ASSIGNMENT FOR HVAC PROGRAM
Md Mukarram Reza
USN: 1EW15CV081
1. What Is Local Comfort Cooling System?
Comfort cooling systems operate by circulating
room air over the evaporator coil of a vapour
compression chiller so that it becomes cooled. The
system also includes a method of rejecting the waste
heat from the cooling process outside of the building.
The vapour compression cycle is used in a number of
commercial room cooling products. The main variants
are: Window sill, split, multi split, variable refrigerant flow
air conditioners, water to air reverse cycle heat pumps
and chilled water fan coil units.
2. What Is Centralised Air System?
Central AC or Ventilation system can be called a system
which is common for few rooms / halls with main control at
one single place. It may be combination of one or more units
depending upon the magnitude of area to be served.
3. What Is Constant Volume System?
An air-conditioning system which supplies air at a fixed
volume per unit time; the temperature of the supplied air is
used to regulate the temperature of the air-conditioned space if
there are variations in the load on the system.
4. What Is Variable Air Volume System & Dual Duct
System?
Variable air volume (VAV) systems were developed to be
more energy efficient and to meet the varying heating and
cooling needs of different building zones. A zone can be a
single room or cluster of rooms with the same heat gain and
heat loss characteristics.
➢ VAV systems can save as much as 30 percent in
energy costs as compared to conventional dual duct
systems.
➢ They are economical to install and to operate.
➢ Duct sizes and central air handling units are smaller.
➢ The design and installation is generally much simpler.
The Dual Duct System was also designed to meet the comfort
needs of different zones. A dual duct system has two separate
supply ducts from the HVAC unit to the outlets in the spaces.
One duct supplies cold air, and the other supplies heated air.
In this system both the heating and cooling coils operate at the
same time, just as with the multizone system. The hot air and
the cold air are mixed with dampers at each zone in order to
obtain the air temperature needed for that zone.
5. What Is Hydronic System Or Air-water System?
Hydronic systems must have a method to cool or
heat the fluid, depending on the purpose of the system. The
fluid is usually heated by a boiler or cooled by a chiller. One
method for reducing the risk of corrosion is ensing that the air
is evacuated from the system.
➢ Fluid used is water, glycol or mineral oil
6. How Vapour Compression Cycle Works?
Vapour-compression refrigeration or vapour-
compression refrigeration system (VCRS), in which the
refrigerant undergoes phase changes, is one of the many
refrigeration cycles and is the most widely used method for
air-conditioning of buildings and automobiles. It is also used
in domestic and commercial refrigerators, large-scale
warehouses for chilled or frozen storage of foods and meats,
refrigerated trucks and railroad cars, and a host of other
commercial and industrial services.
7. What Is Vapor Compression Cycle?
The heart of the system is the compressor. The
compressor takes in a low temperature, low pressure
refrigerant vapour, and compresses it into a high temperature,
high pressure vapour. This high temperature/pressure vapour
then enters the condenser where heat is removed to either air
or water. As the heat is removed, the energy stored in the high
pressure gas is released and the refrigerant gives up its latent
heat as it reverts to a hot liquid.
This hot, high temperature liquid then exits the
condenser and enters the expansion valve, where it undergoes
a pressure drop causing some of the hot gas to vaporize. This
lowers the temperature of the refrigerant stream. The
refrigerant at the exit of the expansion valve is a low
temperature two-phase fluid.
This two-phase fluid enters the evaporator where it is
exposed to the heat source. The heat from the source boils off
the refrigerant through phase change heat transfer, and the low
temperature, low pressure gas enters the compressor,
completing the cycle.
8. Why Is A Compressor Used In Refrigeration?
The refrigeration effect occurs due to evaporation
of the refrigerant during which it absorbs heat from the region
you want to keep cool. Once this refrigerant has evaporated, it
needs to be brought back to liquid state so it can be reused.
Hence, the compressor is installed after the evaporator. The
compressor is used to compress the refrigerant thereby
converting it back into liquid state. Now this fluid refrigerant
is at a very high pressure, so to bring it back to lower levels a
throttling valve is used.
9. What Is Auto Refrigeration?
The cholirine in a cylinder is a liquifide gass under pressure,
the temperature of this liquified gas is cool but container
exterior is not cold to the touch. At higher pressure liquid
boils at higher temperature and its vic versa, so water boils at
lower temperature at higher elevation above sea level , the
atmospheric pressure is lower so the boiling point is lower.
When a chlorine container is pumchered, allowing
chlorine to release, at first the chlorine release rapidly as the
chlorine is released the container that was under pressure will
now equalise in pressure with the atmosphere. Once the liquid
level drains below the pumchered point auto refrigeration
takes place. Auto refrigeration is the result of chlorine quickly
escaping from the container which causes the chlorine to cool
down below its boiling point at the new lower pressure
condithion, its become colder because it is no longer under
pressure from being in enclosed container , because the
chlorine remaining in the container is so cold, a visible frost
layer will form on the outside of the container at the liquid line
which is tipicaly the level of cumpcher, then this occurs, the
rate of release will significantly decreased although there is
still considerable amount of liquid chlorine remaining in the
container, however any heat source like water or agitation like
moving the container to a secure location can cause the
remaining liquid chlorine to vaporise and allow more vapour
chlorine to escape
10. How Does A Refrigerant Compressor Work?
The refrigerator compressor is both a motor and a
pump that move the refrigerant through the system.
Temperature sensors signal the compressor to start when the
temperature inside the refrigerator rises above its set point. No
refrigerator is completely airtight; cold air leaks out, and
warmer air leaks in, causing the temperature to rise above its
set point.
As the compressor starts, it draws in the cold
refrigerant gas in liquid form as it leaves the evaporator.
Refrigerators use a type of refrigerant gas that turns into a
liquid at very cold temperatures: -15.9 degrees Fahrenheit (-
26.6 degrees Celsius). The compressor then puts pressure on
the gas---compressing it. As the gas is compressed, its
temperature goes up.
The compressor pushes out the hot, compressed gas
through the outside metal coils (tubes) on the back or bottom
of the refrigerator. These coils allow the heat to dissipate into
the surrounding air. Because it is under pressure, the gas
changes into a liquid as it cools.
11. Why Capacity Of Air Conditioner Is Measured In
Tons?
Air conditioning cooling capacity is often measured in "tons".
A ton of cooling represents the heat energy required to melt
one ton of ice in 24 hours or Manufacturers produce air
conditioners in a variety of sizes, typically measured in "tons"
or BTUs per hour." A BTU (British Thermal Unit) is a
common unit used for measuring heat output, equal to the
amount of energy required to raise one pound of water one
degree Fahrenheit. One ton equals 12,000 BTUs/hour-a term
derived from the amount of energy required to melt 1 ton of
ice in a day.
12. What Is The Meaning Of 1 Ton Of Ac?
A "ton" in air conditioning is a reference to
the heat capacity of a ton of melting water ice, over the period
of one day. It is defined as 12000 BTU/hr, or 3517 watts.
13. What Is An Air Conditioning Ton?
Air conditioning tonnage has nothing to do with
weight. A ton, as used in the HVAC field, is a term that
describes how much heat the AC unit can remove from a
home in one hour. The measurement for heat is the British
thermal unit (BTU). One ton of air conditioning can remove
12,000 BTUs of air per hour. A four ton unit can move 48,
000 BTUs and so on. Therefore, the more tonnage an AC unit
is rated at, the more air it can cool.
14. What Is Btu?
The British thermal unit (Btu or BTU) is a
traditional unit of heat; it is defined as the amount of heat
required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one
degree Fahrenheit. It is also part of the United States
customary units.[1] Its counterpart in the metric system is the
calorie, which is defined as the amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree
Celsius.[2] Heat is now known to be equivalent to energy, for
which the SI unit is the joule; one BTU is about 1055 joules.
While units of heat are often supplanted by energy units in
scientific work, they are still used in many fields.
15. What Is The Meaning Of Btu In Air Conditioners?
When used in relation to air conditioning systems or
heaters, the measurement is expressed in terms of how many
BTUs per hour the product can add or remove from the air
16. What Is CFM & Infiltration?
The infiltration rate is the volumetric flow rate of
outside air into a building, typically in cubic feet per minute
(CFM) or liters per second (LPS). The air exchange rate is the
number of interior volume air changes that occur per hour, and
has units of 1/h.
17. What Is The HVAC System?
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is
the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental
comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable
indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a sub-discipline of
mechanical engineering, based on the principles of
thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer.
18. What Does A HVAC Engineer Do?
A heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, or HVAC
engineer designs heating and cooling systems for homes and
commercial buildings. He uses knowledge of refrigeration and
mechanical engineering to create blueprints for HVAC
installers and general contractors. The HVAC engineer
develops systems that keep building occupants comfortable in
all types of climates and seasons. He also makes sure the
building will be well-ventilated to protect the health of
occupants. Finally, the HVAC engineer works with the
building manager to create a system that maximizes energy
efficiency while also meeting the manager's operating and
maintenance budget.
At the start of a project, an HVAC engineer works
closely with the project architect and other design engineers.
He designs HVAC systems based on the size and layout of the
building, as well as expected occupant loads and functions.
Using these figures, he performs calculations to size heating
and cooling equipment and layout supply and return ductwork
systems. He also determines the best placement for air supply
grills or vents in each room. During this entire design process,
the HVAC engineer must ensure the system meets all local
building code requirements.
Once design is complete, the HVAC engineer uses computer-
aided design software to develop blueprints. These blueprints
are sent to the contractor to show which equipment to use and
where it should be placed within the building. During the
construction process, the engineer may visit the job site to
answer questions or oversee HVAC installation. After
completion, he may assist with troubleshooting or balancing
the system to help maximize performance.
19. What Is Psychometry?
Psychometrics - it is the study of HUMID air.
Humid air is a mix of dry air & water vapour ( Steam ).
Untreated air always contains water vapour to a greater or
lesser extent. A graphical representation of state of humid air
sample is psychometric chart.
From a Psychometric chart we can find FFG variables ( if any
of the 2 are known ):
➢ Dry bulb temp(DBT),
➢ Wet Bulb Temp(WBT),
➢ % RH
➢ Moisture content,
➢ Specific enthalpy.
➢ Dew point
The terms are mainly used in air conditioning.
20. What Are The Types Of Air Conditioning Systems?
Six Different Types of Air Conditioners are given below:
1. Central Air Conditioning
2. Ductless, Mini-Split Air Conditioner
3. Window Air Conditioner
4. Portable Air Conditioner
5. Hybrid Air Conditioner
6. Geothermal Heating & Cooling
21. How The Lighting Load Is Calculated?
The amount of power a light draws is called a load.
watts = volts x amps. W=VA
22. What Is The Function Of AHU?
The basic function of the Air Handling Unit(AHU) is
take in outside air, re-condition it and supply it as fresh air to a
building. All exhaust air is removed, which creates
an acceptable indoor air quality. Depending on the required
temperature of the re-conditioned air, the fresh air is either
heated by a recovery unit or heating coil, or cooled by a
cooling coil.
In buildings, where the hygienic requirements for air
quality are lower, some of the air from the rooms can be re-
circulated via a mixing chamber and this can result in
significant energy savings. A mixing chamber has dampers for
controlling the ratio between the return, outside and exhaust
air.
23. How Does The AHU Work?
The air handler of an HVAC system uses a blower
to remove air from the home, force it through a heat
exchanger and distribute the conditioned air through a
system of ducts back into the house. On most systems, the
blower is a squirrel cage fan that simultaneously creates a
vacuum to pull air out of the room and pressure to force it
through the ducts.
24. What Is The Purpose Of Air Handling Units?
The definition of air handling unit from ANSI/AHRI
Standard 430-2009 states that it is "A factory-made encased
assembly consisting of a fan or fans and other necessary
equipment to perform one or more of the functions of
circulating, cleaning, heating, cooling, humidifying,
dehumidifying and mixing of air...."
The AHU is used to control the following parameters of the
space.
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Air Movement
• Air Cleanliness
25. Where The FCU’s Are Used?
It is part of an HVAC system found in
residential, commercial, and industrial buildings. A fan coil
unit is a diverse device sometimes using ductwork, and is
used to control the temperature in the space where it is
installed, or serve multiple spaces.
26. What Is The FCU?
A fan coil unit (FCU) is a simple device
consisting of a heating and/or cooling heat exchanger or 'coil'
and fan. It is part of an HVAC system found in residential,
commercial, and industrial buildings. A fan coil unit is a
diverse device sometimes using ductwork, and is used to
control the temperature in the space where it is installed, or
serve multiple spaces. It is controlled either by a manual
on/off switch or by a thermostat, which controls the
throughput of water to the heat exchanger using a control
valve and/or the fan speed.
Due to their simplicity and flexibility, fan coil
units can be more economical to install than ducted 100%
fresh air systems (VAV) or central heating systems with air
handling units or chilled beams.
27. What Is The Meaning Of FAHU?
FAHU is the abbreviation used for FRESH AIR
HANDLING UNIT. These are usually centralized units
employed to induce fresh air quantities to the confines spaces.
They come into picture wherever there are limitations to fresh
air intake either directly or through AHUs. FAHUs are either
of normal construction having100% fresh air through a blower
fan or Treated FAHU that employs an additional cooling coil
to induce treated air into the confined space without
deteriorating the indoor conditions.
28. What Is An Air Conditioner Condenser?
Air conditioner condensers are a heat exchanger
device; it has a similar operation principle to the evaporator.
The condenser rejects heat from the air conditioner
system to surrounding air (medium). While the evaporator
absorbed heat from space that needs to be cool. In our case, it
is from indoor air.
The condenser units take in high-pressure, high
temperature refrigerant gas from the compressor and turn it
into high-pressure, high temperature liquid refrigerant.
29. How Does A Condenser In A Refrigerator Work?
High temperature/pressure vapour from compressor
enters the condenser where heat is removed to either air or
water. As the heat is removed, the energy stored in the high
pressure gas is released and the refrigerant gives up its latent
heat as it reverts to a hot liquid.
30. What Is The Main Function Of A Condenser?
In a cooling cycle of a refrigeration system, heat is
absorbed by the vapour refrigerant in the evaporator followed
by the compression of the refrigerant by the compressor. The
high pressure and high temperature state of the vapour
refrigerant is then converted to liquid. It is designed to
condense effectively the compressed refrigerant vapour.
31. How Does A Condensing Unit Work?
In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a
device or unit used to condense a substance from its gaseous
to its liquid state, by cooling it. In so doing, the latent heat is
given up by the substance and transferred to the surrounding
environment.
32. What Are The Types Of Condensers?
• Liebig Condenser
• Graham Condenser
• Coil Condenser
• Allihn Condenser
• Dimroth Condenser
• Davies Condenser
• Jacketed Coil Condenser
• Friedrichs Condenser
• Dewar Condenser
• Triple-jacket Coil Condenser
• Hartzler Condenser
• Femel Condenser
33. What Is A Rotary Air Compressor?
Rotary compressors are the another types of famous
screw compressors. It uses two Asymmetrical rotors that are
also called helical screws to compress the air.
The rotors have a very special shape and they turn
in opposite directions with very little clearance between them.
The rotors are covered by cooling jackets. Two shafts on the
rotors are placed that transfer their motion with the help of
timing gears that are attached at the starting point of the
shafts/compressor.
34. What Is A Gas Compressor Used For?
Gas compressors and gas compressor systems
pressurize and circulate gas through a process, enhance
conditions for chemical reactions, provide inert gas for safety
or control systems, recover and recompress process gas, and
maintain correct pressure levels by either adding or removing
gas or vapours from a process system.
35. What Is The Use Of Compressor In Refrigeration?
The compressor draws the low pressure vapour
from the evaporator and then compresses it isentropically to a
higher pressure and a higher vapour temperature. a. 2.5

This vapour is then moved to the condenser and he b. 5

refrigeration process continues.
c. 10
MCQ’s
d. 15
1. Two locations where a cold air return should be
7. What is the amount of heat energy required to
installed:
evaporate 1 pound of water?
a. Open area of wall and low to the ground.
a. 370 btu
b. Behind appliances and high on the wall.
b. 570 btu
c. Open area of wall and high on the wall.
c. 770 btu
d. Behind appliances and low to the ground.
d. 970 btu
2. Which of the following is a law of thermodynamics:
8. In an air conditioning and refrigeration system, what
a. Heat is a form of matter. occurs in an evaporator?

b. Heat moves toward a place with higher a. The refrigerant absorbs the latent heat.
intensity.
b. The refrigerant evaporates latent heat.
c. Heat moves toward a place with lower intensity.
c. Latent heat is condensed.
d. Heat moves toward a place with a higher
d. Latent heat is released.
temperature.
9. In an air conditioning and refrigeration system, what
3. Sensible heat describes _________________________.
occurs in a condenser?
a. How fast heat will travel.
a. The refrigerant absorbs the latent heat.
b. The quantity of heat.
b. The refrigerant releases the latent heat.
c. The volume of heat.
c. Latent heat is pressurized.
d. How hot something feels.
d. Latent heat is increased.
4. Latent heat measures _______________________.
10. In a sealed system, pressure and temperature
a. The temperature of heat in a substance. _________________.

b. The quantity of heat in a substance. a. are inversely proportional

c. The velocity of heat in a substance. b. go in opposite directions up and down

d. The heat potential of a substance. c. are equal

5. Latent heat is measured in ____________________. d. follow each other up and down

a. Degrees Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin 11. Which of the following is not a type of compressor?

b. International System of Units a. Lateral

c. British Thermal Units b. Reciprocating

d. Board of Trade Unit c. Rotary

6. If 1 pound of water warms to 60 degrees F from 55 d. Screw

degrees F, what btu of latent heat will it have absorbed?
 e. Centrifugal True

12. In Fahrenheit, the boiling point of water is False

_____________.
18. Ice exerts pressure ________________.
a. 100 degrees
a. Upwards
b. 112 degrees
b. Laterally
c. 212 degrees
c. Downwards
d. 221 degrees
d. In all directions
13. To change Fahrenheit to Celsius, which formula is
used? 19. Pressure is usually measured in ___________.

a. C =(F+32)÷ 1.8 a. Pounds per square foot

b. C=(F-32) x 1.8 b. Pressure per square foot

c. C=(F-32) ÷ 1.8 c. Pounds per square inch

d. C= (F-32)+1.8 d. Pressure per square inch

14. Which of the following is not a method by which heat 20. When one rises into the atmosphere, the atmospheric
may be transferred from a warmer substance to a colder pressure decreases by 1 psi for every_________________.
substance?
a. 2,343 feet
a. Conduction
b. 3,334 feet
b. Retraction
c. 2,500 feet
c. Convection
d. 5,280 feet
d. Radiation
21. Vaporization can be increased by _____________ the
15. What BTU of heat is required to raise 1 pound of ice 1 pressure on a liquid.
degree F when the temperature is below 32 degrees F?
a. Increasing
a. .25
b. Equalizing
b. .5
c. Reducing
c. 1
22. Every mechanical refrigeration system has __________
d. 1.5 different pressure levels.

16. What btu of heat is required to raise 1 pound of steam a. 2

1 degree F above the temperature of 212 degrees F?
b. 3
a. .25
c. 4
b. .5
d. 5
c. 1
23. Pressure on the high pressure side of a mechanical
d. 1.5 refrigeration unit is called _______________.

17. A day-ton of refrigeration is the amount of a. suction pressure

refrigeration produced by melting 1 ton of ice at a
b. discharge or head pressure
temperature of 32 degrees F in 24 hours.
c. differential l pressure 24. The exertion of pressure on a substance with a constant
temperature increases its volume in proportion to the
d. absolute pressure increase in pressure.

True

False