GTU Paper Analysis

Chapter 5 – Pressure Vessels

May – 16

May – 17

May – 18
Nov – 16

May - 19
Dec – 15

Nov - 17

Nov - 18
Sr.
Questions
No.

Theory
1. Explain Clavarino’s and Birnie’s equation in detail. 07
Explain autofrettage for cylinders (or What is pre-stressing the cylinder? What are the various methods used
2. 03 03 04
for it?).
3. Explain Area compensations for nozzles. 04
State the different equations used for the design of thick cylinder subjected to internal pressure based on
4. 07
materials and end conditions.
5. Explain various types of ends used for pressure vessels giving practical applications of each. 07 04
6. What are the types of end closures used for cylindrical pressure vessels? Explain any one with neat sketch. 04
In case of pressure vessels having open ends, the fluid pressure indices
7. 01
(a) longitudinal stress (b) circumferential stress(c) shear stress (d) none of these
In a thick cylinder shell subjected to internal pressure ‘p’, the maximum radial stress at the outer surface of
8. the shell is 01
(a) zero (b) p (c) -p (d) 2p
Lame’ s equation is derived based on
9. (a) maximum principal stress theory(b) maximum strain theory 01
(c) maximum shear stress theory(d) maximum distortion energy theory
Birnie’s equation is applicable to
10.(a) open cylinders made of ductile material(b) closed cylinders made of ductile material 01
(c) cylinders made of brittle material(d) open cylinders made of brittle material

Design of Machine Elements (2151907)

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
 GTU Paper Analysis
11.Drive the Lame’s equation for thick cylinders. 04
12.When pressure vessel is said to be a thin cylindrical shell? 01
13.Define Longitudinal Stress. 01
14.On which type of stress the design of pressure vessel is based on? 01
15.What are the important points to be considered while designing the pressure vessels? 03

16.Distinguish between circumferential stress and longitudinal stress in a cylindrical shell, when subjected to 04
internal pressure.
17.Compare the stress distribution in thin and thick walled pressure vessels. 03
18.What are the objectives of providing openings in pressure vessels? 03
19.Explain different types of supports used for pressure vessels. 04
20.What are the design criteria and failure modes in pressure vessels? 03
21.Explain the design procedure with mathematical formulations for pressure vessels. 04
22.Explain pre-stressing of cylinders and its importance in pressure vessels design. 03

23.Explain the area compensations method to determine the area of reinforcement fora nozzle opening with 04
neat sketch.
24.What is pre-stressing? Why is it required in pressure vessels 03
25.Derive the equation of hoop stress and longitudinal stress for thin cylinder. 07
26.Explain any two types of end covers used in pressure vessels. 03
27.Which theory of failure is used while designing a pressure vessel? Why? 03

28.Derive the relation to determine the cylinder thickness based on maximum shear stress theory and maximum 04
distortion energy theory.
29.Derive the expression of resultant load in terms of stiffness on the bolted assembly of Cylinder –Head-Gasket 03
joints.
30.Explain the area compensations method to determine the area of reinforcement for a nozzle opening with 04
neat sketch.
Examples

Design of Machine Elements (2151907)

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
 GTU Paper Analysis
A cast iron pipe of internal diameter 200 mm and thickness of 50mm carrieswater under a pressure of 5
1. N/mm2. Calculate the tangential and radial stressesat Radiuses (r)=100 mm; 110 mm; 130 mm; 140 mm and 07
150 mm. Sketch thestress distribution curves.
The piston rod of a hydraulic cylinder exerts pressure of 10 MPa. The internaldiameter of the cylinder is 350
mm. The C.I. cover plate of thickness 15 mm isfixed to the cylinder by means of 8 bolts with a nominal
2. diameter of 16 mm andzinc gasket of 5 mm thickness. The bolts are made of steelFeE350(σy = 350 07
N/mm2).The flange thickness is 15 mm. Each bolt is initiallytightened with a pre-load of 18 kN. Determine
factor of safety of the boltsconsidering the effect of the gasket. Assume E for steel= 207 GPa; E for castiron
=100 GPa; E for Zinc=90 GPa.
A cylinder of 50 mm inner radius is subjected to an internal pressure Pi. What is thethickness, if the
3. maximum hoop stress calculated by thick cylinder formula is10% greater than value obtained assuming 07
uniform hoop stress across the wholesection? By how much does the minimum hoop stress differ?
A high pressure cylinder consists of steel tube with 20 mm and 40 mm as inner and outer diameter
respectively. It is jacketed by outer steel tube with 60 mm outer diameter. The tubes are assembled by
4. 07 07
shrinking process in such a way that the maximum principal tensile stress in any tube is restricted to 100
N/mm2. Find the shrinkage pressure and original dimension of the tube. Take E = 207 KN/mm2.
A high pressure cylinder consists of an inner cylinder of inner and outer diametersof 200and 300 mm
respectively. It is jacketed by an outer cylinder with an outsidediameter of 400 mm. The difference between
5. the outer diameter of the inner cylinderand the inner diameter of the jacket before assembly is 0.25 mm (E = 07
207 kN/mm2).Calculate the shrinkage pressure and the maximum tensile stress induced in any ofthe
cylinders.
The piston rod of a hydraulic cylinder exerts an operating force of 10 KN. The friction due to piston packing
6. and stuffing box is 10 % of operating force. The pressure in the cylinder is 10 N/mm2. The cylinder is made of 07
cast iron FG200 and factor of safety is 5. Determine diameter and thickness of the cylinder.
A steel tank for shipping gas is to have an inside diameter of 200 mm and a length of 1000 mm. The gas
pressure is 10.5 N/mm2. The permissible stress is to be 56 MPa.
7. 04
(a) Determine the required wall thickness, using the thin cylinder equation.
(b) Determine the thickness using Clavarino’s equation.
A thick cylinder having 120 mm external diameter and 60 mm internal diameter is subjected to an internal
8. fluid pressure of 15 MPa and external fluid pressure of 6 MPa. Determine the resultant hoop and radial 07
stresses at inner and outer surface of cylinder. Also sketch curves showing the stresses distribution.

Design of Machine Elements (2151907)

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
 GTU Paper Analysis
An accumulator is required to store 150 liters of water at a pressure 20 MPa. Assuming the length of stroke to
be 3 meter, determine:
9. (a) The diameter of the ram. 03
(b) The internal diameter of the cylinder, assuming a clearance of 40 mm.
(c) The thickness of the cylinder, if the permissible stress of the cylinder (made of CI) is 60 N/mm 2.
A shrink fit assembly formed by shrinking one tube over another, is subjected to an internal pressure of 60
N/mm2. Before the fluid is admitted, the internal and the external diameters of the assembly are 120 mm and
10.200 mm and the diameter of the junction is 160 mm. If after shrinking on, the contact pressure at the junction 07
is 8 N/mm2, Determine using Lame’s equations, stresses at the inner, mating and outer surfaces of the
assembly after the fluid has been admitted.
A closed vessel is to be designed to withstand an internal pressure of 5 MPa having inside diameter of 450
11.mm. The properties of the vessel material are yield strength is 300 MPa, ultimate tensile strength is 500 MPa, 07
Poisson’s ratio = 0.3. Determine the required wall thickness of the vessel using a factor of safety of 1.5 based
on yield strength on the basis of i) maximum principal stress theory, ii) maximum shear stress theory.
The cover of a cylindrical pressure vessel made of cast iron. The inner diameter of the cylinder is 500 mm and
the internal pressure is limited to 2 MPa. The cover is fixed to the cylinder by means of 16 bolts with a
nominal diameter of 20 mm. Each bolt is initially tightened with a preload of 20 kN. The bolts are made of
12.steel FeE 250 having yield stress = 250 N/mm 2. The Youngs module of elasticity for steel, cast iron and zinc is 07
207 kN/mm2, 100 kN/mm2and kN/mm2 respectively. Determine the factor of safety for bolts considering the
effect of the gasket. Assume thickness of cylinder cover, cylinder flange and zinc gasket is 25 mm, 25 mm and
5 mm respectively.
A pressure vessel consists of a cylindrical shell with an inside diameter of 1650 mm, which is closed by
torispherical heads with a crown radius of 1300 mm. The operating pressure inside the vessel is 1.5 MPa. The
13.yield strength of the material used for the shell and head is 255 N/mm2 and the weld joint efficiency may be 07
assumed to be 0.8. The corrosion allowance is 2 mm. Determine the thickness of the cylindrical shell and the
torispherical head.
A thin spherical shell with a storage capacity of 5000 litres is subjected to internal pressure of 1.5 N/mm 2 .
14.Determine the thickness of the shell. Take allowable stress for shell material = 75N/mm 2 consider joint 04
efficiency 75%.
An accumulator is required to store 175 litres of water at a pressure of 25 N/mm 2 . Assume the length of the
15.stroke to be 3 meter. Determine (1) The diameter of the Ram (2) The internal diameter of the cylinder (3) 04
The thickness of the cylinder if the allowable stress of the cylinder made of cast iron is 60 N/mm2.
16.A hydraulic cylinder with closed ends is subjected to an internal pressure of 15 MPa. The inner and outer 07

Design of Machine Elements (2151907)

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
 GTU Paper Analysis
diameters of the cylinder are 200 mm and 240 mm respectively. The cylinder material is cast iron FG300.
Determine the factor of safety used in design. If the cylinder pressure is further increased by 50%, what will
be the factor of safety?
17.A thick cylinder 120 mm inner diameter and 180 mm outer diameter carries fluid under a pressure of 9 MPa. 07
Find the tangential and radial stresses across the wall and sketch the stress distribution.

Design of Machine Elements (2151907)

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology