UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN MECHANICAL

Program : EM 220 SARJANA MUDA KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL

Kursus : Thermofluids Lab (Makmal Termobendalir)
Kod Kursus : MEC454
Pensyarah : Cik Sufia Binti Abdul Rahman

Laporan Makmal

Tajuk Ujikaji

Determination Of Jet Velocity And Nozzle Efficiency

Bil. Nama Pelajar No. Kad Pelajar Tanda Tangan

1. MUHAMAD IZZAT IHSAN BIN PUZER 2016229376

2. MUHAMMAD HAZIQ BIN MOHD PAZLI 2016229324

MUHAMMAD FARIS FIRDAUS BIN
3. 2016229444
MUHAMMAD FAKHRI
4. MUHAMMAD AFHAM BIN SYIHABUDDIN 2016229408

5. MUHAMMAD AQMAL BIN MOHD NOR 2016218384

Sesi Amali : ______________ Pengesahan Staf : _______________

(Tarikh) (Tanda Tangan)

Penyerahan Laporan : _______________ Pengesahan Staf : _______________

(Tarikh) (Tanda Tangan)

1
 TABLE OF CONTENT

No Content Page

1 INTRODUCTION 3

2 OBJECTIVE OF THE EXPERIMENT 3

3 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 4

4 APPARATUS 6

5 PROCEDURE 8

6 DATA AND CALCULATION 9

7 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 11

8 REFERENCE

9 APPENDIX

2
1. INTRODUCTION
Nozzles are suitably shaped passages in which a fluid accelerates as its pressure decreases.
If the fluid is “compressible”, (i.e. a gas or vapour), very high velocities can be obtained with
quite moderate pressure ratios, (e.g. the local speed of sound when the pressure is
approximately halved).Nozzles are vital components in a wide variety of engineering
applications, such as turbines, Jet Propulsion, Rockets and Ejectors.The high velocity jet of
fluid leaving a nozzle may be used in several ways:

For a turbine:
Kinetic energy stored in the fluid forms the energy available to the
blades or the rotor for conversion to shaft work.

For rockets and jet propulsion:

Change of momentum associated with the velocity changes in the nozzle provides most of the
propulsion force.

For ejectors and injectors:

Changes of momentum of the jet, with its entrained fluid, is used to bring about the desired
pressure changes.

The Ideal Nozzle And Nozzle Efficiency:

Flow through a perfect nozzle would be reversible, (i.e. without heat transfer and without
frictional effects, shocks, etc.), and will therefore be isentropic. If thermodynamic data
related to the fluid is known, the theoretical velocities and other relationships for an
isentropic nozzle may be calculated. Due to the effects of friction, uncontrolled expansion,
shocks etc., the velocity of the jet of fluid leaving a nozzle will be lower than that from an
ideal nozzle.

2. OBJECTIVES

The objective of this experiment is to study relationship (at constant inlet pressure) between:

1 .Air mass flow rate,

2. Nozzle efficiency and back pressure for various nozzle profile.

3
 3.THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Pressure ratio,
P2
rp = ( ratio of outlet and inlet absolute pressures)
P1

Nozzle efficiency,
Actual KE at nozzle exit V2a2
η
* N = =
Isentropic KE at nozzle exit V2s2

h
P1 ( inlet pressure)

1
Isentropic process
Actual process

P2 (exit pressure)
2s S
2a
2s

Finding the actual velocity :

Air injet,
V2a

Note that the air has no axial velocity when it leaves the impact head.

From Newton’s Second Law, the force exerted ( in axial direction ) is equal to the rate of
change of momentum ( in the same direction ).
.
∴ F = m V2
.
V2a = F / m

Finding isentropic velocity :

2
4
 inlet exit

Energy balance equation between 1 and 2 :

V V
2 s2 12
( − )
q–w = ( h 2s −h1 ) + 2 2 +g ( z 1 −z2 ) …………… [ 1 ]

q = 0 ( adiabatic ) w = 0 ( no work transfer )

Δ ( gz ) = negligible for gas and small difference in height.

V12 = negligible compared to V22

V2s2
∴ Pav
Eqn 1 become 2 = h1 – h2s = C (T1 – T2s) for perfect gas

V2s = √2 C Pav (T 1 − T 2 s ) ……… [ 2 ]

2γ

= √ γ−1
R
( T 1 −T 1 r
( γ−1
p
γ ) )
γ −1

= √ 2γ
γ−1
R T1 (1 − rpγ )
Note that,

Cp = Cv + R
Cp Cp

=
γ
+ R
[ ∵ γ ¿
Cv ]
1
⇒
Cp (1 −
γ ) ¿ R

γ −1
⇒
Cp ( ) γ
¿ R

5
 γ
Cp ¿ R
⇒ γ−1 ……….. [ 3 ]

Finding theoretical air mass flow rate

.
m ¿ ρ A V ¿ ρ2 A 2 V 2 s

For perfect gas P ¿ ρ R T

P2
ρ2 ¿
⇒ RT 2 s

4. APPARATUS

THE HILTON NOZZLE PERFORMANCE TEST UNIT

This unit has been specifically designed to allow students to investigate the performance of a
range of nozzles ( i ) as kinetic energy producers, and ( ii ) as thrust producers. Since the unit
works on air at ambient temperature it stabilizes immediately and its energy consumption is
only the energy input needed to drive a relatively small compressor.

MAIN COMPONENT

Chamber : Stainless steel, 50mm dia. And approx. 300mm long,

T shaped. End cover secured by stainless steel bolts and
sealed by ‘O’ ring. The chamber is fitted with a drain
valve.

Nozzles : Throat diameter 2.0mm (nominal). One convergent.

Four convergent-divergent with Exit Are/Throat Area
ratios of 1.2, 1.4, 1.6 and 2.0 respectively. Divergence
10° (included).

Pressure Gauges : Two, 0 to 1100 kN m-2, to measure inlet and chamber

pressures.

Thermometers : Three mercury-in-glass, 150mm long – to measure inlet

and chamber temperatures.

Flow Meter : Variable area type meter to measure air flow – range 1.0
to 9.0 gramme s-1. Calibrated for a standard atmosphere.
Corrections are supplied for other conditions.

6
Valves : Diverter Valve – to direct air to a nozzle mounted in the
wall of the chamber (for nozzle efficiency test), OR to
the hollow cantilever (for jet reaction test).

Needle Valve – to given fine control of nozzle inlet

pressure.

Back Pressure Valve – to control the pressure in the

chamber.

100 kN m-2 = 1 bar = 14.5 1bf/in2

HILTON NOZZLE PERFORMANCE

TEST MACHINE

NOZZLES WITH
VARIATION OF SIZE

7
5. PROCEDURE

1. Close the air inlet control valve and open the chamber pressure control valve. Before
proceeding further, ensure that the contacts are clean, that the battery is in good condition and
that the impact head is fitted to the end of the cantilever. Also, check that the micrometer dial
has been correctly zeroed and that a cantilever load / deflection graph is available.

2. Unscrew the knurled nut at the top right hand end of the chamber, withdraw the nozzle
mounting sleeve and assemble Nozzle no. 1 into the unit.

3. Turn the diverter valve handle to the upward position.

4. With the chamber pressure control valve fully open, adjust the inlet control valve to give a
constant air inlet pressure 600 kPa gage.

5. Rotate the micrometer adjustment screw until the voltmeter and the lamp indicates that
contact is just made. (Greatest sensitivity is obtained if the screw is adjusted so that the
voltmeter indicates about 0.5V)

6. Record the pressure, temperatures, air mass flow rate and dial reading.

7. Increase the chamber pressure to about 100 kPa gage and repeat the above step.

8. Making sure that the inlet pressure remains constant, repeat the test at other chamber
pressures ( in increments of 100 kPa )

9. Repeat the whole test with other nozzles.

8
6. DATA AND CALCULATION

1.Inlet pressure

Inlet Pressure(absolute) = Inlet Pressure(gauge)+ Patm

= 100+101.35
= 201.35 Kpa
2.Inlet temperature

Inlet temperature(absolute) = Inlet Temperature+273.15

= 24.5+273.15
= 297.65 K
3.Overall pressure ratio

P2
R p=
P1
101.35
=
701.35
= 0.1445

4.Velocity of jet

F
V jet=
m
2.20
= = 424.08 m/s
0.0052

5.Theoretical velocity of jet

γ−1
V theoretical =
√
2γ
γ −1
R T 1 (1−R p γ )

1.4−1
2(1.4)
V theoretical =
√
1.4−1
(287)(297.15)(1−0.1445 1.4
)

= 496.35 m/s

6.Nozzle efficiency

V jet
*η N =
V theoretical
4233.08
=
496.35
= 85.24

9
 NOZZLE 1
Pressure ratio 0.14 0.29 0.43 0.57 0.71 0.86 1.00
Air mass flow rate 0.0052 0.0052 0.0052 0.0050 0.0040 0.0038 0.0024

0.0060

0.0050
Air Mass Flow Rate

0.0040

0.0030

0.0020

0.0010

0.0000
0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10
Pressure Ratio

NOZZLE 1
Pressure ratio 0.14 0.29 0.43 0.57 0.71 0.86 1.00
Nozzle efficiency 85.24 92.36 84.58 92.41 94.44 58.36 0.00

100
90
80
70
Nozzle Efficiency

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Pressure Ratio

10
7. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

MUHAMMAD AQMAL BIN MOHD NOR

2016218384
Discussion
An experiment is conducted to study the relationship of air mass flow rate and nozzle
with pressure ratio for various nozzle profile at constant inlet pressure. Based on the result
obtained for nozzle efficiency and pressure ratio,a graph is plotted for three different nozzle
profile with diameter of 2 mm, 2.8 mm and 4 mm.For nozzle 1 with diameter of 2 mm, the
graph shows nozzle efficiency is increased as well as decrease in early experiment before
decreasing permanently at the end of experiment. For nozzle 3 and 5 with diameter of 2.8
mm and 4 mm,shows similar relation where both decrease steadily at start but increase
slightly before decreasing completely as presure ratio increased.

From the data gathered for air mass flow rate and pressure ratio, a graph is plotted for
3 various nozzle profile with diameter of 2 mm, 2.8 mm and 4 mm. For nozzle 1 with
diameter of 2 mm, the graph shows air mass flow rate is constant up to certain value of
pressure ratio and followed by slightly decreasing.Then, it stays constant before decreasing
completely as pressure ratio increased. For nozzle 3 and 5 with diameter of 2.8 mm and 4
mm,shows similar relation where both air mass flow rate constant up to certain value of
pressure ratio and decreasing entirely as the pressure ratio increased.

We can conclude that we do not have to correct the value of air mass flow rate
because the value of flow meter correction, k=1. This cause us to use the original value of air
mass flow rate that we gathered for calculation purposed.The value of theoretical air mass
flow rate is greater than that we get. While taking the reading, the scale was constantly
moving and changing. Hence, this prohibited us to obtained actual value for air mass flow
rate.From the graph plotted, as air mass flow rate at maximum value, the value for pressure
ratio is generally small.If the pressure ratio is reduced further, the air mass flow rate will stay
at maximum value. Based from the graph, when the efficiency is at lowest, the pressure ratio
is equal to one.

11
Conclusion

As a concusion, the experiment is carried out to study the relationship for air mass
flow rate and nozzle efficiency with pressure ratio at constant inlet pressure.We have
successfully achieved the objective with our experiment. From the graph of nozzle efficiency
against pressure ratio drawn, we can conclude for all three nozzle that the graph decrease and
increased slightly before decreasing completely as the pressure ratio increased to the value
of one.We can also conclude that at zero efficiency the value of pressure ratio is equal to one.

For graph of air mass flow rate against pressure ratio,we can conclude that for all the
three nozzle the graph is constant at the early experiment but decrease steadily as value of air
mass flow rate decreased while value of pressure ratio increased.We could also conclude that
the value of air mass flow rate will decrease as the pressure ratio value is near to one.

12
8. REFERENCE

13
APPENDIX

14