Numerical Methods

Chapter

1. Simpson's rule for integration gives

Sol: Given y1 = x —y (1) exact result when f(x) is a polynomial of
degree S 3.
=y1 .---f(x, A)
cbc
Also given y(0) = 0 (2) 3. Ans: (a)
and h = 0.1 Sol: Back ward Euler method is given by
y(0.1) = ? Yn+1 = yn h f(Xn-19 Yn-1)

Let xo = 0, xi = xo + 1.h = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1

4. Ans: (b)
(using (2))
Sol: Letf(x) = x- cos x=0
The rd order Rungue-Kulta method is given
The curves y = x and y = cosx intersect at
by
only one point in the interval (0, it).
1
yl = y(xi) = yo + — k1 + The equation has exactly one solution in
2
t.)
where k1 = h f(xo, yo) [0, it]

and k2 = f(xo h, yo + ki) 5. Ans: (b)

= (0.1) [ xo — yo] Sol: Let x = 11; (or) x2 — b = 0
= (0.1) (0 — 0) = 0 Let f(x) = x2 — b and fl (x) = 2x
k2 = (0.1) [(xo + — (yo + 10] f(xn )
Xn÷i = x
=(0.1)[0+0.l—(0±0)]=0.01 f i (X.)

yl = y(0.1) = 0 + 1(0 + 0.01) (xn —b)

= x.
2xn
0.01 1 1
2x2n —x2n + b
2 2 x100 200
2xn
2. Ans: (c) x n2 •o
Sol: In the Simpson's rule of integration method 2xn
the curve y = f(x), a x S b can be
approximated by the curve parabola (or)
quadratic polynomial.

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6. f (X n
n +1 = X n ,
Sol: Given f(x) = x — cos x f'(x n
f'(x) = 1 + sin x (X 2n —2 (X. +2)
=X„—
Newton-Raphson method is given by 2x n 2xn
xn+i f(xn )
= xn fi(xn)
xn+,
[X n — COS(X. n 2
X n+1 Xn r X + 2 _ 1+2 —3
[1+ sin(x„ xl — 0 — — 1.5
2x0 —2 2

7. Ans: (d) x; + 2 — (-1.5) 2 + 2

x2 =
Sol: The finite difference approximation for the 2x, 2(-1.5)
2nd derivative of a function f at a point xo is 9 17
+2
4
f"(x) _ f(xo +h)-2f(x0+f(x,, —h) — 4 = — 1.4166
—3 —3
h2
x22 + 2 — (-1.4166)2 +2
X3
8. Ans: (c) 2x2 2(-1.4166)
Sol: Let x = -1/c then x3 — c = 0 2.0067 + 2
— 1.4141
— 2.8332
. f(x) = x3 — c = 0 and f(x) = 3x2
Newton - Raphson method is given by x32 + 2 _ (-1.4141)2 +2
xa
2x3 2(-1.4141)
x n+1 = x n ff(x" )
n 1.9996 + 2
— 1.4141
(X n C ) — 2.8282
= Xn
3X 2n The iteration will converge to

3x 3 3
—Xn +c = — 1.4141
3X 2n
11. Ans: (c)
+c 1
X n+1 Sol: f(x)= — , a= 1, b = 2, h = 0.25
3 X n2

x 1 1.25 1.50 1.75 2

9. Ans: (d) 1
Sol: The error in simpson's 1/3rd rule is of order h4 ‘/(x) =— 1 0.8 0.6667 0.5714 0.5
X

10. Ans: (c)

Sol: Let f(x) = x2 — 2 and xo = —1 dx = —h [(Yo + Y4) ± 4(Yi ± Y3) + 2(v2)]
3
= 0.69325
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12. Ans: (d) 1

—a
Sol: Newton Raphson formula converges x„
=
provided the initial approximation xo is — x,,-2
chosen sufficiently close to the root (or) = 2x n —ax2n
2 •
Ax) • .f ll (x) I < I i(x) in the interval
xn.fi = 2x,, — ax2„ for n = 0, 1, 2, ...
considered.
Given a= 7 and xo = 0.2
13. Ans: (c) xl 2x0 — ax20 = 2(0.2) — 7(0.2)2
Sol: The trapezoidal rule integrates exactly = 0.4 — 7(0.04) = 0.12
polynomial of degree 1. • x = 0.12

14. Ans: (c) x2 = 2x1 — ax; = 2(0.12)— 7(0.12)2

= 0.24 — 7(0.0144)
Sol: Let x= 1(or) 1— a = 0
a = 0.24 — 0.1008 = 0.1392
fl (x) 1 • x2 = 0.1392
Then take f(x) = 1— a and 2
X

Now the Newton Raphson formula gives 16. Ans: (c)

f (x ) Sol: Given f(x) = x3 + 3x — 7 and xo = 1
X n +1 = X n f n
,f(x) = 3x2 + 3
i1 Newton Raphson's formula is
—a (
0(n j 1 f(X n )
= Xn — x,, + --a x„2 X n+1 = Xn 1/ \
2 Xn i f kx„ )
Xn
f(x0 ) f(1)
X n+i = 2x,, —ax2n for n= 0, 1, 2, 3,.. x1 = x 0 fl (xo) 1 fl(i)

15. Ans: (b) 3

= 1 (-3) = 1.5
1 1 6 2
Sol: Let x = — (or) — — a = 0
a x1 = 1.5
Taking f(x) = --N
1
17. Ans: (b)
fl (X) = —X-2
Sol: Newton Raphson method is one of the
Newton Raphson formula gives
method to solve algebraic and
f(x n )
x n+1 X n transcendental equations.
f (X )

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18. Ans: (a) 22. Ans: (a)

Sol: Newton — Raphson formula is Sol: Let x = -%/2- (or) x2 — 2 = 0
f(xn) Taking f(x) = x2 — 2 and f' (x) = 2x
x n+, = x„ n = 0, 1, 2, 3, .....
f Newton — Raphson's formula is
f(xn )
19. Ans: (b) xn+I = xn
f'(x n )
Sol: Given f(x) = xex — 2 = 0 and xi = 0.8679
(x 2n — 2)
(.. f l (4= xex + ex ) = Xn
2x n
Newton — Raphson's method is given by
2X 2n — X 2n + 2
f(xl )
X2 = Xi 2x n
f1 (x,)
xn2 + 2
(0.8679 0.8679 - 2 x n+, =
= 0.8679 — e0.8679
2x„
(0.8679 e0.86”

= 0.853
= 2[x n + x,,
2

20. Ans: (c)

Sol: E— 1, F — 3, G — 4, H — 2 23. Ans: (a)
Sol: By verification, 2 and 3 are the roots of a
21. Ans: (c) given equation
Sol: Given p(x)= x5 + x + 2 x3 — 10x2 + 31x — 30 = 0
The signs of all the terms p(x) are same. i.e. f(2) = 23 — 10(2)2 + 31(2) — 30 = 0
Then p(x) = 0 does not have any positive and f(3) = 33 — 10(3)2 + 31(3) — 30 = 0
root. (or)
p(—x)= —x 5 — X + 2 By synthetic division, we have
There is only one change of sign from — to + x=5 1 —10 31 —30
p(x) = 0 has at most one negative root 0 5 —25 30
The degree of p(x) = 0 is odd then the 1 —5 6 0
equation has at least one real root.
But the total roots of p(x) = 0 are five. Out (x — 5) (x — 5x + 6) = 0
of five roots one is negative real root and (x — 5) [(x — 3) (x — 2)] = 0
remaining 4 are complex roots. x = 5, 3, 2

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24. Ans: (a) (23 — 22 + 4(2)— 4)

xi =2
Sol: Given f(x) = x3 + 4x — 9 = 0 3(2)2 — 2(2)+ 4
f1(x) = x2 + 4
Newton — Raphson formula is = 2—
12
f(x k ) 4
X k +1 = X k =—
f1 (x k ) 3
(x3k + 4x k — 9)
= Xk 27. Ans: (d)
(3 X k2 4)

3x3k + 4x k —x3k — 4x k +9 Sol: Given I = log: dx and h=1

(3x 2k + 4)
x 1 2 3
2x3k +9
X k +1 = y = log x 0 0.6931 1.0986
3x 2 +4
b=x 0 +nh
25. Ans: (c) f (X) dx = — Ryo yr) + 4(y1 +y3+y5+
Sol: P-1, Q-2, R-3, S-4 a=x0
3
(1) Simpson's Rule is one of the numerical ••• + 2())2+y4+y6+ +y,_2)]
integration technique (method). 3

(2) Gauss — elimination method is used to I= f dx = Rye + y2) + 4(0]

3
solve only system of linear algebraic
equations. 1
— [(0 + 1.0986) + 4(0.6931)]
=3
(3) Runge — Kutta method is used to solve
the ordinary differential equations. =1 — [(1.0986) + 2.7724] — 3.871
3 3
(4) Newton—Raphson method is used to
= 1.2903 I = 1.29
solve the linear and non-linear algebraic
equations. 28. Ans: (c)
dx _2t
26. Ans: (b) Sol: Given — = e u(t),
dt
Sol: Newton — Raphson formula is
where u(t) is an unit step function
f(x n )
X n+l Xn \ By the definition of unit step function, we
f n)
have
Given f(x) = x3 — x2+ 4x — 4 = 0 and xo =
JO, t < 0
f' (x) = 3x2 — 2x + 4 u (t ) =
t>0
f(xo )
XI X
0 NO x(0) = 0 and x = ? at t = 0.01 sec
•
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dx _2t
=e u(t) — —1
dt — 1 (le — 1 (1—e)
l
dx = e-2t u(t) dt
e
t=o.oi
e —2t x1 = —2 + e
= u(t) dt
t=o x1 = 0.71828
0.0,
= f g(t) dt 30. Ans: (c)
0 Sol: For the equation ax3 + bx2+ cx + d = 0,

where g(t) = e 2 t u(t) product of roots = d/a

t<0
For the given equation let x be the third
{ 0,
e-2t , t>_0 root
1x3xx=6
By trapezoidal rule, we have
o.o1 x=2

x = f g(t) dt = 1
1 [g(a) + g(b)]
2 31. Ans: (c)

(0.01) Sol: Given f(x) = X - = 0

{g(0) +g(0.01)]
2 fl(x) = 1+e-"
0.01 ▪ e-2(o.oi), Newton — Raphson formula is
[1
2
f(x.)
_ 0.01 ri ▪ e_o.02 xn+, = x
n f I (X n )
2
(X ex^
x = 0.0099
Xn n e'n
(l+

29. Ans: (a) x„ +x n e-"^ —x„ +e-xn

Sol: Given f(x) = ex —1= 0 and xo = —1 (1+e'^)
fl(x)= ex
e'n(l+x.)
Newton — Raphson's formula is
1+e-xn)
f(x.)
X n+i = X n f
(xn
32. Ans: (c)
f(x0 )
x i = x o fi(x0) Sol: The given Newton's iterative formula is
1 R
x n+1 = (X n +
-' —1) 2 x.
— 1 (e
e-1

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Let us suppose the formula converges to the Xk2 +117

root after n iterations 2xk
Then xn = x„-F1 = x (root)
1 117
1( R xk+l = — xk +—
The formula becomes x = — x + — 2 Xk
2 x
X = 1I n 35. Ans: (a)
Sol: In the Euler method, the local truncation
33. Ans: (c)
error (the truncation error in each step) is
Sol: Given
proportional to h2, written as 0(h2).
Point x — coordinate (m) y — coordinate (m)
1 1 1 36. Ans: (b)
2 2 4
3 3 9 Sol: Given —y=x (1)
dx
and y(0) = 0 (2)
h = 1, yo = 1 , yi = 4 and y2 = 9
Trapezoidal rule is given by Also given h = 0.1
3 Y (0.3) = ?
f (x)dx = — Rye +.))n) + 2(v1 + y2
2 from (2), we have
+.... + yn-i)] dy
xo = 0, yo = 0 and f(x, y) = dx
— =y + x

ff(x) dx = [(Yo +y2) + 2 0'0] =xo + 1h= 0+ 0.1=0.1

2
x2 = xo + 2h = 0 + 2(0.1) = 0.2
1
— [(1 + 9) + 2(4)] = 9
=2 x3 = xo+ 3h = 0 + 3(0.1) = 0.3

34. Ans: (a) Euler's first order method is given by

Sol: Given f(x) = x2 — 117 = 0
Yi= yo + h f(xo, yo) = yo + h ( 4
fl(x) = 2x dx jp

Newton — Raphson's formula is = 0 + (0.1) (xo + yo) = 0.1 [0 + 0] = 0.0

f(xk ) Y2= Yi h f(xi, Yi)
X k+l — X k )
Xk = 0.0+(0.1)[0.1+0.0] = 0.0 + 0.01 = 0.01

(Xk -117) Y3 Y2+ h f(x2, Y2)

X k+1 = X k
2X k
= 0.01+ (0.1) [0.2 + 0.01] = 0.01 + 0.021
= 0.031
2.Xk —.X2k +117

2Xk
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37. Ans: (d) h

F(x)dx = - Kyo + yn) + 4(yi +),3 +....
Sol: Given x2 - 13 = f(x) = 0 and xo = 3.5 3
Newton - Raphson formula is
+yn-i) + 2(y2 +y4 +.... + )4,2)]
f(x„)
X n+i = X n (0.25)
0 F(x) dx - [(1 + 0.5) + 4(0.9412
3
X l= X 0 + 0.64) + 2(0.8)]
f l (x0 )
_ (0.25) [1.5 + (1.5812) + 1.6]
2 -13] 3
= 3.5 {(3.5) (...f(x) = 2x)
2(3.5) 0.25
- [3.1 + 6.3248]
= 3.5 - [(12.25) - 13 3
(-0.75) 0.25
= 3.5 - [9.4248]
7 3
24.5+ 0.75 2.3562
XI - - - 0.7854
7 3
25.25 .*. f F(x) dx = 0.7854
7 0
= 3.607
40. Ans: 1.6939
38. Ans: (d) Sol: Given f (x) = x+jc--3= 0 and xo = 2
Sol: We know that the Simpson's 1/3rd rule (or)
Simpson's rule is fl (x) = 1 + 1

f f(x) dx = - [(Yo -Fyn) + 4(yi +y3 Newton - Raphson formula is

a 3
) f(x n
+.... + yn-1) + 2(y2 +y4 +.... +yn-2)] X n+1 = X n fi(xn)

39. Ans: (a) f(X 0 )

= X 0 fi (x 0 )
Sol: Given
xo = 0 xi = 0.25
(2 + Ahr -3)
x2 =0.50 x3 = 0.7 X4 = 1 2
71+ 1
Yo =1 y1 = 0.9412
2j-i)
y2 = 0.8 y4 = 0.5
y3 = 0.64
and h = 0.25 = 1.6939
Simpson's rule (or) Simpson's 1/3rd rule is x i =1.6939
given by

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41. Ans: (a) a

gx, = —gkx,,x2 )
Sol: Given f(x) = x2
fl (x) = 2x a
gx = —gyq,x2 )
Newton - Raphson formula is 2 ax2
f(x ; ) [10x2 cos xi lOsinx,
x1+1 = x;
fi(xi) Jo =
10x2 sin x, 20x2 — 10 COS Xi (
,x2o
N
= x; ) [10 0
2x; =
Jo 0 10
2x i2 +N
2x,
43. Ans: (c)
Ni Sol:
)(Aril = +
2 x; x 1 2 3
1
y= - 1 0.5 0.3333
42. Ans: (b) x
Sol: Given 10 x2 sin xi - 0.8 = 0
10x22 -10 x2 cos xi - 0.6 = 0 i.e. xo = 0 xi = 2 X2 = 3
yo = 1 yi = 0.5 y2 = 0.3333
and xi() = 0.0, X20 = 1.0
and h = 1
let f(xi, x2) = 10x2 sin xi - 0.8 = 0
and g(xi , x2) = 10 x22 -10x2 cos xi - 0.6= 0 Simpson's rule is
be the system of non-linear equations in dx = — [(Yo + yn) + 4(yi + y3 +. • ••
X1 & X2 Y 3
Then the Jacobian matrix T is given by +yn-i) + 2(y2 +..... +yn-2)]
fx, fX2
Jk = dx = h— [(yo +y2) + 4(y1)]
g 3
gX2 (Xik 1X2k )
1
=-
3 [(1 + 0.3333) + 4(0.5)]
f X2
1
Jo =
g x, gX2 1(Xio 3.3333
.X20 )
3
Where f = a f(x, , x2 ),
ax, d=1.1111
a A.,xi ,x2 )
fx 2 a
x2

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44. Ans: (d) 46. Ans: (d)

Sol:
d —=— 2xy2 =f(x,y)
Sol: —Y
x 0.5 1 1.5 dx
1 2 1 2 f(0, 1)=0
f(x) = — —
x 3
YID = yo + hf (xo, Yo )
= 1+0.2(0) =1
By Simpson's rule
1.5
fl Yi= Yo + —h [f(x0, Y0)+f(xi , Y1
— dx = — (yo + 4 Yi + Y2) 2
0
x 3
0.2 f
=1+-0 -0.4)=0.96
= 1(2 + 4 + 0.666) 2
6
= 1.111 47. Ans: (d)
By direct integration
I5 48. Ans: 0.52 to 0.55
dx = log e3
X (b — a) ha m
05 Sol: E error
180
= 1.0986
Where M is maximum value of If (x) in
Estimated value — Exact value
= 1.1111 — 1.0986 the interval (0,4)
= 0.012 From the given integral, the given function
is f(x)=x4 +10,a=0,b=4 &h=1
45. Ans: (c)
f (x) = 24
Sol: Given f(x) = x3+2x-1 = 0
f' (x) = 3x + 2x • M = 24
96
The given initial value is xo = 1.2 cam' = 180 0.533
The Newton-Raphson iterative formula is
given by 49. Ans: (d)
f(x) Sol: By Trapezoidal Rule, we have
= x. f (x , f (xo)# 0
',,)
f(x)dx Ryo + ylo )+ 2(yi + y2 + + y9)]
& n = 0, 1,2,..... 2

f(x.) Given [a, b] = [0, 3] From the table, we have

X= X 0
f(x.) h = 0.3 — b —a
[(1.2)3 + 2(1.2)-1]
= 1.2 = 3-0= 0.3
3(1.2)2 +2
10
= 0.705
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0 52. Ans: 1.16

.*. 0 f(x)dx =—R0
3 / + + 2(0.09+0.36+0.81
2 Sol:
+1.44+2.25+3.24+4.41+5.76+7.29+9)] X 1 2 3
1 1 1
= 9.045
3' = x- 1 -
2 -3
50. Ans: 1.1
3 h
b-a 2 x dx = 2 [(yo + y2 ) + 2y1 ]
Sol: Let a = -1, b = 1 and h = = then
3 3
1
1+ I3 + 2 x -1-= 1.16
x -1
1
-3
1
-
3 1 11 ) 2

1 1
Y =IxI 1 -3 -3 1 53. Ans: (b)
Sol: The Numerical methods described the
corresponding applications.
...fix idx = -2-[(Yo ± Y3) + 2(Yi y2)]
54. Ans: 0.06
2
Sol: f '(x) = ex
3
= )[(1+1)+ 2G
1+i
1 )1
2 f(x0 ) re -1) = 1
x, = xo - =1
fi(x0 ) e ) e
10
= — =1.11...
3 f(x1 )
x 2 = x1
f'(x, )
51. Ans: 1.7532 ielie -1
1
Sol: = 0.06
X 3.4 3.7 4.0
e e lie
2.5 2.8 3.1

Iog(2.5) log(2.8) log(3.1) log(3.4) log(3.7) log(4.0)

y=legx
=0.916 =1.03 =1.131 =1.224 =1.308 =1.386 55. Ans: (b)
Yo Yi Y2 Y3 Y4 Ys Sol: Let N = 3-1)-
( x3 = N

4
Let f(x) = x3 - N = 0
log x dx = [(yo + Y5) + 2(3/1 + y2 + y3 + y4 )] f '(x) = 3 x2
z5
2
f(xn )
0.3 X n+i = X n
= —[2.302 + 2(4.693)] fs(x n )

= 1.7532 (x n — N)
= xn
3x n2
( 3
= 1 2x n
3 x 2n

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56. Ans: 0.54 58. Ans: 0.73

Sol: Let f(x) = (5x — 2 cos x — 1) Sol: Let f(x) = x2 — sin x
f '(x) = 5 + 2 sin x f(x) = 2x — cos x
Apply Newton-Raphson method iteration Xo =

formula f(x0 )
.•. x, = x n
f(x n ) f ,(xo)
X n+1 = x -n ff (xn)
1— sinl
Let xo = 1 then xi = 0.5631 2 — cosl
x2 = 0.5426, x3 = 0.5425 = 0.8915
f(xl )
57. Ans: (d)
dx
Sol: Given that — = (4t + 4) [ 1— sin(0.89)
at = 0.8915
2 — cos(0.89)
At t = 0, x = xo = 0
h = 0.2, f(t, x) = (4t + 4) = 0.73 (approximately)

By R-K fourth order method 59. Ans: 20

1 Sol: ydx =- Ryo +y 2 )+4y1 ]
x1 = X0 +- (K1 +2K2 + 2K3 +K4 ) 3
where, = 3[(2 + 4) + (4 x 6)] (h = x2 —xi = 2)
Ki = h f(to , xo)
= 0.2 X 4 = 0.8 =3[6+24]

K 2 = hf(t o ± ±,X
1 0 = 30 = 20
2 3
=(0.2) [ 4(0 + 0.1) + 4] =0.88
60. Ans: (a)
K 3 = hf(t o + 11 ,x 0 + Zzl Sol: Let f(x) = k (x — 1) (x — 2) (x — 3) (k 0)
2
Now f(0) and f(4) have opposite signs.
= (0.2) [4(0 + 0.1) + 4] = 0.88
f(0). f(4) < 0
K 4 = hf(t o + h,X o +K 3 )

= (0.2) [4(0+0.2) + 4] = 0.96 61. Ans: (a)

1 Sol: Let f(x) = (0.75 x3 — 2x2 — 2x + 4) = 0
x i = 0 + —[0.8+ 2(0.88) + 2(0.88) + 0.96]
6 f '(x) = (2.25 x3 — 4x — 2)
given xo = 2
= 0.88

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f (x 0 ) = 0 22
x1 = X0 — = 5-
fAx0 ) 31
Similarly x2 = 2, x3 = 0, x4 = 2, x5 = 0 .... = 4.29
The iterations will not converge to root.
64. Ans: (a)
62. Ans: (c) Sol: In trapezoidal rule the integral f(x) is
approximated with a polynomial of degree 0
Sol: In Trapezoidal rule, to evaluate x2dx we or 1 (a straight line). The straight line
a
segments lie above the parabola y = x2 as
have to approximate the curve by straight
shown in the figure by using trapezoidal
line segments and we have to evaluate the
rule
areas of corresponding trapeziums. For the
Hence J > I
curve y = x2, if we join any two points on
Correct option: (c)
the curve, the straight line joining the two
points lies above the curve, therefore the
value of the integral is greater than or equal
to exact value. But Simpson's rule gives the
exact value of the integral if f(x) is a
polynomial function of degree 3 .
Option (c) is correct
65. Ans: 2.33
Sol: Let f (x) = (x2 — 4x + 4)
f(x) = (2x — 4)
=3
f (xo )
xl = x0
f'(xo )
= 2.5
xo = 3, xi = 2.5
f(x0) = f(3) = 1 and
63. Ans: 4.3
f(xi) = f(2.5) = 0.25
Sol: f(x) = (x3 — 5x2 + 6x — 8)
f(x) = (3x2 — 10x + 6) ... By Secant method
f(x n ) x0f(x1 )— xif (X 0 )
Xn+1 = Xn X2 —
f'(x n ) f(x1 )—f(x0 )
f(x0 ) = 2.33
= xo
fl(xo )
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66. Ans: 0.33 69. Ans: 22

Sol: f(x) = (— 2 + 6x — 4x2 + 0.5x3) OA hr
Sol: f f(x)dx = + Y4) + 2(Yi + y2 Y3)]
f(x) = (6 — 8x — 1.5x2)
xo = 0 0.1r
= — K0+160)+2(10+ 40+90)]
f(x.) „ (-2) 1
=x =v = 22
f'(x.) 6 3

= ( — 0) = 0.33 70. Ans: 0.6931

1 Sol:
x 1 3
67. Ans: 1.367 f(x) 0 21n2
Sol: Yo Yi
x 0 0.4 0.8
f(x) 0.2 2.456 0.232 2 f
Yo Yl Y2 f xenx dx = —2 or° + y1 )
ox
r = (2 1n 2) = 0.6931
f f(x )dx = — KY0 + Y2) + 4(Y1)1
0 3

= [(0.2 + 0.232) + 4(2.456) 71. Ans: 0.3044

Sol: f(x) = (x3 + 2x2 + 3x — 1)
=1.367 f '(x) = (3x2 + 4x + 3)
f(x )
68. Ans: 2 Xn+ 1 = Xn

Sol:
xo = 1
1
x 0 — 1 f(x0 )
2
9 39 12
f(x) 5 20 —5 = 1-- =5 =0.5
Yo Yl Y2
10
X 2 = X1 f (X1) = O. 3 043
r f )
fo
f(x) = — Ky, + Y2) + 4Y]
3
_ 1 9 +_12 )+ 4(31 72. Ans: (d)
6 [L5 5) 20 Sol: In numerical integration for Simpson's rule,
=2 the integrand function f(x) is approximated
by quadratic polynomial i.e
Parabola.
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73. Ans: (c) k2 = hf(xo + h,yo+ k1)

Sol: If f(x) is continuous and does not have a root = 0.1 [1.1+2(0.1) — (0.1)2]
in [a, b] then the curve y = f(x) does not = 0.129
interest co-ordinate axes. 1
k = — [k1 +k2 ]
Therefore, The curve y = f(x) completely lie
in only one of the 4 quadrants. 1
= — [0.1+ 0.129] = 0.1145
Hence, f(a) and f(b) should have same sign 2
f(a).f(b) > 0 Y[x0 + h] = yo + k = 1.1145
Exact solution = y(0.1) = (0.1)2 +
74. Ans: 5 = 1.1151
0 [1 11121 Error = 0.0006
Sol: Let [2 21 = -111
4 9] L/21 122 ] LO 1 0006
.*. % error = 0. x100 = 0.0538
Equating the corresponding elements on 1.1151
both sides,
77. Ans: 1.564
2= 111
2 =/11. U12 Sol: Let f(x) = x— 10cos(x) & xo = (-)
4
4 =121
9 = 21 U12 + 1 22 Then f'(x) =1 +10 sin(x)
Solving, we get 122 =5 f(x0 )
XI = xo r(x0)

75. Ans: 308 to 310 IC 10

20
4 N5
Sol: Required distance = f v dt
4 10
1+
VL
2 (0 + 0)+ 4(10+ 25+32+11+ 2)
3 +2(18+ 29+ 20+5) 7+ (6.2857)
4 (8.0711)
(By Simpsons I rule)
3 = 1.5641
= 309.33 km
78. Ans: (— 6)
76. Ans: 0.06 Sol: Let x + 2y +3z = 5
dy 2x+ 3y +z= 1
Sol: = y + 2x — x2 y(0) = 1,0 x < 00
dx 3x+2y + z = 3 and
Given f (x, y) = y + 2x — x2, xo = 0, X0 = 0, yo = 0, zo = 0

yo = 1, h = 0.1
ki= hf (xo, yo) = 0.1[1] = 0.1
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V, Engineering Publications : 371: Numerical Methods

Then first iteration will be By Exact method (Direct integration), we

x1 = x1 = 5- 2yo - 3zo have
= 5 - 0 -0 = 5 rz

I = f (sin(x)+ cos(x))dx
x2 = yi = 1(1-2x, -zo )
3
= [- cos(x)+ sin x]o
1
= -(1-10 -0)=-3
3 = cos(0) - cos(n) + sin (n) - sin 0
x3 = zi = 3 - 3x1 -2yi = 1- (-1) = 2 (Exact value)
= 3 - 15 + 6 = -6 Error = Exact value - approximate value
x3 - -6 = 2 - 1.813799364
= 0.1862
79. Ans: (a)
Sol: Trapezoidal rule gives exact value, if f(x) is 81. Ans: (c)
a polynomial function of degree 1. i.e., Sol: Let f(x) = x3 +x -1 and xo =1
linear. Then f'(x) = 3x2 +1
f(x0 )
80. Ans: 0.1862 x, = xo f
,
(x0)
rz

Sol: I = f (sin x + cos x)dx (1+1-1)

=1 = 0.75
(3 +1)
it 2TC
X 0 it
3 3
82. Ans: (b)
-Nid-1 V-3--1 -1
f(x) 1 Sol: Let f(x) = 2sin x - x
2 2
f'(x) = 2 cos x - 1
b-a Let xo = 2
h=
n f(xo) = 2 sin 2 - 2
TC — 0 it f '(x0) = 2 cos 2 - 1
3 3 0)
By Newtons formula x1 = xo f (x
By trapezoidal rule, we have f ( xo )
rz
hr = 2 - 0.099
f f(x)dx = -1(y
2 0 + y3 )+ 2(y, +y2)]
0 = 1.901

---7-1(1-1)+2 (/3-+1 + ji--11

6 2 2
= 1.813799364 (approximate value)

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'5 Engineezing Publications : 372: Engineering Mathematics
41.

83. Ans: 0.3601 85. Ans: 0.66

Sol:Let f(x) = 3x - + sin x
Sol: dY = -3y + 2, y(0) = 1
f (x) = 3 - ex + cos x dx
f (0.333) = 3 (0.333) - e0333 + sin (0.333) If 11 - 3hI < 1 then solution of differential
= 0.999 - 1.3951 + 0.3268 equation is stable
= - 0.0693 - 1 < 1 < -3h < 1
f'(0.333) = 3 - e°333+ cos (0.333) - 2 < - 3h < 0
= 3 - 1.3951 +0.9450 0 < 3h < 2
= 2.5499 0<h<
3
f(xo )
x i = xo If 0 < h < 0.66 then we get stable
fi(x0 )
The largest step size h = 0.66
x, = 0.333 f(0.333)
f'(0.333)
86.
.*. xl - 0.333 + 0.0693 Sol: Let f(x) = x3 + x-1, xo = 1
2.5499
f(x) = 3x2 + 1
= 0.333 + 0.02717
= 0.3601 The first approximation is
f(x0 ) f(1)
84. Ans: (b) x =x =1
° fixo) r(1)
Sol: By Tayler series
1
- / =1-
2!0)2 f"0)
Let f(x) = f(0)+ (x - 0)f'(0)+(x 4
3
(1) 4
f (x) = x3 -3x2 -5 f (0)= -5 = 0.75
fi(x)= 3x2 -6x f1 (0)= 0 The second approximation is
f'(x) = 6x - 6 f "(0) = - 6 f(xi )
X2 = X (x )
Substituting in (1), we get 1 f'

= 0.75 f(0.75)
f(x) = - 5 + x(0)+ (- 6)
2 f'(0.75)
= -3x 2 -5 0.1718
= 0.75
2.6875
= 0.75 - 0.0639
x2 = 0.6861

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ngineez
iog Publications : 373: Numerical Methods

87. 88.
Sol: du 2
S01: — = 3t +1, u(0)=0, h = At = 2
x 0 0.5 1 dt

y 3 4 5 du = (3t2 + 1) dt
Jdu = J (3t2 + 1) dt
1 11-=t3 +t+c (1)
Where, h = — = 0.5
2 u(0)= 0 : (1) 0=C
(1)= u = t3 + t
Using Trapezoidal rule,
Now, at t = 2, u = 23 + 2 = 10 is the exact
f(x)dx = —
1-1 [(yo + y2 + 2(y, )] solution
Jo
2 The first approximation is
ui = u0 + hf(t0, u0), where f(t, u) = 3t2 + 1
=1 + 5) + 2(4)]
4 = 0 + 2 f(0, 0)
=4 = 2(1)
ui = 2 is the numeral solution
Using simpson's rule (or) approximate solution
Error=lexact solution— approximate solution]
co f(x)dx = Kyo + y2 )+ 4y, ]
3 =110 — 21
1r =8
= — [8 +16] =4
6
The difference between the two results
=0

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