal and
aromatic plant of the Family Zingiberaceae [27, 62] indigenous to
Tropical Asia. Wood (1991) [80] has studied the biogeography
and evolution. The plant is native to India, supposed to have
been originated in East Asia, most probably in Burma. It is
cultivated mainly in South East Asia and China [30]. In India it
is mainly cultivated in Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and
West Bengal.
Agronomy
K. galanga is a shade loving plant and requires warm humid
climate thriving up to an elevation of 1,500 m. An annual rain
fall of 1500-2500 mm and rich loamy soil with good drainage
are suitable for its cultivation. The plant is propagated by
splitting of rhizomes which are stored in cool dry place prior to
planting. Smoking of rhizome by spreading on Glycosmis
pentaphylla leaves prior to planting is beneficial for better
germination [57]. The type of seed material did not showed
significant impact on the morphological characters but with
respect to yield characters and oleoresin content; mother
rhizomes offered superiority over finger rhizomes [55].
The growth and rhizome yield were higher when K. galanga
was grown as an intercrop [39]. Monocrop yielded 4.8 t/ha
whereas intercrops yielded up to 6.1 t/ha. The essential oil and
oleoresin contents were also higher in intercropped rhizomes.
The feasibility of growing K. galanga under coconut
plantations was analyzed [17] wherein higher rate of yield and
chemical quality was observed compared to those grown in
open field. Mulching with Azadirachta indica, Chromolaena
odorata and Gliricidia maculata leaves gave the highest
average fresh weights. The highest rhizome yield was obtained
with Azadirachta indica mulches and was effective in
nematode infection [43]. The performance of ecotypes of the
plant as influenced by variations in shade and preparatory
cultivation was studied [15] and found that high rhizome yield
was correlated with high P, K and Ca contents, while high
essential oil with high Mg, S, Mn and Zn contents in the
rhizome. Low light intensity increased the biosynthesis of
oleoresin and essential oils in the rhizomes as well as the
contents of Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn. Regarding the effect of
different light transmission levels on the growth and yield,
overhead canopy cover have little effect on rhizome yield and
~ 271 ~
quadrate two-lobed appendage; fruits oblong, 3-celled and 3-
valved capsules, seeds arillate [14]. The underground rhizome
has one or more prominent, vertically oriented tuberous root
stock and many small secondary tubers and roots, their tips
becoming tuberous.
yield responses under no over canopy, single strata and multi
strata systems were similar [34].
A well-managed plantation of K. galanga yielded about 4-6
tonnes of fresh rhizomes per hectare [57]. Generally insects and
pests are not reported in this crop. Pseudomonas
solanacearum is reported to cause bacterial wilt [13]. Leaf spot
and rhizome rot diseases occurring during the rainy season can
be prevented by spraying with 1% (w/v) Bordeaux mixture [24].
Cytology
The normal somatic chromosome compliment has been
determined to be 2n = 22 [63]. There are six pairs of long
chromosomes, four pairs of medium sized and one pair of
short chromosomes. The basic number of this genus was
reported as six [52]. The Asiatic species showed a
preponderance of diploids (2n = 22), presumably derived from
a basic x = 11; while the African species have either 2n = 28 or
2n = 42 with x = 14 as the basic number [67]. For some authors
K. galanga is presumably an aneuploid pentaploid as the root
tip cells exhibitted 54 chromosomes [56].
Economic importance
The demand for Kacholam is over 100 tonnes of dried
rhizomes [37]. The crop is economically important because of
its increased price value of its dry rhizomes currently having a
market value of Rs.300/- per Kg which was Rs.120/- in 2-4
years back. It is reported to have great export potential [73].
Experiments conducted to study the feasibility of intercropping
medicinal plants in oil palm plantations showed that it is a
profitable intercrop [23]. The price of essential oil varies from
US$600-700 per Kg on the international market and is highly
exploited by the local people and pharmaceutical industries
[10]
. The essential oil finds use in perfumery, folk medicine and
curry flavourings. Its recognition as a flavouring and
perfumery in recent years created a price hike which elevated
the crop from restricted cultivation in localized tracts of Kerala
to the status of a commercial crop.
Medicinal uses
K. galanga forms a component of over 59 ayurvedic medicines
[66]
and is extensively used in preparation of ayurvedic drugs,
perfumery, cosmetics and as spice ingredients [54]. It is used for
treatment of diarrhoea, migraine and it increases energy to
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
Index Copernicus Value (2015): 78.96 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391

Effect of Drying Methods on Ash Contents and

Moisture Content of Leafy Vegetables
Manisha Sonkamble1, Narayan Pandhure2
Department of Botany, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad-431001

Abstract: Green vegetables are packed with healthy nutrients such as Vitamins A, C, E and K. They are good source of micronutrient.
Nutrients could be retained from these vegetables depending upon their keeping quality. Secondly ash content from vegetables is a
measure of the total amount of minerals present within it, whereas the mineral content is a measure of the amount of specific inorganic
components present within vegetables such as Ca, Na, K and Cl. During the present piece of work, vegetables such as Spinach, Radish,
Chuka, Cowpea and Gawar were taken. These vegetables were dehydrated by sun drying, oven drying and shade drying. These
vegetables were turned into ash and ash content was recorded. Result indicates that, shade drying is more effective method than sun
drying and oven drying.

Keywords: Ash content, Sun drying, Oven drying, Shade drying, Leafy vegetables

1. Introduction drying and shade drying on the proximate and mineral

Vegetables are rich and comparatively cheaper source of
vitamins. Consumption of these items provides taste,
palatability, increases appetite and provides fiber for
digestion and to prevent constipation. Leafy vegetables to the
important value of major source of vitamin and minerals to
the balanced diet. (Seidu ,2012) . The knowledge on different
phytochemical presence and its content in these vegetables is
important for an appropriate choice of products according to
the physiological needs. Phytochemicals are a large group of
plant derived compounds, the plant`s way of protecting itself.
In addition they appear to have significant physiological
effects in the human body. There are more than thousand
known phytochemicals ( Mara Duma , 2014). The ash
content is a measure of the total amount of minerals present
within a vegetable, whereas the mineral content is a measure
of the amount of specific inorganic components present
within a food, such as Ca, Na, K and Cl. Determination of
the ash and mineral content of vegetables is important for a
number of reasons:
a) Nutritional labeling: The concentration and type of
minerals present must often be stipulated on the label of a
vegetables.
b) Quality: The quality of many vegetables depends on the
concentration and type of minerals they contain,
including their taste, appearance, texture and stability.
c) Microbiological stability: High mineral contents are
sometimes used to retard the growth of certain
microorganisms.
d) Nutrition: Some minerals are essential to a healthy diet
(e.g., calcium, phosphorous, potassium and sodium)
whereas others can be toxic (e.g., lead, mercury,
cadmium and aluminum).
e) Processing: It is often important to know the mineral
content of foods during processing because this affects
the physicochemical properties of vegetable and foods.
Different drying methods affect on the stability of
phytochemicals and other nutrient composition of the dried
green leafy vegetable. This research is therefore focused on
the effect of drying techniques such as oven drying, sun
composition of Spinacia oleracea (spinach), Raphanus
sativus (Raddish), Rumex vesicarius , (Chuka), Vigna
unguiculata (cowpea and Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Guar).
(Emelike , 2016).
2. Materials and methods
a) Sample collection: Fresh samples of Spinacia oleracea
(spinach), Raphanus sativus (Raddish), Rumex vesicarius,
(Chuka), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) and Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba (Guar). were purchased from a local
market in Begumpura, Aurangabad.
b) Sample preparation: Samples of Spinacia oleracea
(spinach), Raphanus sativus (Raddish), Rumex vesicarius,
(Chuka),Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) and Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba (Guar) were thoroughly washed with clean
tap water. The moisture content of the samples was
determined. These samples were dried in shade, Oven and
Sun and finely fine powder was prepared which was used
for further analysis.
1. Sun Drying: - 200 gms of each vegetable samples were
used for the experiment. The fresh leafy vegetables were
washed and evenly spread on a tray and left to dry in the
sun for at least seven hours per day for four days until the
vegetables were brittle and considered to be dry.
2. Oven drying: - 200 gms of each samples were washed in
ordinary tap water. The vegetables were oven dried at
65°c until properly dried.
3. Shade drying:- 200gms of each samples were washed in
tap water. Shade drying in enclosed Cabinet drier which
protect the drying vegetables from the direct sunlight is
also practiced.
4. Physico-chemical Analysis:- The parameter studied
were total ash, Acid insoluble ash (AIA) and Acid soluble
ash (ASA).
5. Total Ash:- Place about 2 to 4 gms of Plant material
,accurately weighted ,taken in a silica crucible .spread the
material in an even layer and crucible keep in muffle
furnace allow the temperature to each 600°c and constant
for 2 hours ,until it is white ,indicating the absence of
carbon cool in desiccators and weight .Ash can be
Calculated by using formula ,

Volume 6 Issue 8, August 2017

www.ijsr.net
Licensed Under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY
Paper ID: ART20176072 936
 plants
Review
Phytochemicals: Extraction, Isolation,
and Identification of Bioactive Compounds
from Plant Extracts
Ammar Altemimi 1, *, Naoufal Lakhssassi 2 , Azam Baharlouei 2 , Dennis G. Watson 2
and David A. Lightfoot 2
1 Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Al-Basrah, Basrah 61004, Iraq
2 Department of Plant, Soil and Agricultural Systems, Plant Biotechnology and Genome Core-Facility,
Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA; naoufal.lakhssassi@siu.edu (N.L.);
baharlouei@siu.edu (A.B.); dwatson@siu.edu (D.G.W.); ga4082@siu.edu (D.A.L.)
* Correspondence: ammaragr@siu.edu; Tel.: +964-773-564-0090

Academic Editor: Ulrike Mathesius

Received: 19 July 2017; Accepted: 19 September 2017; Published: 22 September 2017

Abstract: There are concerns about using synthetic phenolic antioxidants such as butylated
hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as food additives because of the reported
negative effects on human health. Thus, a replacement of these synthetics by antioxidant extractions
from various foods has been proposed. More than 8000 different phenolic compounds have been
characterized; fruits and vegetables are the prime sources of natural antioxidants. In order to extract,
measure, and identify bioactive compounds from a wide variety of fruits and vegetables, researchers
use multiple techniques and methods. This review includes a brief description of a wide range
of different assays. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties of phenolic natural
products from fruits and vegetables are also discussed.

Keywords: antimicrobial; antioxidants; medicinal plants; BHT

1. Introduction
Many antioxidant compounds can be found in fruits and vegetables including phenolics,
carotenoids, anthocyanins, and tocopherols [1]. Approximately 20% of known plants have been
used in pharmaceutical studies, impacting the healthcare system in positive ways such as treating
cancer and harmful diseases [2]. Plants are able to produce a large number of diverse bioactive
compounds. High concentrations of phytochemicals, which may protect against free radical damage,
accumulate in fruits and vegetables [3]. Plants containing beneficial phytochemicals may supplement
the needs of the human body by acting as natural antioxidants [4]. Various studies have shown that
many plants are rich source of antioxidants. For instance, vitamins A, C, E, and phenolic compounds
such as flavonoids, tannins, and lignins, found in plants, all act as antioxidants [3]. The consumption of
fruits and vegetables has been linked with several health benefits, a result of medicinal properties and
high nutritional value [5]. Antioxidants control and reduce the oxidative damage in foods by delaying
or inhibiting oxidation caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately increasing the shelf-life
and quality of these foods [6]. Beta carotene, ascorbic acid, and many phenolics play dynamic roles in
delaying aging, reducing inflammation, and preventing certain cancers [7]. Increasing the consumption
of fruits and vegetables has been recommended by many agencies and health care systems throughout
the world [8].
The objective of this paper is to provide a review of phytochemical studies that have addressed
extracting, measuring and identifying bioactive compounds of plants. This review includes an overview

Plants 2017, 6, 42; doi:10.3390/plants6040042 www.mdpi.com/journal/plants

Plants 2017, 6, 42 2 of 23

of the lipid oxidation process, details of plants known to be antioxidant and antimicrobial sources,
phenolic compounds, antioxidants from vegetables and fruits, cancer prevention, extraction techniques
for phenolic compounds, isolation and purification of bioactive molecules, and techniques for structural
classification of bioactive molecules.

2. Methods Used for Bioactive Compound Extraction, Isolation, and Purification

2.1. Extraction of Phenolic Compounds Using Solvents

Scientists have studied and analyzed the impact of different types of solvents, such as methanol,
hexane, and ethyl alcohol, for the purpose of antioxidant extraction from various plants parts, such as
leaves and seeds. In order to extract different phenolic compounds from plants with a high degree of
accuracy, various solvents of differing polarities must be used [9]. Moreover, scientists have discovered
that highly polar solvents, such as methanol, have a high effectiveness as antioxidants.
Anokwuru et al. reported that acetone and N,N dimethylformamide (DMF) are highly effective at
extracting antioxidants, while Koffi et al. found that methanol was more effective in at a large amount
of phenolic contents from walnut fruits when compared to ethanol [10–12].
It has been reported that ethanolic extracts of Ivorian plants extracted higher concentrations/amount
of phenolics compared to acetone, water, and methanol [11]. Multiple solvents have been commonly
used to extract phytochemicals, and scientists usually employed a dried powder of plants to extract
bioactive compounds and eliminate the interference of water at the same time.
Solvents used for the extraction of biomolecules from plants are chosen based on the polarity
of the solute of interest. A solvent of similar polarity to the solute will properly dissolve the solute.
Multiple solvents can be used sequentially in order to limit the amount of analogous compounds in
the desired yield. The polarity, from least polar to most polar, of a few common solvents is as follows:
Hexane < Chloroform < Ethylacetate < Acetone < Methanol < Water.

2.2. Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)

MAE has attracted the attention of researchers as a technique to extract bioactive compounds from
a wide variety of plants and natural residues [12]. Microwaves have electromagnectic radiation that
occurs at frequencies between 300 MHz to 300 GHz, and wavelengths between 1 cm and 1 m. These
electromagnetic waves consist of both an electrical field and a magnetic field. These are described as
two perpendicular fields. The first application of microwaves was to heat up objects that can absorb
a part of the electromagnetic energy and convert it into heat. Commercial microwave instruments
commonly use the frequency 2450 MHz, which corresponds to an energy output of 600–700 Watts [13].
Recently, advanced techniques have become available to reduce the loss of bioactive compound
without increasing the extraction time. Therefore, microwave-assisted extraction is demonstrated to be
a good technique in multiple fields, especially in the medicinal plant area. Moreover, this technique
reduced the losses of the biochemical compounds being extracted [14]. Microwave-assisted extraction
(MAE) has been used as an alternative to conventional techniques for the extraction of antioxidants
because of its ability to reduce both time and extraction solvent volume [15]. In fact, the main objective
of using MAE is to heat the solvent and extract antioxidants from plants with a lesser amount of these
solvents [13].
Li et al. reported that conventional methods using various solvents presented less antioxidant
activity and phenolic content than MAE [16]. Therefore, the finding confirmed that MAE was more
effective at increasing antioxidant activity by measuring ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP),
oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and total phenolic content (TPC). The efficiency of the
microwave extraction can be changed through some factors such as extraction temperature, solvent
composition, and extraction time. The extraction temperature was usually studied more than other factors
due to its ability to increase the efficiency of the microwave extraction. Tsubaki et al. reported that 170 ◦ C
was the most effective temperature for extracting phenolic compounds from Chinese tea. In addition,
Plants 2017, 6, 42 3 of 23

increasing the extraction temperature beyond this point resulted in a reduced extraction yield [17].
Recently, Christophoridou et al. used a new microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) process, which
converts energy to heat, thereby cooperating with solvents in order to extract a specific compound [18].
Williams et al. showed many advantages of MAE, including lower solvent consumption, shorter
extraction times, and higher sensitivity towards target molecules [19]. A comparison of some
antioxidant methods used has been provided in Table 1.

Table 1. Comparison of methods for assessing antioxidant capacity based upon mechanism, endpoint,
quantitation method, and whether the assay is adaptable to measure lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidants.

Antioxidant Assay Mechanism Endpoint Quantification Lipophilic and Hydrophilic AOC

ORAC HAT Fixed time AUC Yes
TRAP HAT Lag phase IC50 lag time No
FRAP SET Time varies ∆OD fixed time No
TEAC SET Time varies ∆OD fixed time Yes
DPPH SET IC50 ∆OD fixed time No
LDL oxidation SET Lag phase Lag time No

2.3. Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) has been used in diverse applications of food-processing
technology to extract bioactive compounds from plant materials [19]. Ultrasound, with levels greater
than 20 kHz, is used to disrupt plant cell walls, which helps improve the solvent’s ability to penetrate
the cells and obtain a higher extraction yield. UAE can use a low operating temperature through
processing, maintaining a high extract quality for compounds. UAE is known to be one of the easiest
extraction techniques because it uses common laboratory equipment such as an ultrasonic bath. In this
technique, a smashed sample is mixed with the suitable solvent and placed into the ultrasonic bath,
while temperature and extraction time are controlled [20].
UAE of various organic and inorganic samples can use a wide range of solvents. Common
equipment used in ultrasound-assisted extraction includes an ultrasonic bath and an ultrasonic
probe system. Unfortunately, ultrasonic probe has two main negative properties mainly related to
experimental repeatability and reproducibility [21].
Tabaraki et al. noted that green technology is necessary to protect the environment from toxic
substances [22]. Therefore, extraction of phenolic compounds by ultrasound has grown during recent
years due to its role in reducing the amount of solvent and energy used. Corrales et al. have shown
that UAE can break down plant tissue and work properly during the production process and release
of active compounds in solvents with a high efficiency [21]. Results showed an increase in antioxidant
activity from 187.13 µmol TE g−1 DM to 308 µmol TE g−1 DM by using UAE as an effective method
to extract antioxidants from different sources. Recently, Albu et al. studied and applied the use of
ultrasound to extract phenolic compounds from rosemary [23]. Multiple criteria have been compared
including ultrasonic bath extractions, ultrasonic probe system, a shaking water bath at various
temperatures, and different solvents to select the most efficient method. In all situations, the operation
time was dramatically decreased by applying and using the ultrasonic bath and probe systems.
Similar behavior was reported by Cho et al. when extracting resveratrol from grapes [24].
In another study, Barbero et al. suggested the use of ultrasound in different industries because
of its positive effects in the extraction of capsaicinoids of hot peppers [25]. Moreover, the ultrasonic
method had the ability to decrease the degradation of phenolics [26]. Mulinacci et al. compared
the extraction time of phenolic compounds from strawberries with other extraction methods such as
solid–liquid, subcritical water, and microwave-assisted method [27]. The results confirmed that UAE
was the most effective method.
 IJPST - 6(2), 2019; 59-64

Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology

Journal Homepage : http://jurnal.unpad.ac.id/ijpst/
UNPAD

Evaluation Patch of Rhizoma Extract Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) as

Anti-Inflammatory with Enhancer

Hesti Riasari*, Revika Rachmaniar, Sri Wahyuni

Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Indonesia School of Pharmacy, Bandung - Indonesia

Submitted 9 October 2018; Revised 8 January 2019; Accepted 16 January 2019; Published 27 June 2019
*Corresponding author: hmm_riasari@yahoo.com
Abstract
Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) is a family of Zingiberaceae. Several studies have shown that kencur
can help reduce inflammation because kencur is known to contain anti-inflammatory compounds,
namely marker compounds from flavonoids, kaempferol. For the development of pharmaceutical
preparations, research on anti-inflammatory plasters containing 96% ethanol extract, n-hexane extract,
ethyl acetate extract and 70% ethanol extract from ginger rhizome with the addition of penetration
enhancer (enhancer), namely propylene glycol. This anti-inflammatory plaster was tested for its
activity in 5 groups of Wistar strain rat feet which had been induced 1% carrageenan (negative control);
positive control (diclofenac sodium), ethanol96% extract, n-hexane extract, ethyl acetate extract and
70% ethanol extract from kencur rhizome and compared with plaster of kencur rhizome ethanol extract
without enhancer. The results showed the effect of adding enhancers 30 minutes after administration.
96% ethanol extract and ethyl acetate extract had reduced inflammation by 79.99% in rat test animals
compared to plaster ethanol extract of rhizome kencur without the addition of enhancers.

Keywords: Anti-inflammatory, enhancer, Kaempferia galanga. L., patch, propylene glycol.

Evaluasi Sediaan Plester dari Ekstrak Rimpang Kencur (Kaempferia

galanga L.) sebagai Anti-Inflamasi dengan Penambahan Peningkat
Penetrasi

Abstrak
Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) merupakan famili Zingiberaceae. Beberapa penelitian membuktikan
bahwa kencur dapat membantu mengurangi peradangan karena kencur diketahui mengandung senyawa
antiradang yaitu senyawa penanda dari flavonoid, kaempferol. Untuk pengembangan sediaan farmasi,
dilakukan penelitian tentang plester antiinflamasi yang mengandung ekstrak etanol 96%, ekstrak
n-heksan, ekstrak etil asetat dan ekstrak etanol 70% dari rimpang kencur dengan penambahan peningkat
penetrasi (enhancer) yaitu propilen glikol. Plester antiinflamasi ini diiuji aktivitasnya pada 5 kelompok
kaki tikus galur Wistar yang telah diinduksi karagenan 1% (kontrol negatif); kontrol positif (natrium
diklofenak), ekstrak etanol96%, ekstrak n-heksan, ekstrak etil asetat dan ekstrak etanol 70% dari
rimpang kencur dan dibandingkan dengan plester ekstrak etanol rimpang kencur tanpa enhancer. Hasil
penelitian menunjukkan pengaruh penambahan enhancer pada 30 menit setelah pemberian, Ekstrak
etanol 96% dan ekstrak etil asetat sudah mengurangi peradangan sebanyak 79,99% pada hewan uji
tikus dibandingkan dengan plester ekstrak etanol rimpang kencur tanpa penambahan enhancer.

Kata Kunci: Anti-inflamasi, Kaempferia galanga L, plester, peningkat penetrasi, propilen glikol

59
 IJPST - 6(2), 2019; 59-64
1. Pendahuluan
Kulit adalah bagian terluar dari tubuh
sehingga merupakan organ pertama yang
dapat kontak dengan berbagai rangsangan
fisika atau kimia. Pemberian obat melalui kulit
sering menawarkan alternatif rute pelepasan
yang lebih lambat dan lebih terkontrol ke
aliran darah. Mekanisme bagaimana obat
berpenetrasi ke kulit dan masuk ke aliran
darah bukanlah hal yang mudah karena kulit
bertindak sebagai pembatas alami. Oleh
karena itu, penting untuk memahami struktur
kulit dan pada stratum korneum tertentu
atau permukaan lebih luar sebelum mencoba
menempatkan obat untuk melaluinya. Secara
struktural, kulit terdiri dari dua bagian utama;
bagian luar, lapisan tipis disebut epidermis
dan bagian dalam lebih tebal disebut dermis.1
Ada tanda-tanda peradangan, seperti rubor
(kemerahan), kalor (panas), dolor, tumor
(bengkak), dan penurunan fungsi dari organ
yang terkena radang. Respon peradangan dapat
dikenali dari rasa sakit, kulit lebam, demam
yang disebabkan karena terjadi perubahan
pada pembuluh darah di area infeksi, seperti
pembesaran diameter pembuluh darah disertai
peningkatan aliran darah di daerah infeksi.
Hal ini yang membuat kulit tampak lebam
kemerahan.
Kencur (Kaempferiae galanga L.) yang
termasuk suku temu-temuan (Zingiberaceae)
merupakan terna kecil yang tumbuh subur di
daerah dataran rendah atau pegunungan yang
tanahnya gembur.2
Kandungan kimia dalam ekstrak
minyak atsiri dari kencur yang telah diteliti
oleh 3 diantaranya yaitu 1,21-dokosadin, asam
tridekaoat, pentadekan, asam propionate,
beta-sitosterol dan kandungan kimia terbesar
didalam kencur yaitu Etil p- metoksisinamat,
juga disebutkan bahwa kandungan eukaliptol,
karvon, pentadekan dan metal sinamat.
Gambar 1. Struktur kimia kaempferol
60
Salah satu zat kimia pada rimpang
kencur bersifat antiinflamasi atau antiradang,
yaitu kaempferol. Kaempferol mempunyai
kemampuan menghambat proses inflamasi
dengan cara menghambat ekspresi enzim
cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).
Penelitian tentang efek anti-inflamasi
ekstrak etanol rimpang kencur dengan
menggunakan model in vitro mengatakan
bahwa rimpang kencur terbukti memiliki
efek antiinflamasi. Oleh karena itu, ekstrak
kencur berpotensi untuk dijadikan plester
antiinflamasi untuk membantu mempercepat
proses penyembuhan inflamasi.4,5
Plester obat merupakan sediaan yang
bersifat lentur mengandung satu atau lebih
zat aktif. Sediaan tersebut dimaksudkan
untuk digunakan pada kulit. Plester obat
dirancang untuk mempertahankan zat aktif
kontak langsung dengan kulit yang mungkin
diabsorbsi secara perlahan, atau bertindak
sebagai bahan keratolitik atau protektif.6
Peningkat penetrasi (enhancer)
adalah bahan yang dapat meningkatkan
permeabilitas kulit ataupun mengurangi
impermeabilitas kulit. Bahan peningkat
penetrasi tidak memiliki efek terapi,
tetapi dapat mentransport obat dari bentuk
sediaan ke dalam kulit.7 Alasan dibutuhkan
penggunaan bahan peningkat penetrasi
adalah adanya barier penetrasi, yaitu stratum
korneum. Peningkatan penetrasi obat dapat
dilakukan menggunakan peningkat penetrasi
kimia maupun fisika.8
2. Metode
2.1. Alat
Alat yang digunakan pada penelitian
ini adalah timbangan analitik (Henherr dan
Sartorius), maserator, rotavapor (rotary
vaporator) (IKA), labu vaporasi (IKA),
vakum (IKA) dan labu penampung (IKA),
oven, mortir dan stamper, cawan penguap,
pinset (Meiden), batang pengaduk, spatula,
pelat tetes, disposable spuit (OneMed), serta
alat-alat gelas (pyrex) yang biasa digunakan
dalam laboratorium.
2.2. Bahan
Bahan yang digunakan pada penelitian
Suaibatul Aslamiah, Ujicoba Hidroponik Tanaman Kencur dan Bawang Dayak

UJICOBA HIDRIPONIK TANAMAN KENCUR DAN BAWANG DAYAK

(The Trial of Hydroponic on Kencur and Dayak’s Onion)

Suaibatul Aslamiah
Dosen Program Studi Kehutanan Fakultas Pertanian dan Kehutanan
Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya
e-mail : Suaibatul99@yahoo.co.id

Abstract

Indonesia has natural resources that are invaluable, especially so many medicinal plants. The
purpose of this study to determine: 1) how big is the hydroponics growth the kencur and dayak onion
plant without soil media, 2) the influence of nutrients and nutrient concentrations on the growth of
hydroponic crops kencur and dayak onions. Benefits of this study medicinal plants in order to attract
sympathy and of interest to those who had been planted in general use medium ground, so that
hydroponics is an alternative cultivation techniques.
The results showed that the growth of the plants hydroponically kencur less successful.
Hydroponics on dayak onion plants it worked with good growth.

Keywords : hydroponic, medicinal plants, nutrition

Abstrak

Indonesia mempunyai kekayaan alam yang tidak ternilai, terutama begitu banyaknya tanaman
berkhasiat obat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui : 1) seberapa besar pertumbuhan hidroponik
tanaman kencur dan bawang dayak tanpa media tanah, 2) pengaruh nutrisi dan konsentrasi nutrisi terhadap
pertumbuhan hidroponik tanaman kencur dan bawang dayak. Manfaat penelitian tanaman berkhasiat obat
ini agar menarik simpati dan menjadi minat bagi yang selama ini menanam secara umum menggunakan
media tanah, sehingga hidroponik adalah sebagai alternatif teknik budidaya.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan hidroponik pada tanaman kencur kurang
berhasil. Hidroponik pada tanaman bawang dayak ternyata berhasil dengan pertumbuhan yang baik.

Kata kunci : hidroponik, tanaman berkhasiat obat, nutrisi

PENDAHULUAN Masyarakat di Indonesia telah lama

Indonesia saat ini mempunyai kekayaan mengenal dan menggunakan tanaman
alam yang tidak ternilai banyaknya, termasuk berkhasiat obat sebagai salah satu upaya dalam
berbagai jenis tanaman. Banyaknya berbagai menanggulangi masalah kesehatan.
jenis tanaman tersebut ada yang digolongkan Pengetahuan tentang tanaman berkhasiat obat
sebagai tanaman hias, tanaman sayuran- dan digunakan sebagai obat berdasarkan pada
sayuran dan juga tanaman obat-obatan. pengalaman yang secara turun temurun telah
Penilaian terhadap tanaman saat ini memang diwariskan. Pengertian digunakan sebagai obat
masih sangat relatif, apalagi terhadap tanaman meliputi semua cara penggunaan yang
berkhasiat obat. berdampak fisiko-kimia berupa cara diminum,

46

ditempel, untuk bahan cuci, untuk bahan
mandi, dan dihirup.
Hydroponic (hidroponik) berarti
pengerjaan air yang berasal dari kata hydro (air)
dan ponos (kerja). Istilah ini di usulkan oleh
W.A. Satchel dengan keberhasilannya. W.F.
Gericke mengembangkan teknik baru bercocok
tanam dengan air sebagai medium air. Mulanya
dipakai istilah aqua culture, namun istilah
tersebut sekarang disebut sebagai istilah
hydroponiecs.
Budidaya telah dikenal oleh orang-orang
Aztek di Amerika Tengah sekitar pada Abad
ke-15, yaitu mereka menanam sayur-sayuran ,
tanaman hias dan pohon buah-buahan di atas
danau pada beberapa rakit tanah yang di sebut
chinampa. Rakit ini terbuat dari beberapa ikatan
batang gelagah. namun tidak ada yang
menanam di pekarangan termasuk menanam
tanaman obat yang dikenal dengan tanaman
keluarga.
Berdasarkan kondisi potensi budidaya
hidroponik, kemudian juga perlu dikembangkan
penanaman tanaman berkhasiat obat untuk
kelurga, maka sangat menarik untuk dilakukan
penelitian hidroponik pada tanaman obat
keluarga kesehatan yang selama ini secara
umum dibudidayakan menggunakan media
tanah.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah :
a) seberapa besar pengaruh tanaman hidroponik
tanpa media tanah, b) bagaimana pengaruh
nutrisi terhadap pertumbuhan kencur dan
bawang dayak, c) bagaimana konsentrasi nutrisi
Jurnal Daun, Vol. 3 No. 1, Juni 2016 : 46–53
yang ideal untuk pertumbuhan kencur dan
bawang dayak.
Manfaat penelitian ini adalah : a) dengan
diketahuinya nutrisi yang tepat untuk kencur
dan bawang dayak sehingga dapat bermanfaat
bagi penulis pada khususnya dan masyarakat
pada umumnya, b) memberikan informasi
bahwa hidroponik dapat juga untuk tanaman
obat keluarga dan bisa dicoba untuk tanaman
obat lainnya.
KAJIAN PUSTAKA
Tanaman Kencur
Tanaman kencur memiliki nama ilmiah
Kaempferia galanga (Linn.), dengan nama
daerah ceuko, tekur (Aceh), kaciwer (Batak)
cakue (Minang), cikur (Sunda), sikor
(Kalimantan), cekuh ( Bali), cakuru (Makasar),
asauli (Ambon) dan ukap (Papua). Sedangkan
tanaman kencur juga memiliki nama asing yaitu
humala (Benggala), kamung (Burma), prao atau
shanna (Cina) dan herba a kemper (Perancis).
Sosok kencur berupa terna berbatang
yang tumbuh merumpun, daunnya berbentuk
bulat melebar dengan ujung mengecil, daun
tumbuh agak merapat dengan permukaan tanah
dengan jumlah yang banyak. Warna daun hijau
segar dan bertekstur agak tebal. Tangkai daun
amat pendek dan berwarna keputihan, bunganya
berwarna ungu keputihan berukuran mungil dan
berbau harum, bunga muncul di sela daun dan
mudah gugur, rimpangnya tumbuh bergerombol
dan menjalar, jika dibelah tampaklah daging
rimpang dan berwarna putih, kulit rimpang
berwarna coklat tua mengkilap. Aroma rimpang
47
Suaibatul Aslamiah, Ujicoba Hidroponik Tanaman Kencur dan Bawang Dayak

kencur terasa lembut jika dibandingkan (Spanyol), ingafaera (Swedia), imbir (Rusia),
tanaman herbal famili zingiberaceae. halia (Malaysia), nyabil (Arab), dan ginger
Tempat tumbuh tanaman kencur di (Inggris).
Indonesia mudah tumbuh dengan subur. Bagi yang tertarik memanfaatkan bawang
Tanaman yang berasal dari India ini dapat dayak sebagai pengobatan alternatif, berikut
ditanam dalam pot atau halaman pekarangan ciri-ciri bawang dayak yang ternyata mirip
untuk bumbu dapur atau bahan obat. Tempat dengan bawang merah. Tanaman ini memiliki
tumbuh tanaman kencur yang ditanam umbi merah menyala dengan permukaan yang
sebaiknya sangat cocok berupa tanah gembur, sangat licin. Komposisi daun bersirip ganda dan
subur, dan sedikit berpasir. letak daunnya berpasangan, bentuk daun seperti
Perbanyakan kencur menggunakan pita atau garis memiliki bunga putih sehingga
rimpang yang dipilih sudah cukup tua, tetapi dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai tanaman hias
masih segar. Rimpang dapat langsung ditanam (karena indahnya bunga bawang dayak).
dan rimpang tersebut akan tumbuh tunas. Tempat tumbuh bawang dayak mudah
Sebelum ditanam di tanah, rimpang segar sekali dibiakkan dan dapat dipanen dalam
disimpan di gudang selama 1–2 minggu terlebih waktu singkat. Itulah sebabnya tanaman ini
dahulu agar mengeluarkan tunas. dapat dikembangkan untuk skala industri. Tak
Kandungan zat kimia pada kencur, yaitu hanya itu, tanaman ini dapat tumbuh di
rimpang kencur mengandung asiri yang terdiri berbagai tipe iklim dan jenis tanah. Dapat
atas borneol, methyl p-cumaric acid, dibudidayakan dengan cara stek. Jika ingin
cinnamicacid ethyl ester, pentadecana, menanamnya, perbandingan tanah subur dengan
cinnamic aldehida, camphene, selain itu juga kompos adalah 1:1 agar tanaman ini dapat
alkaloid, mineral, flavonoid, pati dan gum. berkembang optimal.
Khasiat untuk pengobatan kesehatan Bawang dayak Eleutherine bulbosa
menggunakan tanaman kencur, yaitu sebagai : (Mill.) Urb. bisa dikembangkan di daerah
a) obat tetanus, b) obat muntah–muntah, c) obat dataran tinggi maupun rendah. Sama seperti
keracunan jamur, dan d) obat (jamu) beras bawang pada umumnya, bawang dayak juga
kencur diminum untuk menambah nafsu dikembangkan dari umbinya. Sebagai tanaman
makan. liar, bawang dayak sejatinya tetap tumbuh
Tanaman Bawang Dayak kendati tidak dirawat. Namun, dengan
Tanaman bawang dayak memiliki nama dibudidayakan secara intensif, hasilnya bisa
ilmiah Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb., dengan lebih maksimal. Perawatannya juga tergolong
nama daerah bawang berlian, bawang tiwai, mudah dan murah. Hanya perlu air dan pupuk
bawang mekah. Juga disebut dengan nama secukupnya. Tanaman ini tahan hama jadi tak
asing changp’ciang (Cina), genggibre perlu pestisida.

48
 19
Jurnal Pharmascience, Vol. 06 , No.02, Oktober 2019, hal: 19 - 24
ISSN-Print. 2355 – 5386
ISSN-Online. 2460-9560
https://ppjp.ulm.ac.id/journal/index.php/pharmascience
Research Article

Uji Kadar Sari Larut Air Dan Kadar Sari Larut

Etanol Daun Kumpai Mahung
(Eupathorium inulifolium H.B.&K)
Dwi Rizki Febrianti1*, Mahrita1, Novia Ariani1, Aditya Maulana Perdana Putra2,
Noorcahyati3
1
Akademi Farmasi ISFI Banjarmasin
2
Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat
3
Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam
*Email: dwirizkyfeby@gmail.com

ABSTRAK

Penentuan kadar sari larut air dan etanol adalah metode kuantitatif untuk
jumlah kandungan senyawa dalam simplisia yang mampu tertarik oleh pelarut. Kedua
cara yang hampir sama tersebut didasarkan ada kelarutan senyawa yang terkandung
dalam simplisia. Secara turun temurun masyarakat dayak meratus dan dayak amandit
menggunakan kumpai mahung (eupathorium inulifolium h.b.&k) sebagai obat diare dan
malaria. Masih jarang penelitian menggunakan tanaman ini, sehingga peneliti bertujuan
untuk mengetahui kadar sari larut air simplisia serbuk dan ekstrak daun kumpai
mahung dengan metode yang telah ditetapkan oleh farmakope herbal. Hasil penelitian
kadar sari larut air dan kadar sari larut etanol tanaman kumpai mahung pada serbuk
memiliki nilai 19,54% dan 16,13%. Pada ekstrak memiliki nilai 19,53% dan 14,55%.
Tumbuhan yang satu family yaitu asteraceae menyebutkan bahwa kadar sari larut air
tidak kurang dari 5%, yang berarti hasil memenuhi persyaratan materia medika
indonesia.
Kata kunci: Sari Larut Air, Sari Larut Etanol, Kumpai Mahung, Asteraceae

ABSTRACT

Determination of water-soluble and ethanol extract contents is a quantitative

method for the amount of compound content in a simplicia that can be attracted by the
solvent. Both methods are almost the same based on the solubility of the compounds
contained in simplicia. For generations, the Meratus and Amandit Dayak communities use
kumpai mahung (Eupathorium inulifolium H.B. & K) as a medicine for diarrhea and
malaria. Research is still rare to use this plant, so researchers aim to determine the content
of water-soluble extract of simplicia powder and mahung kumpai leaf extract by the

Volume 06, Nomor 02 (2019) Jurnal Pharmascience

 20

method established by herbal pharmacopoeia. The results of the research showed that the
concentration of water-soluble extracts and ethanol soluble extracts of this plants on the
powder had values of 19.54% and 16.13%. The extracts have values of 19.53% and
14.55%. One family plant, Asteraceae, states that the water-soluble extract content is not
less than 5%, which means the results meet the requirements of Indonesian medical
material.

Keywords: Water Soluble Extract, Ethanol Soluble Extract

I. PENDAHULUAN menggunakan pelarut yang sesuai. Kadar

Tumbuhan Kumpai Mahung belum sari larut air digunakan untuk menentukan
pernah dilakukan pengujian secara spesifik kemampuan dari bahan baku obat atau
hanya dilakukan secara empiris. Pada simplisia tersebut apakah tersari dalam
penelitian sebelumnya, tumbuhan dengan pelarut air. Kadar sari larut etanol
family asteraceae yaitu kirinyuh daunnya digunakan untuk mengetahui apakah
memiliki senyawa kimia berupa tanin, bahan baku obat atau simplisia mampu
fenol, flavonoid, saponin, alkohol dan larut dalam pelarut organik. Tujuan dari
steroid (Simanjuntak, 2017). penelitian ini adalah untuk menlihat kadar
Nama daerah Eupatorium inulifolium sari larut air dan etanol dari simplisia dan
pada etnis Dayak meratus dan etnis Banjar ekstrak daun kumpai mahung.
adalah kumpai mahung atau kumpai Dikarenakan peneliti belum pernah
japang; kirinyuh (Indonesia). Meskipun mendapatkan data pada penelitian
tumbuhan ini dibeberapa tempat dianggap terdahulu atau sebelumnya.
sebagai tumbuhan penganggu dan
invasive, ternyata memiliki manfaat II. METODE
sebagai tumbuhan berkhasiat obat A. Populasi dan Sampel
(norcahyati, 2012). Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah
simplisia merupakan bahan alam yang daun Kumpai Mahung (Eupatorium
digunakan untuk obat yang belum Inulaefolium) yang diperoleh dari KHDTK
mengalami proses apapun kecuali Samboja, Balitek KSDA kalimantan timur.
dinyatakan lain sudah berupa bahan yang Daun Kumpai Mahung (Eupathorium
sudah dikeringkan sedangkan ekstrak inulifolium H.B.&K) yang telah diambil
adalah sedian kental yang di peroleh dipisahkan dari batangnya lalu dibersihkan
dengan mengekstraksi senyawa aktif dari dari kotoran, dicuci dengan air bersih dan
simplisa nabati atau simplisa hewani ditiriskan. Dilakukan pengubahan bentuk

Volume 06, Nomor 02 (2019) Jurnal Pharmascience


dengan cara dipotong kecil-kecil,
selanjutnya dikeringkan dengan cara
diangin-anginkan sampai bobot simplisia
konstan. Setelah kering daun Kumpai
Mahung ditimbang dan dicatat berat
keringnya sampai bobot konstan sebanyak
3 kali kemudian daun Kumpai Mahung
diblender hingga menjadi simplisia serbuk,
ditimbang kembali berat serbuk tersebut
kemudian masukkan simplisia serbuk ke
dalam wadah yang tertutup dan simpan
ditempat yang kering.
B. Skrining Fitokimia
1. Uji Flavonoid
Sebanyak 0,5 gram serbuk dan ekstrak
daun Kumpai Mahung masing-masing
dalam tabung ditambah 1 ml air, didihkan
selama 5 menit dan disaring. Filtrat
ditambahkan magnesium dan 5 tetes HCl
pekat dan 2 ml amil alkohol (Febrianti,
2018).
2. Uji Saponin
Sebanyak 0,5 gram serbuk dan ekstrak
daun Kumpai Mahung masing-masing
dalam tabung ditambah 5 ml aquadest
kemudian dikocok selama ± 10 detik
sampai terbentuk buih stabil (Nugrahani et
al., 2016).
C. Penetapan Kadar Sari Larut Air
Timbang 5 gram serbuk simplisia.
Tambahkan 100 ml air jenuh kloroform
dalam labu tersumbat. Kocok secara
Volume 06, Nomor 02 (2019)
21
berkala selama 6 jam pertama kemudian
biarkan selama 18 jam. Saring, uapkan 20
ml filtrat pada suhu 105˚C hingga bobot
tetap. Hitung kadar dalam persen sari larut
air. (Farmakope Herbal, 2008)
D. Penetapan Kadar Sari Larut Etanol
Timbang 5 g serbuk simplisia.
Tambahkan 100 ml etanol 96% dalam labu
tersumbat, kocok secara berkal selama 6
jam pertama, biarkan selama 18 jam.
Saring, uapkan 20 ml filtrat pada suhu
kurang dari 78°C hingga bobot tetap.
Hitung kadar dalam persen sari larut air.
(Farmakope Herbal, 2008)
E. Pengolahan Data
Kadar sari larut air dan kadar sari larut
etanol (g/g)
(W1-W2 )/(W1-W0) x 100/20 x 100%
Keterangan : W0 = Berat cawan kosong, W1 =
Berat cawan + sampel yang digunakan, W2 = Berat
cawan + hasil pengeringan (Krisyanella et al.,
2013)
III. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
A. Pengolahan Simplisia
Daun Kumpai Mahung yang dipetik di
KHDTK (Kawasan Hutan Dengan Tujuan
Khusus) Samboja, sebanyak 4 kg
kemudian dilakukan sortasi basah untuk
menghilangkan kerikil, rumput-rumputan
yang masih menempel. Daun kemudian
dicuci menggunakan air bersih dengan
Jurnal Pharmascience
 22

tujuan untuk menghilangkan tanah dan Tabel II. Hasil Kadar Sari Larut Air dan
Kadar Sari Larut Etanol
pasir yang masih melekat pada tumbuhan.
Daun Kumpai Mahung kemudian Uraian Kadar Kadar
Simplisia Ekstrak
ditiriskan dan dikeringkan selama Serbuk
seminggu dengan cara diangin-anginkan
Kadar Sari Larut Air 19,54% 19,53%
pada malam hari didalam ruangan dan Kadar Sari Larut 16,13% 14,55%
siang hari dibawah sinar matahari ditutup Etanol 96%

kain hitam (Sembiring, 2014) . Simplisia

yang sudah kering ditimbang bobotnya C. Hasil Uji Kadar Sari Larut Air Dan
sampai konstan. Kadar Sari Larut Etanol

Kadar sari larut air pada ekstrak dan

B. Hasil Skrining Fitokimia serbuk memiliki nilai lebih tinggi (19,54%
Skrining fitokimia bertujuan untuk dan 19,53%) dibandingkan dengan kadar
mengetahui senyawa aktif atau metabolit sari larut etanol (16,13% dan 14,55%) .
sekunder yang terdapat pada tumbuhan Hal ini dimungkinkan kandungan senyawa
(Muharrami et al., 2017). Pengujian metabolit sekunder paling banyak adalah
tersebut meliputi uji flavonoid, uji saponin bersifat polar yang terdapat pada daun
dan uji fenol. Berdasarkan hasil skrining Kumpai Mahung dibandingkan senyawa
fitokimia serbuk daun Kumpai Mahung metabolit sekunder bersifat semi polar,
positif mengandung senyawa flavonoid sehingga senyawa-senyawa tersebut akan
dan saponin (tabel I). mudah larut dalam air dibandingkan dalam
Tabel I. Hasil Skrining Fitokimia Serbuk etanol 96% tabel II.
dan Ekstrak Daun Kumpai Pada uji kadar sari larut etanol pelarut
Mahung
yang digunakan adalah etanol karena
Senyawa Hasil Serbuk Ekstrak etanol merupakan pelarut universal,
Flavonoid Terjadi
perubahan pelarut ini dapat melarutkan hampir semua
warna
senyawa organik yang ada pada simplisia
kuning
yang positif Positif (Noviyanti, 2016). Kadar sari larut etanol
memisah
pada menggunakan suhu 78˚C karena suhu
lapisan
alkohol tersebut merupakan titik didih etanol.
Saponin Terbentuk
busa ±10 Kadar sari larut air maupun kadar sari larut
positif Positif
cm selama
15 menit
etanol menunjukkan kandungan senyawa
simplisia yang berada di dalam simplisia
ataupun ekstrak yang diduga berperan

Volume 06, Nomor 02 (2019) Jurnal Pharmascience

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dalam menentukan efek tertentu peningkatan mutu dan keamanan produk

tergantung senyawa yang dikandung. yang diharapkan agar dapat lebih
(Alegantina et al, 2012). Karena tanaman meningkatkan kepercayaan terhadap
ini kami belum menemukan penelitian manfaat obat yang berasal dari bahan alam
sejenis kami mennggunakan perbandingan
dengan tanaman satu family. Menurut DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Materia Medika Indonesia tumbuhan yang
Alegantina, S., Isnawati, A., Widowati,
satu family asteraceae yaitu daun bunga L., 2012. Kualitas Ekstrak Etanol 70%
Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lamk)
matahari (Helianthi folium) menyebutkan
Dalam Ramuan Penambah ASI. Pusat
bahwa kadar sari larut air tidak kurang dari Biomedis dan Teknologi Dasar
Kesehatan. Jakarta.
5%, yang berarti hasil memenuhi
Departemen Kesehatan Republik
persyaratan Materia Medika Indonesia. Indonesia. 1995. Materia Medika
Indonesia Jilid V. Jakarta: Direktorat
Senyawa yang diduga tertarik dalam kadar
Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan
sari larut air adalah alkaloid, tanin dan Departemen Kesehatan Republik
Indonesia.2008. Farmakope Herbal
saponin sesuai dengan uji skrining
Indonesia (Edisi I). Jakarta:
fitokimia (Gunarti, 2017). Menurut Departemen Kesehatan Republik
Indonesia.
Materia Medika Indonesia tumbuhan yang
Febrianti Dwi Rizki, Rakhmadhan Niah.
satu family asteraceae yaitu daun bunga 2018. Analisis Kandungan Flavonoid
Dan Aktivitas Antihiperurisemia
matahari (Helianthi folium) menyebutkan
Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirsak (Anona
bahwa kadar sari larut etanol tidak kurang Muricata L.) Pada Mencit Jantan
Secara In Vivo. Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu
dari 4%, yang berarti hasil memenuhi
Sina (3)2 304-311
persyaratan Materia Medika Indonesia. Gunarti, N.S., 2017. Uji Pendahuluan Dan
Karakterisasi Buah Kawista (Limonia
Senyawa yang diduga tertarik dalam
accidisima) Khas Karawang.
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24
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Jurnal Pharmascience
 Eko Setyawan, Pandhu Putratama, Asriningtyas Ajeng, dan Wara Dyah Pita Rengga

Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan

ISSN 2303-0623

OPTIMASI YIELD ETIL P METOKSISINAMAT PADA

EKSTRAKSI OLEORESIN KENCUR (Kaempferia galanga)
MENGGUNAKAN PELARUT ETANOL

Eko Setyawan, Pandhu Putratama, Asriningtyas Ajeng, dan

Wara Dyah Pita Rengga
Program Studi Teknik Kimia, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Negeri Semarang

ABSTRAK

Kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) banyak digunakan sebagai bahan baku obat tradisional
(jamu), fitofarmaka, industri kosmetika, industri makanan, dan industri insektisida. Minyak at-
siri rimpang kencur mengandung etil sinnamat dan metil p-metoksi sinamat (EPMS). Ekstraksi
oleoresin kencur dilakukan dengan etanol sebagai pelarut. Optimasi yield EPMS diteliti terha-
dap perbandingan massa serbuk kering kencur dan etanol dan waktu ekstraksi. Perbandingan
kencur : etanol yang digunakan adalah 1 : 2, 1 : 3, dan 1 : 4. Waktu operasi yang digunakan
adalah 2 s.d 5 jam. Tahapan proses ekstraksi oleoresin kencur adalah preparasi bahan, ek-
straksi, evaporasi dan pemurnian. Oleoresin hasil ekstraksi dianalisis dengan uji GC-MS un-
tuk mengetahui kandungan EPMS dan kandungan minyak atsiri lain dalam oleoresin kencur.
Oleoresin hasil ekstraksi berwarna coklat tua dengan yield antara 6-8%. Kandungan EPMS
dalam oleoresin bervariasi antara 67,77 hingga 87,57%. Massa oleoresin optimal hasil ek-
straksi adalah 6,09 gram pada perbandingan kencur dan etanol 1:4 selama 4 jam. Pendekatan
persamaan hasil ekperimen ekstraksi kencur dan etanol menghasilkan titik optimal EPMS
pada waktu ekstraksi 3,62 dengan massa EPMS 6,04 gram

Kata kunci: kencur, etil p-metoksi sinamat, minyak atsiri, ekstraksi, oleoresin

ABSTRACT

Lesser galangal (Kaempferia galanga L.) is widely used as a traditional medicine (herbal
medicine), fitofarmaka, cosmetics industry, food industry, and insecticide industry. The es-
sential oils in the Lesser galangal contain ethyl sinnamat and methyl p-methoxy cinnamic
(EPMS). The oleoresin extraction of Lesser galangal was performed using ethanol as a sol-
vent. Optimization of the EPMS yield was investigated to dry powder mass ratio of Lesser
galangal and ethanol as well as the extraction time. The ratio of Lesser galangal : ethanol was
varied from 1: 2, 1: 3 and 1: 4. The chosen operating time were 2 to 5 hours. The procedure
of the oleoresin extraction process of Lesser galangal includes the preparation of materials,
extraction, evaporation and purification. The extracted oleoresin was analyzed by GC-MS to
determine the content of Ethyl P-methoxycinnamate (EPMS) and other volatile oil content in
the oleoresin of Lesser galangal. The extracted oleoresin color was light brown to dark brown
with the yield of between 6.31 to 8.3%. The EPMS content of the oleoresin varies between

Vol. 1 No. 2 Desember 2012 | 31

Eko Setyawan, Pandhu Putratama, Asriningtyas Ajeng, dan Wara Dyah Pita Rengga

67.77 to 87.57%. The optimum mass of the extracted oleoresin was 6.09 gram for 1:4 ratio
of Lesser galangal : ethanol and 4 hours of the extraction time. The equation approach of the
experimental results of Lesser galangal and ethanol produced the EPMS optimum point at the
extraction time of 3.62 hours and EPMS mass of 6.04 grams.

Keywords: Lesser galangal, Ethyl P-methoxycinnamate, essential oil, extraction, oleoresin

PENDAHULUAN $$ 4-isopropiltoluena, 7,8-epoksitrisiklo

Salah satu jenis minyak atsiri yang
berpotensi sebagai komoditas baru bagi In-
donesia adalah kencur (Kaempferia gala-
nga L.). Senyawa obat banyak ditemukan
dari bahan alam sumber bahan baku obat
yang mempunyai kandungan metabolit
sekunder. Metabolit sekunder merupakan
senyawa hasil biogenesis dari metabo-
lit primer. Metabolisme sekunder secara
umum dihasilkan oleh tumbuhan tingkat
tinggi sebagai hasil mekanisme pertahanan
diri organisma. Aktivitas biologi kencur
dipengaruhi oleh jenis metabolit sekunder
yang terkandung didalamnya dan struktur
dodekana, 5-metiltrisiklo undek-2-en-4-
one, 2-asam propenoat,3-(4-metoksifenil)-
,etilester (Assaat, 2011) dapat digunakan
sebagai pelangsing. Etilester mempu-
nyai nama trivial etil p-metoksi sinamat.
Etil sinamat dan etil p-metoksi sinamat
(EPMS) dari minyak atsiri kencur banyak
digunakan didalam industri kosmetika dan
dimanfaatkan dalam bidang farmasi seba-
gai obat asma dan anti jamur.
O
OC2H5

senyawa kimia (Lisdawati, dkk, 2007).

Kencur banyak digunakan seba-
gai bahan baku obat tradisional (jamu),
fitofarmaka, industri kosmetika, penye-
dap makanan dan minuman, rempah, serta
bahan campuran saus rokok pada industri
rokok kretek, bahkan dapat dimanfaatkan
sebagai bioinsektisida. Secara empirik
kencur digunakan sebagai penambah naf-
su makan, ekspektoran, obat batuk, disen-
tri, tonikum, infeksi bakteri, masuk angin,
sakit perut. Kandungan kimia tanaman
kencur yaitu etil sinamat, etil p-metoksisi-
namat, p-metoksistiren, karen, borneol,
dan parafin. Kandungan minyak atsiri
kencur adalah α-pinena, kampena, δ-3-
carene, α-pelandrena, limonene, p-simena
H3CO
Gambar 1. Etil p-Metoksisinamat
EPMS termasuk dalam golongan
senyawa ester yang mengandung cincin
benzena dan gugus metoksi yang bersifat
nonpolar dan juga gugus karbonil yang
mengikat etil yang bersifat sedikit polar
sehingga dalam ekstraksinya dapat meng-
gunakan pelarut-pelarut yang mempunyai
variasi kepolaran yaitu etanol, etil asetat,
metanol, air, dan heksana. Pelarut yang di-
gunakan untuk ekstraksi harus mempunyai
kepolaran yang berbeda. Ekstrasi EPMS
dari kencur menggunakan suhu yang

32 | Vol. 1 No. 2 Desember 2012