Cee 3122 150501215503 Conversion Gate02 PDF

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
CEE-312
Structural Analysis and Design Sessional-I
(1.0 credit)
Lecture: 2
Bijit Kumar Banik

Assistant Professor, CEE, SUST
Room No.: 115 (“C” building)
bijit_sustbd@yahoo.com
Design philosophy
A general statement assuming safety in engineering design
Resistance (of material & x-section) >= Effect of applied load
It is essential in the above equation that both sides are evaluated

in same conditions; e.g. if of load to produce compressive stress
on soil, then it should be compared with the bearing capacity of soil
Design methods
1. ASD (Allowable Stress Design)
2. LRFD (Load & Resistance Factor Design)

ASD
Safety in design is obtained by specifying that the effects

of the loads should produce stresses that were the fraction
of yield stress, Fy
This is equivalent to:
FOS = Resistance, R / Effect of load, Q

ASD
Since the specifications sets limit on stresses, it became

Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
Mostly reasonable where stresses are distributed uniformly

(such as determinate trusses, arches, cables etc)
Drawback of ASD
1. ASD does not give reasonable measures of strength
2. Factor Of Safety (FOS) is applied only to stress not in load

LRFD
Considers variability not only in resistance but also in the

effects of load
Now different factored load can be assign to different

types of loads (dead, live, wind etc)
Quality of material should maintain highest level

Trusses
In architecture and structural engineering, a truss is a structure comprising

one or more triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends
are connected at joints referred to as nodes (hinge or pin).
Assumptions
1. Members are connected at their end by frictionless pins
2. Loads and reactions applied only at joints
3. Two force members

Types of Trusses
Two broad categories:
Roof truss
Bridge truss
Roof Trusses
Common: Truss configurations for the most Mono: Used where the roof is required to slope in only
widely designed roof shapes. one direction. Also in pairs with their high ends abutting
on extremely long span with a support underneath the
high end.
Scissors: Provides a cathedral or vaulted ceiling. Flat: The most economical flat truss for a roof
Most economical when the difference in slope is provided when the depth of the truss in inches
between the top and bottom chords is at least 3/12 is approximately equal to the span in inches.
or the bottom chord pitch is no more than half the
top chord pitch.
Roof Trusses
Roof Trusses
Roof Trusses
Bridge Trusses
Pratt
Warren
Bridge Trusses
Howe
K-truss
Stability and Determinacy of Truss
Minimum members required to make a rigid framework is Three
3 members 5 members 7 members

3 joints 4 joints 5 joints
Thus to form a rigid and stable truss of ‘n’ joints number of

members (j) required is:
For first 3 joints For remaining joints
j = 3+2*(n-3)
j= 2n-3
Stability and Determinacy of Truss
If j < 2n-3 Unstable truss
If j > 2n-3 Indeterminate truss
Diagonal
Top chord
Vertical
Bottom chord
Industrial roof truss system
Beam Parlin
y Column
Ba
Sp
an
Top chord bracing
Sagrod
Bottom chord strut

Rise
Vertical bracing
When Span > 40 ft Truss system
Trusses are normally spaced 15-25 ft apart

For longer span trusses must be simply supported
Hinge support
Roller support
Why this is called simply supported ??

Loads on structures
Load
Static Dynamic
e.g. Earthquake
Dead load Live load

e.g. Self wt. or fixed object e.g. Wind, snow, wheel of vehicle
or any moving objects
Wind load analysis for roof truss
Basic wind pressure at 30 ft, q (psf) = 0.00256 V2

where, V is wind speed (mph)
Pressure on a pitched roof
P P
Wind
α
Windward side Leeward side

For windward surface

− 0.7q 0 ≤ α ≤ 20 0

(0.07α − 2.1)q 20 0 ≤ α ≤ 30 0
P=
(0.03α − 0.9)q 30 0 ≤ α ≤ 60 0
0.9q 60 0 ≤ α

where, ‘P’ is the pressure normal to the roof surface

For leeward surface
P = − 0 .7 q
If P is +ve Pushing the roof surface
If P is -ve Pulling or suction or uplift
Leeward side always experience uplift
Maximum P will be taken
Analysis and design of an Industrial roof truss system
Steps
1. Selection of truss type
2. Estimation of loads
3. Analysis and design of purlins
4. Analysis and design of sagrods
5. Dead load and wind load analysis
6. Combination of D.L and W.L to determine the
design bar forces
7. Design of members
8. Design of bracing system
9. Design of connections (welded)
10. Detailing
Your Truss !!!
U3
U2 U4
B ft
U1 U5
L0 L6
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
6@ A ft
Group 1 2 3 4
A 5 5.5 6.5 7
B 9.5 10 11 11.5
Bay = 20 ft; Fy=36 ksi; E = 29 ksi

1. Selection of truss type
U3
f t
86
@6. U2 U4
3
10 ft
U1 U5
29.050
L0 L6
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
6@6 ft = 36 ft
Bay = 20 ft; Fy=36 ksi; E = 29 ksi

2. Estimation of loads
Dead loads
1. CGI (Corrugated Galvanized Iron) 2.0 psf
2. Purlins 1.5 psf
3. Sagrods, bracings 1.0 psf
Sub total 4.5 psf

4. Self weight 60 lb/ft of span
Live loads
Design wind speed 100 mph
Given loads should be transformed into Equivalent joint loads

Roofing
Top chord
Sagrod
Purlin
Purlins are nothing but beams. They span between the adjacent
trusses, i.e the spacing of the trusses (Bay) is the span of purlins.
Normally channel section is used to design purlins.
Design criteria for purlin is “bending stress”
First we will check for dead load and then for the wind load
Check for Dead Load
Since the principal axes of the purlins section are inclined, the
dead load causes biaxial bending in the purlins.
So, different support condition of purlin for X and Y direction
For Y-direction Y
X
W
20 ft
For X-direction Additional support for sagrod
10 ft 10 ft
Dead loads coming on purlins
Roofing
Sagrod
Purlin
Roofing 2.0 psf

Self wt. of purlin 1.5 psf
Total 3.5 psf (neglecting sagrod)
3. Analysis and design of purlins Parlin
psf
3. 5
6 ft
6 .8
UDL on purlin, wDL= 3.5 psf X 6.86 ft = 24.01 lb/ft

29.050 Y
29.050
wDL= 24.01 lb/ft

wDLx= wDLsinθ = 24.01 X sin29.010 = 11.66 lb/ft
wDLy= wDLcosθ = 24.01 X cos29.010 = 20.99 lb/ft
For Y-direction For X-direction

wDLy wDLx
L = 20 ft L/2 =10 ft L/2 = 10 ft
BMD
wDLy L2 wDLx L2
Mxx = Myy =
8 32
For the detail computation of BMD please go through:
Strength of materials-by Singer; pp-285, Prob.-828
wDLx
L
wDLy Mxx = (wDLy *L) * L/2
Myy = (wDLx *L) * L/2
Y
wDLy L2 20.99 * 20 2
Mxx = = = 1.05 kip − ft
8 8
wDLx L2 11.66 * 20 2
Myy = = = 0.15 kip − ft
32 32
Select American standard channel: C 3 X 4.1

Sxx = 1.10 in3 Syy=0.202 in3
Maximum bending stress:

M xx M yy
fb = +
S xx S yy
1.05 * 12 0.15 * 12
= + = 20.37 ksi
1.10 0.202
For bending; Allowable stress,
Fb= 0.66Fy
= 0.66*36 = 23.76 ksi > fb(20.37 ksi)
So, section C 3 X 4.1 is ok for dead load
Check for Wind Load
U3
U2 U4
10 ft
U1 U5
29.050
L0 L6
L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
3@6 ft = 18 ft
Pitch angle, α = tan −1 (10 ) = 29.050 V = 100 mph

18
Basic wind pressure, q = 0.00256V 2 = 0.00256 *100 2 = 25.6 psf
For windward surface

− 0.7q 0 ≤ α ≤ 20 0

(0.07α − 2.1)q 20 0 ≤ α ≤ 30 0
P=
(0.03α − 0.9)q 30 0 ≤ α ≤ 60 0
0.9q 60 0 ≤ α

Purlin spacing
P = (0.07*29.05-2.1)*25.6 = -1.7 psf
UDL on the windward side = -1.7*6.86 = -11.66 lb/ft
For leeward surface
P = − 0 .7 q
P = -0.7*25.6 = -17.92 psf
UDL on the Leeward side = - 17.92 *6.86 = -122.93 lb/ft
Here Leeward side load will govern
What does the negative sign mean? Suction
Why pound is expressed as ‘lb’ ?
pound weight which was libra pondo in Latin. libra→ lb
Dead load in y-direction = 20.99 lb/ft (from previous DL calculation)
Resultant load in y-direction = -122.93+20.99 = -101.94 lb/ft
2 →101.94 lb/ft
wy L 101.94 * 20 2
Mxx = = = 5.10 kip − ft
8 8
Myy = 0.15 kips − ft
Maximum bending stress:
M xx M yy
fb = +
S xx S yy
5.10 *12 0.15 *12
= +
1.10 0.202
= 63.57 ksi > Fb(23.76 ksi) Not ok
Next trail channel: C 4 X 7.25

Sxx = 2.29 in3 Syy=0.343 in3
M xx M yy
fb = +
S xx S yy
5.10 *12 0.15 *12

= +
2.29 0.343
= 31.97 ksi > Fb(23.76 ksi)
Not ok
Next trail channel: C 5 X 6.7

Sxx = 3.00 in3 Syy=0.378 in3
M xx M yy
fb = +
S xx S yy
5.10 *12 0.15 *12

= +
3.00 0.378
= 25.16 ksi > Fb(23.76 ksi)
Not ok
eo !!!

Next trail channel: C 5 X 9

Sxx = 3.56 in3 Syy=0.450 in3
M xx M yy
fb = +
S xx S yy
5.10 *12 0.15 *12
= +
3.56 0.450
= 21.19 ksi < Fb(23.76 ksi)
য !! ok
Check
Self weight of purlin = 9 lb/ft
i.e. 9/6.86 = 1.31 psf < 1.5 psf (assumed self wt.)
So, C 5 X 9 is the final Purlin section

For X-direction
wDLx = 11.66 lb/ft
L/2 =10 ft L/2 = 10 ft

3 5 3
wDLx L wDLx L wDLx L
8 8 8
For the detail computation of reaction please go through:
Strength of materials-by Singer; pp-285, Prob.-828
Tensile Force on sagrod = Midspan reaction

5 5
F = wDLx L F = *11.66 * 20 = 145.75 lb ≈ 0.15 kips
8 8
A round bar of dia (3/8) inch will be adequate.
Assuming that the bolt threads will reduce the effective

diameter by (1/16) inch.
π 3
2
1
Net X-sectional area = *  −  = 0.077 in 2
4  8 16 
Allowable stress in tension, Ft = 0.6 Fy = 21.6 ksi
The rod is able to carry a load of 21.6*0.077 = 1.66 kips >> F
So, #3 or (3/8) inch round rod will be used as sagrod

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Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Bijit Kumar Banik

A general statement assuming safety in engineering design

Resistance (of material & x-section) >= Effect of applied load

It is essential in the above equation that both sides are evaluated

1. ASD (Allowable Stress Design)

2. LRFD (Load & Resistance Factor Design)

Safety in design is obtained by specifying that the effects

This is equivalent to:

FOS = Resistance, R / Effect of load, Q

Since the specifications sets limit on stresses, it became

Mostly reasonable where stresses are distributed uniformly

2. Factor Of Safety (FOS) is applied only to stress not in load

Considers variability not only in resistance but also in the

Now different factored load can be assign to different

Quality of material should maintain highest level

In architecture and structural engineering, a truss is a structure comprising

1. Members are connected at their end by frictionless pins

2. Loads and reactions applied only at joints

3. Two force members

Two broad categories:

3 members 5 members 7 members

Thus to form a rigid and stable truss of ‘n’ joints number of

If j < 2n-3 Unstable truss

If j > 2n-3 Indeterminate truss

Top chord bracing

Bottom chord strut

Trusses are normally spaced 15-25 ft apart

Why this is called simply supported ??

Dead load Live load

Basic wind pressure at 30 ft, q (psf) = 0.00256 V2

Pressure on a pitched roof

Windward side Leeward side

For windward surface

where, ‘P’ is the pressure normal to the roof surface

Bay = 20 ft; Fy=36 ksi; E = 29 ksi

1. Selection of truss type

Bay = 20 ft; Fy=36 ksi; E = 29 ksi

Sub total 4.5 psf

Design wind speed 100 mph

Given loads should be transformed into Equivalent joint loads

For X-direction Additional support for sagrod

Roofing 2.0 psf

UDL on purlin, wDL= 3.5 psf X 6.86 ft = 24.01 lb/ft

wDL= 24.01 lb/ft

For Y-direction For X-direction

L = 20 ft L/2 =10 ft L/2 = 10 ft

Myy = (wDLx *L) * L/2

Select American standard channel: C 3 X 4.1

Maximum bending stress:

Pitch angle, α = tan −1 (10 ) = 29.050 V = 100 mph

For windward surface

Next trail channel: C 4 X 7.25

5.10 *12 0.15 *12

= 31.97 ksi > Fb(23.76 ksi)

Next trail channel: C 5 X 6.7

5.10 *12 0.15 *12

eo   !!!

Next trail channel: C 5 X 9

So, C 5 X 9 is the final Purlin section

4. Analysis and design of sagrods

L/2 =10 ft L/2 = 10 ft

Tensile Force on sagrod = Midspan reaction

Myy = (wDLx L) L/2

5.10 12 0.15 12

5.10 12 0.15 12

eo !!!