2.

71 Optics Problem Set 8 Solutions

1. (a) For a diffraction limited system the slopes of the OTF are constant.

mu=25mm−1 = 68.75% = 0.6875

1h  x i
Iin = 1 + cos 2π
2  Λ   
ˆ 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ Iin = δ(u) + δ u − + δ u+
2 4 Λ 4 Λ
   
ˆ ˆ 1 a 1 a 1
Iout = Iin · OTF = δ(u) + δ u − + δ u+
2 4 Λ 4 Λ
0
  
1 x
Iout (x0 ) = 1 + a cos 2π
2 Λ
1 a 1 a
 ( + ) − (2 − 2)
mu= 1 = 21 a2 =a
Λ ( 2 + 2 ) + ( 12 − a2 )

∴ the contrastis the normalized value of the OTF at that frequency. Using similar
triangles, if mu=25mm−1 = 0.6875 = (1 − 0.3125), then

mu=50mm−1 = (1 − 0.6250) = 0.3750 = 37.5 %

(b) The cut-off frequency for incoherent imaging is u0 = 80mm−1 . The cut-off fre-
quency of the coherently illuminated system is 40mm−1 . Hence 50mm−1 frequen-
cies do NOT go through if it is coherently illuminated.
2.     
1 1 x 1 3x
I(x) = 1 + cos 2π + cos 2π
2 2 40µm 2 40µm
(a) The contrast m is given by:
Imax − Imin
m=
Imax + Imin
1−0
At the input, m = 1+0
= 1.

1
(b) The Fourier transform of I(x) is:
        
˜ = 1 1 1 3 3 1
I(u) δ u− +δ u+ +δ u− +δ u+ + δ(u)
8 40 40 40 40 2
The Fourier transform of the output intensity is:
I˜0 (u) = (MTF) · I(u)
˜
    
1 1 1 1
= δ(u) + (0.25) δ u − +δ u+
2 8 40 40
    
1 1 1 1 1 1
= δ(u) + δ u− + δ u+
2 16 2 40 2 40
0
 
1 1 x
I0 (x0 ) = + cos 2π
2 16 40
1 1 1 1
( 2 + 16 ) − ( 2 − 16 ) 1
mout = 1 1 1 1 = = 0.125
( 2 + 16 ) + ( 2 − 16 ) 8

(c) The incoherent transfer function is an autocorrelation of the coherent transfer

function. The coherent transfer function in this case is probably a triangle function
with half the cut-off frequency.

H(u) = F{h(x)}

2
3. x
h(x) = sinc2
b
(a) Incoherent iPSF x
2 4
h̃(x) = |h(x)| = sinc
b
 
(b) MTF = H̃(u)

2 x 2 x
n    o
H̃(u) = F{h̃(x)} = F sinc · sinc
n  x o n b  x o b
= F sinc2 ⊗ F sinc2
b b
= bΛ(bu) ⊗ bΛ(bu)

bΛ(bu)

MTF

3
2.71 Optics Spring ’09
Solutions to Problem Set #8
Due Wednesday, May 13, 2009
Problem 4:
a) Consider the system shown in Figure 1. The input transparency is a binary ampli-
tude grating with the following parameters: m = 1; duty cycle = = 1=3; = 10 m.
The operating wavelength is = 0:5 m, and the focal lengths are f1 = f2 = f = 20cm.
At the Fourier plane, the pupil mask has two apertures with a diameter of 1cm shifted
2cm from the optical axis.

We begin by expressing the binary amplitude grating in a Fourier Series,

X
1
qx
gt (x) = sinc ( q) ei2 : (1)
q= 1

Since equation 1 has a binary amplitude dependence that goes from 0 to 1, the intensity
is also binary, Iin = jg(t)j2 . The spectrum of the input signal is given by,

" #
X
1
q
Gin (u) = sinc ( q) u (2)
00
q= 1 u= x f

00
X
1
00 fq
! Gin (x ) = sinc ( q) x ;
q= 1

and is shown in Figure 2.

The ATF of the system is,

00 00
x xo x + xo
H = rect + rect ; (3)
d d

where xo is the lateral shift (2cm) and d is the aperture diamter (also 1cm). We com-
pute the OTF, H;^ of the optical system graphically as shown in Figure 3. The OTF is
the normalized cross-correlation of the ATF of the system.

The output …eld spectrum is given by,

^ in
Gout = HG (4)
p
1 00 3 00 f4 00 f4
= (x ) x + x + :
3 16

The output intensity is,

1
Figure 1: Optical system for problem 5.

Figure 2: Input signal spectrum.

2
 Figure 3: Graphical computation of the OTF.

Iout = zfGout g (5)

2 3
p 0
i2 x 4
0
x 4
1 3 4e + ei2 5
=
3 8 2
p 0
1 3 x4
= cos 2 :
3 8

(b) The resulting contrast is,

Imax Imin
V = = 0:2067: (6)
Imax + Imin

(c) Comparying with the results from Lecture 19, p. 24 , for the coherent case, the output
intensity is,
0
3 3 x4
Iout = 2
+ 2
cos 2 ;
8 8

and the contrast V = 1.

3
2.71 Optics Spring ’09
Solutions to Problem Set #8
Due Wednesday, May 13, 2009
Problem 5:
Consider the optical system shown in Figure 1. The input transparency is a binary
amplitude grating with the same parameters as in problem 4. The operating wave-
length is = 0:5 m, and the focal lengths are f1 = f2 = f = 20cm. The pupil mask
is given by,

00 00
00 x x
gP M (x ) = rect + (i 1) rect (1)
a b x00 =u f
! H(u) = gP M (u)
u u
= rect + (i 1) rect ;

where = a= f , = b= f , a = 3cm and b = 1cm. The magnitude and phase of the

pupil mask are shown in Figure 2.

We now compute the coherent PSF,

h(x) = F 1 fH(u)g (2)

= sinc ( x) + (i 1) sinc ( x)
= sinc ( x) sinc ( x) + i sinc ( x) :

The incoherent PSF is given by,

^
h(x) = jh(x)j2 = h h (3)
= [ sinc ( x) sinc ( x)]2 + 2 2
sinc ( x)
2
sinc2 ( x) + 2 2 sinc2 ( x) 2 sinc ( x) sinc ( x) :

The OTF of the system is found by computing the Fourier transform of equation 3,

^ u u u u
H(u) = triag + 2 triag 2 rect rect ; (4)

and is shown in Figure 3.

1
 Figure 1: Optical system for problem 6.

Figure 2: Magnitud and phase of the pupil mask.

2
 Figure 3: OTF and spectrum of the input signal.

From problem 4, the spectrum of the input signal is,

X
1
q
Gin (u) = sinc ( q) u : (5)
q= 1

To compute the spectrum of the output signal we multiply equations 5 and 6,

p
1 3 2 2
Gout (u) = (u) + u + u+ : (6)
3 12

The output intensity is given by,

Iout = FfGout g (7)

2 3
p 0
x 2
0
x 2
1 3 4 e i2 + ei2 5
= +
3 6 2
p 0
1 3 x2
= + cos 2 :
3 6

(b) The resulting contrast is,

Imax Imin
V = = 0:2757: (8)
Imax + Imin

3
(c) Finally, we compare our results to those from the coherent case as discussed in
Lecture 19, p. 27 , where the output intensity is,
2 0
0 1 3 3 x2
Iout (x ) = + 2
+ 2
cos 2 ; (9)
3 2 2

and the contrast is V = 0:2548:

4
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Spring 2009

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