Contents

Preface page vii Image quality 90

Acknowledgments ix Equipment 95
Clinical use 98
Biologic effects and safety 102
1 Introduction to digital image Future expectations 104
processing 1
Digital images 1 5 Nuclear medicine imaging 105
Image quality 2 Introduction 105
Basic image operations 4 Radionuclides 105
Interaction of γ-photons and particles
2 Radiography 14 with matter 108
Introduction 14
Data acquisition 108
X-rays 14
Imaging 111
Interaction with matter 16
Image quality 116
X-ray detectors 17
Equipment 117
Dual-energy imaging 21
Clinical use 122
Image quality 23
Biologic effects and safety 124
Equipment 24
Future expectations 125
Clinical use 25
Biologic effects and safety 27
Future expectations 32 6 Ultrasound imaging 128
Introduction 128
3 X-ray computed tomography 33 Physics of acoustic waves 128
Introduction 33 Generation and detection of
X-ray detectors in CT 34 ultrasound 137
Imaging 35 Gray scale imaging 138
Cardiac CT 46 Doppler imaging 141
Dual-energy CT 48 Image quality 145
Image quality 49 Equipment 149
Equipment 53 Clinical use 152
Clinical use 58 Biologic effects and safety 155
Biologic effects and safety 59 Future expectations 156
Future expectations 63
7 Medical image analysis 159
4 Magnetic resonance imaging 64 Introduction 159
Introduction 64 Manual analysis 160
Physics of the transmitted signal 64 Automated analysis 160
Interaction with tissue 68 Computational strategies for automated
Signal detection and detector 71 medical image analysis 163
Imaging 72 Pixel classification 166

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 Contents

Geometric model matching using a Virtual reality 205

transformation matrix 170 User interaction 207
Flexible geometric model matching 175 Intraoperative navigation 208
Validation 186 Augmented reality 214
Future expectations 189 Future expectations 218

8 Visualization for diagnosis

and therapy 190 Appendix A: Linear system theory 219
Introduction 190 Appendix B: Exercises 232
2D visualization 192 Bibliography 246
3D rendering 192 Index 248

vi

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