Directional Control Valve

1. Introduction to DCV
2. Graphic symbols for DCV
3. Type of control for DCV
4. Function of DCV
5. Others Control Valve
 1.0 Introduction to Directional Control
Valve
• Pneumatic and hydraulic systems require control valves to
direct and regulate the flow of fluid from compressor or pump
to the various load devices.

• There are essentially only two types of valve.

1. Infinite position valve - can take up any position between
open and closed and, consequently, can be used to
modulate flow or pressure. Relief valves described in earlier
chapters are simple infinite position valves.
2. Finite position valves - are only used to allow or block flow
of fluid. Most control valves, however, are only used to allow
or block flow of fluid. Such valves are called finite position
valves.
 1.0 Introduction to Directional Control
Valve
• An analogy between the two types of valve is the
comparison between an electric light dimmer and a simple
on/off switch.

• Connections to a valve are termed 'ports'. A simple on/off

valve therefore has two ports. Most control valves, however,
have four ports shown in hydraulic and pneumatic forms.

• In both the load is connected to ports labeled A, B and the

pressure supply from compressor to port P and return air is
vented from port R.
1.0 Introduction to Directional Control
Valve
 1.0 Introduction to Directional Control
Valve
Another consideration is the number of control positions.
•Two control positions or two position valve
•Three control positions or three position valve
 1.0 Introduction to Directional Control
Valve
Finite position valves are commonly described as a
port/position valve where port is the number of ports and
position is the number of positions.

Example : 3/2 way valve – 3 is number of port and 2 is

number of position
 2.0 Graphic symbols for DCV

•Graphic symbol are show component function without

showing the physical construction of each device.

•A 3/2 spool valve and a 3/2 rotary valve with the same
function have the same symbol; despite their totally different
constructions.

•Symbols are described in various national documents;

DIN24300, BS2917, ISO1219 and the new ISO5599, CETOP
RP3 ,American JIC and ANSI symbols. Differences between
these are minor.
 2.0 Graphic symbols for DCV

•A valve is represented by a square for each of its switching

positions.
•Ports of a valve are shown on the outside of boxes in normal
unoperated or initial position.
 2.0 Graphic symbols for DCV

• Actuation for DCV can divided into 4 categories:

1. Manual – push button, lever, pedal key switch
2. Mechanical – cam/rods, roller, one-way trip, spring
3. Pressure – air pilot and pressure released
4. Electrical – solenoid
 3.0 Type of control for DCV

There are essentially three types of control valve;

1. poppet valves
2. spool/slide valves
3. rotary valves.
Poppet valves
In a poppet valve, simple
discs, cones or balls are
used in conjunction with
simple valve seats to control
flow.
3.0 Type of control for DCV
 3.0 Type of control for DCV

Spool valves
•Spool (or slide) valves are constructed with a spool moving
horizontally within the valve body. Raised areas called 'lands'
block or open ports to give the required operation.

•The operation of a spool valve is generally balanced. For

example, pressure is applied to opposing faces D and E and
low tank pressure to faces F and G.

•There is no net force on the spool from system pressure,

allowing the spool to be easily moved.
3.0 Type of control for DCV
 4.0 Function of DCV

3/2 way valve

•to control single acting cylinder or pneumatic motor in single
direction
•Integrated with roller and it will act as limit switch to detect
cylinder position
 4.0 Function of DCV

5/2 way valve

•to control double acting cylinder or pneumatic motor in bi-
directional way
•Cylinder only have 2 position – full extend and full retract
 4.0 Function of DCV

5/3 way valve

•to control double acting cylinder position
•The cylinder can be stop at any point between full extend
and full retract
 4.0 Function of DCV

Example 1
The allocating device supplies aluminum valve blanks to a machining
station. By operating a push button, the piston rod of the single-acting
cylinder is made to advance. After releasing the actuating button, the
piston rod returns.
 4.0 Function of DCV
Example 2 : Tube Swaging Machine
 5.0 Others Control Valve

Logic Valve
Shuttle Valve (OR) Dual Pressure Valve (AND)
 5.0 Others Control Valve
Example
The cylinder will extend when PB1 OR PB2 is pressed.
The cylinder will retract when PB3 AND PB4 is pressed.
 5.0 Others Control Valve
Flow control valve
Throttle Valve Check Valve Shut Off Valve
 5.0 Others Control Valve
Time Delay valve
 5.0 Others Control Valve
Example
 5.0 Others Control Valve
Solution:
 5.0 Others Control Valve
Pressure Sequence Valve
 5.0 Others Control Valve
Example
 5.0 Others Control Valve
Solution