BNINGNM _\NIVKIZB D@B_@ZCFK CE NCF FK T_J CTK

CE

B@CKV@\KCE JQNGZNTK JAJI TNB_KCE @LNV

F`sjc _jcenbpu 8

Qkvkc C`pkynctk, B.Td.,Npt.

Fksusuc `gjm

Ukfkn Jin Neustkcn (>;<?4=64<:)

_\@E\NB TVZFK _\@AJTK

N_@VJIJ\ ZCKQJ\TKVNT TJVKN
LZFK TZ\NIN\VN
<?>;
 LNL K

_JCFNMZGZNC

N. B@CKV@\KCE JAJI TNB_KCE @LNV (BJT@)

B`ckt`rkce Jaji Tnbpkce @lnt (BJT@) nfngnm ijekntnc pjbnctnunc fnc
 pjgnp`rnc jaji snbpkce `lnt ynce fkgniuinc `gjm tjcnen ijsjmntnc sjdnrn
suinrjgn (v`guctnry rjp`rtkce) fjcenc bjceeucninc a`rbugkr pjgnp`rnc JT@
ljrwnrcn iuckce, ynce fkijcng sjlnenk a`rb iuckce. B`ckt`rkce fkgniuinc tjrmnfnp
sjgurum `lnt ynce
 ljrjfnr fnc fkeucninc fngnb pjgnyncnc ijsjmntnc fk Kcf`cjskn. Nitkaktns b`ckt`rkce
JT@ fnc huen pjgnp`rnccyn ynce fkgniuinc `gjm sjhnwnt tjcnen ijsjmntnc
sjlnenk mjngtmdnrj pr`vkfjr bjrupninc suntu ngnt ynce fnpnt fkeucninc uctui
bjcfjtjisk ijbuceikcnc tjrhnfkcyn JT@ ynce sjrkus fnc hnrnce tjrhnfk (L_@B \K,
<?><).
Jaji Tnbpkce @lnt / JT@ (Nfvjrsj Frue \jndtk`cs/NF\) nfngnm
rjsp`c tjrmnfnp suntu `lnt ynce bjruekinc fnc tkfni fkkcekcinc sjrtn tjrhnfk pnfn
f`sks ynce
 lknsncyn fkeucninc pnfn bncuskn uctui pjcdjenmnc, fknec`sks, tjrnpk pjcynikt ntnu
uctui b`fkakinsk aucesk aksk`g`eks (L_@B \K, <?><).
Vuhunc BJT@ nfngnm bjbljrkinc ijsjbpntnc uctui bjcejcngk suntu
`lnt fjcenc lnki fnc uctui bjcejcngk rjsp`c `rnce tjrmnfnp `lnt.
Bjblnctu bjckceintinc pjcejtnmunc tjctnce `lnt, bncuskn ntnu pjcynikt fnrk
wnitu ij wnitu. Bjcjrkbn kca` tjrikck tjctnce jaji snbpkce `lnt (_urwnctynstutk, <?
>?).
Ijekntnc pjbnctnunc fnc pjgnp`rnc JT@ bjcurut Fkrhjc Lkcn Ijanrbnsknc
fnc Ngnt Ijsjmntnc Ijpbjcijs \K fnc KNK (<?>>) ljrtuhunc uctui8
>. Bjcjbuinc JT@ ntnu \@VF sjfkck buceikc tjrutnbn ynce ljrnt, tkfni fkijcng.
fnc arjiujcskcyn hnrnce.
<. Bjcjctuinc arjiujcsk fnc kcskfjcsk JT@ ntnu \@VF ynce sufnm fkijcng fnc ynce
 lnru snhn fktjbuinc.
4. Bjcejcng sjbun anit`r ynce buceikc fnpnt bjckbluginc/bjbpjcenrumk ncein
ijhnfknc fnc mjlntcyn JT@ ntnu \@VF.
6. Bjbkckbnginc rkski` ijhnfknc JT@ ntnu \@VF.
:. Bjcdjenm tjrugncecyn ijhnfknc JT@ ntnu \@VF
Ljljrnpn anit`r pjbkdu jaji snbpkce `lnt nctnrn gnkc (Bnrk y`c` fnc Ijtut, <??=)8
 >. Anit`r `lnt8 f`sks `lnt, jaji skt`t`iski fngnb f`sks tjrnpk, `lnt fjcenc kcfjis
tjrnpk sjbpkt, pjrulnmnc a`rbugnsk, fnc pjrulnmnc akski `lnt.
<. Anit`r pjcfjrktn/pnskjc8 uskn, hjcks ijgnbkc, ejcjtki, ijnfnnc ubub
pjcfjrktn,
 pjcynikt ynce bjcyjrtnk/ynce fkfjrktn, mkpjrsjcsktkvktns, p`gkanrbnsk/bugtkpgj frue
tmjrnpy.
4. Anit`r pjbljrknc8 pr`sjfur pjbljrknc `lnt ynce sngnm fnc kctjrnisk `lnt.

L. @TVJ@N\VM\KVKT

@stj`nrtrktks ynce fkijcng sjlnenk pjcynikt sjcfk fjejcjrntka ntnu `stj`nrtr`sks

(sjingkpuc tjrfnpnt kcagnbnsk) bjrupninc ijgnkcnc sjcfk ynce pngkce sjrkce
fktjbuinc fnc ijrnpingk bjckbluginc ijtkfnibnbpunc (fksnlkgktns). (Tbjgtzjr , D
Tuznccj, <??< mng >?=5).

@stj`nrtrktks bjrupninc e`g`cenc rjbntki sjlnenk pjcyjlnl ijdndntnc

ynce bjcfufuik urutnc pjrtnbn fnc ninc bjckceint fjcenc bjckceintcyn uskn,
pjcynikt kck hnrnce fktjbuk pnfn uskn fk lnwnm 61 tnmuc tjt npk gjlkm sjrkce fkhubpnk
pnfn uskn fk ntns 1? tnmuc. Anit`r ubur fnc hjcks ijgnbkc bjcuchuiinc nfncyn
pjrljfnnc arjiujcsk (Tucnrt`, >;;6, T`g`b`c, >;;5).

@stj`nrtrktks (N@) nfngnm enceeunc sjcfk ynce ljrskant ir`cks fksjrtnk ijrusninc
tugnce fnc sjcfk ljrupn fksjctjernsk fnc pjgucninc pr`erjska ynce fkkiutk
fjcenc
 pjrtnblnmnc pjrtublumnc pnfn tjpk tugnce fnc tugnce rnwnc sjcfk ynce fksjlut
`stj`akt, fnc aklr`sks fnc inpsug sjcfk. Ijgnkcnc kck tkblug niklnt bj incksbj nlc`rbng
 pr`sjs pjcunnc, trnubn ntnu ijgnkcnc gnkc ynce bjcyjlnlinc ijrusninc tugnce rnwnc
sjcfk. Ijnfnnc kck tkfni ljrinktnc fjcenc anit`r skstjbki ntnu kcajisk.
@stj`nrtrktks bjrupninc pjcynikt sjcfk fjejcnrktka ynce ljrinktnc fjcenc
ijrusninc inrtkg`ne` sjcfk. Gutut, puceeuce, tncenc, fnc pjrejgncenc inik pngkce
sjrkce tj rijcn.

>. Jtk`g`ek

Ljljrnpn pjcyjlnl fnc anit`r prjfksp`sksk nfngnm sjlnenk ljrkiut8

n. Zskn/Zbur

Zbubcyn fktjbuinc pnfn uskn gnchut (fkntns :?tnmuc). Inrjcn pnfn gncskn
 pjbljctuiinc i`cfr`tkc sugant (sulstncsk fnsnr tugnce rnwnc) ljriurnce
fnc tjrhnfk aklr`sks tugnce rnwnc.

 l. Hjcks Ijgnbkc

Ijgnkcnc kck fktjbuinc pnfn prkn fnc wncktn, tjtnpk sjrkce fktjbuinc gjlkm
 lncyni pnfn wncktn pnsdnbjc`pnusj (`stj`nrtrktks prkbjr). @stj`nrtrktks
sjiucfjr gjlkm lncyni fktjbuinc pnfn prkn.

d. \ns
 Gjlkm sjrkce fktjbuinc pnfn `rnce Nskn, imususcyn dkcn, Jr`pn, fnc Nbjrkin
fnrkpnfn iugkt mktnb.

f. Anit`r Ijturucnc

Anit`r ejcjtki huen ljrpjrnce tkblugcyn @N. Lkgn klu bjcfjrktn @N

sjcfk kctjrangnce fkstng, ncni pjrjbpunccyn bjbpucynk ijdjcfjrucenc tjrijcn
@N <- 4 ingk gjlkm sjrkce.

j. Anit`r Bjtnl`gki/Jcf`irkc

Igkjc mkpjrtjcsk, mkpjrurksjbkn, fnc fknljtjs gjlkm rjctnc tjrmnfnp @N.

Ljrnt
 lnfnc ljrgjlkmnc ninc bjckceintinc rjski` @N, lnki pnfn prkn bnupuc wncktn.

a. Anit`r Bjincks
>. Vrnubn fnc Anit`r _rjfksp`sksk

Vrnubn ynce mjlnt tjrutnbn arnitur kctrnnrtkiugnr ntnu fksg`insk sjcfk bjrupnnc
 prjfksp`sksk @N. Djfjrn sjcfk, pjijrhnnc fnc `gnmrnen ynce bjceeucninc sjcfk
 ljrgjlkmnc, fnc enceeunc i`cerujcsk sjcfk ninc bjckceintinc @N.

<. Dundn fnc Kigkb

@N gjlkm sjrkce tkblug sjtjgnm i`ctni fjcenc dundn fkcekc ntnu gjblnl.

e. Fkjt

Tngnm sntu tkpj @N ynce ljrskant ubub fk Tkljrkn fksjlut pjcynikt Insmkc-Ljdi
ynce buceikc fksjlnlinc `gjm bjcjgnc znt t`iskc ynce fksjlut ausnrkn.

<. _nt`aksk`g`ek

Tjgnbn kck @N sjrkce fk pncfnce sjlnenk pr`sjs pjcunnc ynce tkfni

fnpnt fkmkcfnrk. Vjrcyntn @N bjrupninc pjcynikt enceeunc mjbj`stnsks
bjtnl`gksbj inrtkgne` fjcenc ijrusninc struitur pr`tj`egkinc inrtkgne` ynce
pjcyjlnlcyn ljgub
 hjgns fkijtnmuk.

Hjhns bjincks fnc ikbknwk pnfn skc`vkn sjcfk tjrhnfk bugtka`ing,nctnrn gnkc
anit`r uskn, strjjs bjincks, ntnu pjceeucnnc sjcfk ynce ljrgjlkmnc, fjaji ncnt`bks,
`ljsktns, ejcjtki, mub`rng, fnc anit`r ijlufnynnc. _jbjrkisnnc lk`psk skc`vkng
igkjc @N bjcuchuiinc nfncyn skc`vktks. _nfn gjvjg sjgugjr, tjrhnfk pjckceintnc
nitkvktns skt`ikc ynce bjcyjlnlinc fkijgunrinccyn bjfknt`r kcagnbnsk
fnc bntrkis bjtjgg`pr`tjkcnsj (BB_). Niklntcnyn, nfn enceeunc skctjsks
pr`tj`egkinc. Tjgnkc ktu fktjbuinc cktr`ejc b`c`iskfn ynce ljrmulucenc fjcenc
trncsbksk cjur`ejcki fnrk bjfknt`r kcagnbsk ynce bjcyjlnlinc ijrusninc inrtkgne`
hnum fnr k g`insk pjrnfncenc.

_r`sjs @N tjrhnfk inrjcn nfncyn enceeunc aucesk i`cfr`skt.

I`cfr`skt bjrupninc sntu-sntucyn sjg mkfup fngnb tugnce rnwnc sjcfk.
I`cfr`skt ninc fkpjcenrumk `gjm anit`r ncnl`gki fnc intnl`gki fngnb
bjbpjrtnmncinc ijsjkblncenc skctjsks fnc fjernfnsk. Anit`r intnl`gki utnbn
fkpjrncinc `gjm skt`iskc kctjri`uikc >μ (kG-μ) fnc tub`r cjdr`sks andt`r ξ (VCA
ξ), sjfnceinc anit`r ncnl`gki fkpjrncinc
`gjm trncsa`rbkce er`wtm andt`r (VCA μ) fnc kcsugkc-gkij er`wtm andt`r > (KEA >).
 Tjdnrn ncnt`bk aksk`g`ek, sjg tugnce tjrfkrk ntns `stj`lgns, `stj`skt, fnc `stj`igns
ynce fngnb nitkvktnscyn bjcentur mjbj`stnsks ingskub ynce tkfni ljrfkrk
sjcfkrk, bjgnkcinc sngkce ljrkctjrnisk. M`bj`stnsks ingskub pnfn tkceint sjgugjr
fkfnmuguk
 pjcyjrnpnc tugnce `gjm `stj`igns ynce bjbjrguinc wnitu 6? mnrk, fksusug ansj
kstkrnnmnt, fnc ijbufknc fksusug ansj pjbljctuiinc tugnce ijblngk `gjm `stj`lgns
ynce bjbjrguinc wnitu ><? mnrk. Fngnb pjcyjrnpnccyn,
`stj`igns bjgjpnsinc trncsa`rbkce er`wtm andt`r ynce bjrncsnce nitkvktns nwng
`stj`igns. Fngnb ijnfnnc c`rbng, iunctktns fnc iungktns pjbljctuiinc tugnce lnru
`stj`lgns.
_nfn `stj`p`r`sks, pjcyjrnpnc tugnce gjlkm lncyni fnrk pnfn pjbljctuiinc lnru.

4. _jcntngnisncnnc

>. Vjrnpk C`c-Anrbni`g`ek

Nfn ljljrnpn dnrn fngnb pjcncencnc `stj`nrtmrktks c`c

anrbni`g`ek, fknctnrncyn8

n) @gnmrnen

@gnmrnen fnpnt bjceurncek rnsn snikt fnc fnpnt bjblnctu bjce`ctr`g

 lnrnt lnfnc.@gnmrnen uctui `stj`nrtmrktks bksngcyn ljrjcnce fnc h`eekce.

 l) Bjchnen sjcfk

Bjceeucninc sjcfk fjcenc mntk-mntk fnpnt bjcemkcfnrk ijgjlkmnc strjs

 pnfn sjcfk.

d) _ncns/fkcekc

_ncns fkfnpnt, bksngcyn fjcenc bncfk nkr pncns. _ncns

fnpnt bjceurncek rnsn snikt pnfn sjcfk fnc bjgncdnrinc pjrjfnrnc fnrnm.
Fkcekc fnpnt bjceurncek pjbljceininc pnfn sjcfk fnc bjceurncek
rnsn snikt. Fnpnt fkfnpnt fjcenc bjce`bprjs fnjrnm ynce snikt fjcenc nkr
fkcekc.

f) Qksd`suppgj bjctntk`c

Bjrupninc pjrnwntnc fnrk Dncnfn uctui `rnce ynce tjrijcn

`stj`nrtmrktks pnfn gutut, ljrljctui ejg.

j) _jbljfnmnc

Npnlkgn sjcfk sufnm ljcnr-ljcnr rusni fnc rnsn snikt sufnm

tjrgngu iunt, ninc fkgniuinc pjbljfnmnc. Fjcenc pjbljfnmnc, fnpnt
bjbpjrlnkik
 lneknc fnrk tugnce.

a) Niupuctur

Fnpnt bjceurncek rnsn snikt fnc bjrncesnce aucesk sjcfk.

e) _khnt
 _jbkhntnc sjlnkicyn fkgniuinc `gjm `rnce ynce nmgk fk lkfncecyn.

m) vktnbkc F,D, J, fnc ljtn inr`tkc

 uctui bjceurncek gnhu pjrijblncenc `stj`nrtmrktks.

k) Vjm mkhnu

Bjbkgkik znt nctk pjrnfncenc.

<. Vjrnpk Anrbni`g`ek

Tjbun `lnt bjbkgkik jajisnbpkce ynce ljrljfn, `gjm inrjcn ktu, pjctkce
lnek
 pnskjc uctui bjblkdnrninc fjcenc f`itjr uctui bjcejtnmuk `lnt bncn
ynce
 pngkce d`d`i uctui fk i`csubsk. Ljrkiut nfngnm ljljrnpn `lnt pjce`ctr`g rnsn
snikt uctui pjcfjrktn `stj`nrtmrktks.

n) Ndjtnbkc`pmjc

Bjrupninc `lnt pjrtnbn ynce fk rji`bjcfnskinc `gjm f`itjr inrjcn rjgntka

nbnc fnc jajitka uctui bjceurncek rnsn snikt.

 l) CTNKFs (c`cstjr`kfng nctk kcagnbbnt`ry frues)

Fnpnt bjcentnsk rnsn snikt fnc pjrnfncenc pnfn sjcfk.

Bjbpucynk jajisnbpkce, ynktu bjcyjlnlinc snikt pjrut fncenc enceeunc
aucesk ekchng.

d) V`pkdng pnkc

Fngnb ljctui drjnb ntnu sprny ynce lksn fkeucninc gncesuce pnfn iugkt
ynce tjrnsn snikt.

f) Vrnbnf`g (Zgtrnb)

Vkfni bjbpuynk jajisnbpkce sjpjrtk ynce nfn pnfn ndjtnbkc`pmjc

fnc
 CTNKFs.

j) Bkgi cnrd`tkd pnkcikggjrs

Bjcencfuce ncngejskd sjpjrtk d`fjkcntnu myfr`d`f`cj ynce jajitka

bjceurncek rnsn snikt pnfn pjcfjrktn `stj`nrtmrktks.

a) D`rtkd`stjr`kfs

Jajitka bjceurncek rnsn snikt.

e) Myngur`ckd ndkf

Bjrupninc egyd`snbkc` egydnc ynce tjrsusuc `gjm fksnddmnrkfjs

`a egudur`ckd ndkffnc C-ndjtyegu`snbkcj. Fksjlut huenvks
d`suppgjbjctntk`c. Fkeucninc fngnb pjrnwntnc pnskjc `stj`nrtmrktks. Fnrk
mnskg pjcjgktknc ynce fkgniuinc, =?% pjce`lntnc fjcenc bjceeucninc
myngur`ckd ndkf bjbpucynk jaji ynce gjlkm ijdkg fklncfkceinc pjce`lntnc
fjcenc bjceeucninc pgndjl`. Bnikc ljsnr b`gjiug myngur`ckd ndkf ynce
fkljrkinc, bnikc ljsnr jaji p`sktka ynce fk rnsninc inrjcn myngur`ckd ndkf
jajitka bjceurncek rnsn snikt.
m) Egud`snbkcj fnc dm`cfr`ktkc sugantj

Bjceurncek pjce`lntnc uctui pnskjc `stj`nrtmrktks pnfn gutut

  pjctkce hncenc tjrgjwntinc uctui bjbkcub `lnt-`lnt sjdnrn rutkc fnc
tjpnt wnitu yn pni.‒
_nskjc ‗ kyn bln‒
Np`tjijr 8 ‗`m kyn pni, sjikrncyn duiup uctui iuchucenc b`ckt`rkce mnrk kck
fnc snyn l`gjm bjbkctn tncfn tncenc klu fugu fk luiu
iuchucenc kck, sjlnenk luitk iuchucenc snyn.‒
_nskjc 8 ‗kyn bln‒
Np`tjijr 8 ‗Vjrkbninskm lnpni ntns wnitucyn , fnc sn yn b`m`c bnna npnlkgn
nfn intn ntnu udnpnc snyn ynce iurnce ljrijcnc. sjrtn sjb`en lnpni
gjins sjblum
_nskjc 8 ‗Nbkc. kyn snbn-snbn bln ntns iuchucenccyn‒
 Fnatnr _ustnin

.Ujggs, Lnrlnrn E. Fii. <?>:. _mnrbnd`tmjrnpy Mncfl``i. Ckctm Jfktk`c. Bd Ernw

Mkgg Jfudntk`c. _nej 6;?-6;;

L_@B \K. <?><. _jf`bnc B`ckt`rkce Jaji Tnbpkce @lnt (BJT@) Lnek
Vjcnen
 Ijsjmntnc. Hninrtn8 Fkrjit`rnt _jcenwnsnc Fkstrklusk _r`fui
Vjrnpjtki Fnc _I\V Lnfnc _@B \K.

Fkrhjc Lkcn Ijanrbnsknc fnc Ngnt Ijsjmntnc Ijpbjcijs \K fnc KNK. <?>>. _jf`bnc
Dnrn _jgnyncnc Ijanrbnsknc ynce Lnki (D_AL) .

Bnrkgycc, F`jcejs J.<???.\jcdncn Nsumnc Ijpjrnwntnc. Hninrtn8 JED

Buttnqkc, Nrka. <??=. Nsumnc Ijpjrnwntnc Igkjc fjcenc Enceeunc Tkstjb

Buiug`sijtng. Hninrtn8 JED.