2nd IEEE International conference on power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy systems (ICPEICES-2018)

Evaluation of emission characteristics of green diesel

in a single cylinder CI engine

Manu J Nair Vaibhav Pahuja P. Suvesh Dr. Sumit Roy

Department of Mechanical
Engineering
BML Munjal University
Gurgaon, India.
manujnair007@gmail.com
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
BML Munjal University
Gurgaon, India.
vaibhav.pahuja123@gmail.com
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
BML Munjal University
Gurgaon, India.
suvesh98.p@gmail.com
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
BML Munjal University
Gurgaon, India.
sumitroy@hotmail.de

Abstract— This experimentation: Emission characteristics of
Green Diesel is a comparative analysis between the emission
characteristics of Baseline Diesel and Green Diesel – which is a
blend of sunflower biodiesel, diesel, water and additives. The aim
is to verify whether or not this blend of alternative fuel can give a
better result in terms of the emissions of NOx, HCs, CO2 and in
terms of Opacity. To carry out the experiment Sunflower
Biodiesel is used as the primary biodiesel and blended with Diesel
and Water to create ‘Green Diesel’. Compression ratio of the
engine was fixed to 18:1 and the load was varied to check the
emission characteristics. The emission characteristics suggested
that the Green Diesel performs better in terms of NOx emissions
and CO2 emissions while the emission of HCs and the Opacity
were on the higher side when compared to Baseline Diesel.
Keywords— Green diesel, Emissions, Dual-fuel, Baseline
diesel
I. INTRODUCTION
The interest in vitality is expanding at an exponential rate
because of the exponential development of total populace.
Propelled vitality effectiveness innovations lessen the vitality
expected to give vitality administrations, consequently
decreasing natural and national security expenses of utilizing
vitality and possibly expanding its unwavering quality. By
and large, a maintainable vitality framework incorporates
vitality proficiency, vitality dependability, vitality
adaptability, vitality improvement and progression,
consolidated warmth and power (CHP) or cogeneration, fuel
neediness, and ecological effects. The natural effects of
vitality utilize are not new. For a considerable length of time,
wood consuming has added to the deforestation of numerous
regions [1]. Then again, the average qualities of a
maintainable vitality framework can be gotten from political
definitions. A reasonable vitality framework can be
characterized likewise by looking at the execution of various
vitality frameworks regarding maintainability pointers.
Since, by definition, manageable vitality frameworks must
help both human and biological community wellbeing over
the long haul, objectives on decent discharges should look
well into what's to come. They ought to likewise think about
the general population's propensity to request more. A
vitality framework is comprised of a vitality supply area and
vitality end-utilize advances. The protest of the vitality
framework is to convey to shoppers the advantages that
vitality offers. Vitality assumes a crucial part in our regular
day to day existences. The vitality framework regularly
comprises of vitality assets and generation, security,
transformation, utilize, dispersion, and utilization. The
vitality sources have been part into three classifications:
petroleum derivatives, sustainable sources, and atomic
sources. Vitality assets will assume an essential part on the
planet's future. Sustainable power source assets, for example,
biomass, sunlight based, geothermal, and wind vitality can
possibly supply a significant part of vitality necessities in the
coming years. Sustainable power source alludes to fuel
sources more reliably accessible than their fossilized
partners. Vitality change for the most part comprises of
thermochemical and bio-concoction transformation
advancements, control plant, fuel refinery, and vitality
stockpiling. Vitality security implies the accessibility of
vitality constantly in different structures, in adequate
amounts, and at moderate costs. Vitality utilize is firmly
connected to a scope of social issues, including neediness
easing, populace development, and urbanization. Existing
innovation for creating diesel fuel from plant oils, for
example, rapeseed, soybean and palm has focused on
transesterification of oils with methanol to deliver
unsaturated fat methyl esters or biodiesel. The general accord
of these examinations demonstrates that substituting
biodiesel for oil diesel brings about a critical diminishment in
both petroleum product utilization and in addition ozone
harming substance outflows [2]. While it is protected to state
that biodiesel, as a substitute for oil diesel, decreases GHG
outflows; there are quality issues related with its across the
board utilize [3]. Although it has been reported that the
methyl esters have numerous attractive fuel characteristics,
for example, great cetane number and lubricity, the measure
of biodiesel added to an oil diesel mix is regularly
constrained to 5% or less because of poor stockpiling
dependability, minor frosty stream properties, extreme

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 2nd IEEE International conference on power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy systems (ICPEICES-2018)

dissolvability and motor similarity issues [4]. To measure the amount of emission constituting opacity and
Notwithstanding these quality issues, a general vitality adjust exhaust gas, we use emission measurement system. It
that incorporates the life cycle of the crude materials utilized
consists of the smoke meter to check opacity and exhaust
as a part of biodiesel generation demonstrates that oil
determined diesel is still more vitality productive. Future far gas analyzer to check emissions.Table II shows the
reaching utilization of biofuels relies upon growing new specification of AVL 450 di-gas exhaust gas analyzer.
process innovations to deliver amazing transportation
energizes from organically determined feedstocks. These TABLE II. MEASURING RANGES OF EXHAUST GAS ANALYZER
new biofuels should be perfect with the current fuel and
transportation foundation. The requirement for various
handling courses to change over vegetable oils into a top- Measured parameter Specification
notch diesel fuel or diesel mix stock that is completely
perfect with oil inferred diesel fuel [5]. The two Oxygen 0-22% Vol
organizations began a communitarian explore exertion in Carbon Monoxide 0-10%Vol
2005 to grow such a procedure in view of traditional hydro- Carbon dioxide 0-20% Vol
processing innovation that is as of now broadly sent in
refineries and uses the current refinery foundation and Hydro carbon 0-20000ppm
powers dispersion framework. The consequence of this Nitrogen oxide 0-5000ppm
exertion is the UOP/Eni Ecofining TM process to deliver Engine Speed 400-6000rpm
green diesel. This innovation uses broadly accessible
vegetable oil feedstock to create an isoparaffin-rich diesel Lambda 0 to 9.999
substitute [6]. This item, alluded to as green diesel, is a
fragrant and sulfur free diesel fuel which has a high cetane Online performance analysis is done using Engine
mixing esteem. The cool stream properties of the fuel can be Performance Analysis software package ― Enginesoft LV.
balanced in the process to meet atmosphere cloud point The software Enginesoft LV serves by entering data and
determinations in either the perfect or mixed fuel. reporting it. The data includes power, efficiencies and fuel
consumption. The stored data is converted into tabular and
II. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION graphical format which can be printed for further analysis.

A. Experimental Setup The following image shows the schematic presentation

For this study, an off-road engine is considered of of the setup:
model Kirloskar Oil Engine, TV1. The tests were
conducted on single cylinder four stroke test rig. The
complete set up consists of the bed where it is kept for the
test, fuel consumption meter and equipment for smoke test
and test for exhaust emissions.

The specifications of the engine used is as shown in the

table below:

TABLE I. ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS

Make Kirloskar Oil Engine, TV1

Compression ratio 18:1
Number of cylinders Single
Number of Strokes Four
Combustion principle Compression ignition
Cooling system Water cooling
Fuel Diesel
Speed 1500 rpm
Power 3.50KW
Bore 87.50 mm Fig. 1. Schematic Diagram of Experimental Setup

Stroke length 110.00 mm

Connecting rod length 234.00mm
Swept volume 661.45 (cc)

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 2nd IEEE International conference on power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy systems (ICPEICES-2018)

B. Experiment Methodology NOx

Before the starting of the experiment the fuel blend was Emissions
prepared providing the homogeneous mixture that forms the
green diesel. The blends prepared are and referred as:

• D100 – 100% diesel (Baseline

Diesel)

• D80BD20W20 - 20%Biodiesel
(Sunflower), 80%diesel, 20%
Water, Additives (Green Diesel)

TABLE III. SPECIFICATIONS OF FUELS

FUEL DIESEL FUEL GREEN

PROPERTIES PROPERTIES DIESEL
Density(kg/m^ 832 Density(kg/m 910
3) ^3)
Specific heat 1750 Kinematic 72
(J/ kg. K) Viscosity(m^2 Fig. 2. Effect of variation of loads on NOx emissions with both Baseline
/s) Diesel and Greendiesel
Viscosity 0.00275 Gross CV 38548
For pure diesel (D100) and green diesel (D80BD20W20)
(Kg/m. s) (J/g)
emissions increases first till a load of 9 kg and gradually
Melting point 304.15 Cetane 54 decreases after that in the case of pure diesel (D100) but
(k) Number steeply decreases in the case of green diesel
Ignition 410 C% (w/w) 70.12 (D80BD20W20).
Temperature H%(w/w) 10.2 From the experimentation, it was inferred that pure diesel
(F) N%(w/w) 0.2 shows better performance with less NOx emissions till a
Enthalpy of 1651.46 S(ppm) 25 load of 7 kg but has a decline in performance with higher
vaporization NOx emissions than that of green diesel (D80BD20W20),
(KJ/Kg) especially at 12 kg load. Hence green diesel
(D80BD20W20) is better than pure diesel (D100) in terms
Saturation Flashpoint 65ºC of NOx emissions at loads higher than 7 kg.
Vapor 0.053
Pressure HC Emissions
(kPa)
Calorific Value 44,800
(kJ/kg)

Constituents consisting of Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon

dioxide (CO2), Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Unburnt
Hydrocarbons (HC) are measured by exhaust gas analyzer.
Opacity is measured by Smoke meter in terms of Hartrigde
Smoke Unit (%) and light absorption coefficient (K
expressed).

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This portion deals with the discussion about trends in
various emissions that this particular blend shows at various
loads.

Fig. 3. Effect of variation of loads on HC emissions for Green Diesel.

978-1-5386-6625-8/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE

 2nd IEEE International conference on power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy systems (ICPEICES-2018)
HC emissions for pure diesel (D100) is observed to be
considerably lower than that of green diesel
(D80BD20W20) throughout the variation of load.
Hence from the experiment it was found that pure diesel
(D100) is better than green diesel (D80BD20W20) in terms
of HC emissions, given the load varies from 3 kg to 12 kg.
CO2 Emissions
Fig. 4. Effect of variation of loads on CO2 emissions for Green Diesel.
For pure diesel (D100) CO2 emissions were decreasing
till a load of 6 kg and then steeply increased till a load of 9
kg. It then gradually declined till a load of 12 kg. Whereas,
in the case of green diesel (D80BD20W20) the C02
emissions were higher and increased till a load of 9 kg and
then steeply decreased till a load of 12 kg, eventually
resulting emissions of CO2. Hence it is found from the
experiment that green diesel (D80BD20W20) is better in
terms C02 emissions at loads higher than 9 kg.
.
Opacity
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Fig. 5. Effect of variation of load on the opacity of Green Diesel and
Baseline Diesel.
Opacity gradually increases for both pure diesel (D100)
and green diesel (D80BD20W20) throughout the variation of
load from 3 kg to 12 kg. It was observed that the opacity of
green diesel (D80BD20W20) was considerably higher than
that of pure diesel (D100) throughout the experiment.
IV. CONCLULSION
It was inferred from this experiment that with the
variation of load, the NOx emissions from Green Diesel
(D80BD20W20) is significantly lower than the Baseline
Diesel (D100), and similar traits of lesser emissions can be
noted in the case of CO2 as well; The CO2 emissions of
Green Diesel (D80BD20W20) is lesser than that of Diesel
(D100). These lower values of emissions in CO2 and NOx
can be noted in loads greater than 9 Kilograms which is the
usual case in an engine. Hence, this seemed to be a good trait
in this unique blend. However, with the variation of loads,
when the opacity and emissions of HCs is observed, we see
that the Baseline Diesel (D100) performs better than Green
Diesel (D80BD20W20). With variation in blends these
characteristics vary and hence we conclude that a better
blend of this alternative fuel could result in a lesser emission
of HCs as well as a lower opacity level. Overall, the emission
levels were low and comparable except in the case of HCs.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to extend our gratitude to Mr. Gora
Banerjee and Ms. Anuradha, who guided and helped us
throughout project. We would also like to acknowledge the
support of PK Raju, Akhilesh Devarkonda, Priyanka
Gangadhar and Tarun Kumar. For the last we would like to
thank each other for equal efforts and understanding through
the course of the project.
REFERENCES
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Solutions, 1986, pp. 177-213
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benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.,
vol. 103, July 2016
[3] Ayhan Dermibas, Biofuels sources, biofuels policy, biofuel economy
and global biofuel projection, Energy conversion and Management,
pp. 2106-2116, Volume 49 Issue 8, August 2008
[4] Hill J et al, Environmental Economical and Energetic costs and
benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.,
vol. 103, July 2016
[5] Ayhan Dermibas, Biofuels sources, biofuels policy, biofuel economy
and global biofuel projection, Energy conversion and Management,
pp. 2106-2116, Volume 49 Issue 8, August 2008
[6] DYC Leung, X Wu, MKH Leung, A review on Biodiesel production
using catalysed transesterification, Applied Energy- Elsevier, pp.
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