2016

WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of
Try Yourself Questions

Electronics Engineering
Communication System
 1 Amplitude Modulation

T1 : Solution

Hilbert transformer is used for SSB generation.

Sum of quadrature components gives LSB.

m(t)

f
–2ω –ω ω 2ω

The above scheme is of SSB-SC with upper-sideband.

T2 : Solution

The signal s(t) = AC [1 + μ cos (ωmt)] cos (ωct)

⎡ AC μ j (ω +ω )t
The signal can be represented as
⎣
jω t
s(t) = Re ⎢ ACe c +
2
(e c m + e j (ωc −ωm )t )⎤⎥⎦

⎡ A μ ⎤
s(t ) complex = ⎢ ACe c + C (e j (ωc +ωm )t + e j (ωc −ωm )t )⎥
jω t
⎣ 2 ⎦

s(t ) c = ⎡⎣s(t )ce e − j ωct ⎤⎦

(where, s(t ) c = the complex signal s(t) and s(t ) ce = the complex low pass equal of the signal s(t))

AC μ A μ
∴ s(t ) ce = AC +
2
[ cos ωm + j sin ωmt ] + C [ cos ωm − j sin ωmt ]
2
Putting the conditions given in the questions we get:

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 Workbook 3

1 1
s(t ) ce = 1 +
8
[cos ωm + j sin ωmt ] + 4 [cos ωm − j sin ωmt ]
3 1
s(t ) ce = 1 + cos ωmt − j sin(ωmt )
8 8

1
⎡⎛ 3 2 2
⎞ ⎤
2
⎞ ⎛1
∴ A envelop = ⎢⎜ 1 + cos(ωmt )⎟ + ⎜ sin(ωmt )⎟ ⎥
⎣⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝8 ⎠ ⎦

T3 : Solution
Expression for AM signal
VAM (t) = AC cos ωct + AC ma cos(ωc + ωm )t + AC ma cos(ωc − ωm )t

AC2
∵ PC = 100 =
2
∴ AC = 14.14 V

ma 2
Also η = = 40%
2 + ma 2

or 0.8 + 0.4 ma2 = ma2

ma = 1.154
∴ B = AC ma /2
= 8.16

T4 : Solution

25 kΩ

1 1 − μ2
RC ≤
ωn μ

1 1 − μ2
C ≤
R ωn μ

1 1 − (0.5)2
C ≤ 3.
104 × 2 π × 25 × 10 0.5
C ≤ 1.1 nF

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4 Electronics Engineering • Communication System

T5 : Solution

We have
sDSB(t) = m(t) cos ωct
= (a cos (ω1t) + b cos (ω2t) cos (ωct))

1 1
or sDSB = a cos(ω − ω1)t + a cos(ωc + ω1)t
2 2

1 1
b cos(ω − ω 2 )t + b cos(ωc + ω 2 )t
2 2
These sinusoidal are transmitted through H(ω) which has a gain of 0, α, 1 – α and 1 at frequency (ωc – ω2),
(ωc – ω1), (ωc + ω1) and (ωc + ω2) respectively. Thus VSB filter output sVSB(t) is

1 1 1
sVSB(t) = a α cos(ωc − ω1)t + a (1 − α)cos(ωc + ω1)t + b cos(ωc − ω 2 )t
2 2 2
At demodulator
sdem(t) = sVSB(t) cos ωct

1 1
= (a cos(ω1t ) + b cos(ω 2t )) + [a α cos(2ωc − ω1)t + a (1 − α)cos(2ωc + ω1)t
4 4

+b cos(2ωc + ω 2 )t ]
Using low pass filter to eliminate the double frequency term

1
y(t) = (a cos(ω1t ) + b cos(ω 2t ))
4

1
= m(t )
4

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 2 Angle Modulation

T1 : Solution

Maximum instantenious frequency

m(t)
2 × 104

0 2 4

Kp
f i = fc + & (t )
m
2π

105 ⎛ K p ⎞
115.95 ×103 = + × 104
2π ⎜⎝ 2π ⎟⎠

⎛ Kp ⎞ 4
105 = ⎜ ⎟ × 10
⎝ 2π ⎠

⎛ Kp ⎞
10 = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2π ⎠

Kp = 2π × 10 Hrtz/Volt
Kp = 10 rad/volt

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6 Electronics Engineering • Communication System

T2 : Solution

Kf m(t )

40

2
0 1 t

–20

s(t) = 10 cos [2π × 106t + 20π[4r ( t) – 6r(t – 1) + 2r (t – 2)]]

Standard FM expression is given by:

s(t) = Ac cos ⎡⎣2 πfct + 2 πkf ∫ m (t )dt ⎤⎦

2πkf ∫ m(t )dt = 20π (4r(t) – 6r ( t – 1) + 2r(t – 2))

kf m ( t) = 10[4 u(t) – 6u (t – 1) + 2r (t – 2)]
Δf = max⏐k f m (t)⏐ = 40 Hz

T3 : Solution

Maximum frequency deviation

Kp d
Δfmax = m(t)
2π dt max

Kp 2
= 2t e −t
2π

8000 1
= .2. .e −1/2
2π 2

⎛ −t 2 1 ⎞
⎜⎝Q max 2 + e is at t = ⎟
2⎠

= 3.43 kHz

T4 : Solution

Compairing the equation with the standard equation.

s(t) = A cos[ωct + kp m(t)]
∴ kp m(t) = 0.1 sin(103πt)

0.1
m(t) = sin(103 πt )
kp

= 0.01 sin (103 πt)

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 Workbook 7

Similarly

s(t) = A cos ⎡⎣ ωct + Kf ∫ m(t )dt ⎤⎦

Kf ∫ m(t ) dt = 0.1 sin (103 πt)

0.1
∫ m(t )dt = sin(103 πt )
10π

0.1 × 103 π
= cos(103 πt )
10 π

= 50 cos (103 πt)

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 3 Sampling and Pulse
Code Modulation

T1 : Solution

1 ⎛ Eb ⎞
Pe = 2 erfc ⎜ N ⎟
⎝ 0⎠

Eb = (10)2 × 100 × 10–6 = 10–2

N0 = 2 × 10–4

1 ⎛ 10 −2 ⎞
∴ Pe = erfc ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎜⎝ 2 × 10 −4 ⎟⎠

=
1
2
erfc ( 50 )
T2 : Solution

Total samples = 8 × 4000 × 1.25

= 40,000 sample/sec

Δ MP
Now, given error = <
2 100
L ≥ 100
(∵ Δ = 2MP/L)
∴ L = 125 levels
= 7 bits.
∴ Bit rate = 7 × 40000 × 1.2 = 336000

Rb
∴ Band width = = 168 kHz
2

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 Workbook 9

T3 : Solution

2A
Step side Δ = (where R = number of bits)
2

A2
signal power =
2

A2 2R .12 3 2
(SNR)0 = . = (2 R )
2 4A 2 2

(SNR)0 = 10log ⎛⎜ 3 .22 R ⎞⎟ = 1.8 + 6.02 R

⎝2 ⎠

T4 : Solution

(i) Given that total number of channel

M = 256
we know that M ≤ 2n
256 = 2n
[n = Number of bits] n = 8 bits
Maximum frequency of signal m1 = fm1 = 5 kHz

Maximum frequency of signal m2 = fm2 = 10 kHz

Maximum frequency of signal m3 = fm3 = 5 kHz

Sampling frequency fs1 = 10 kHz

Sampling frequency fs2 = 20 kHz

Sampling frequency fs3 = 10 kHz

So total sampling frequency Nfs = 10 + 20 + 10 = 40 kHz
Now bit rate = Nnfs
[N = number of signal] Rb = 8 × 40 kbps
Rb = 320 kbps
1
Bit duration Tb = R
b

10−3
Tb =
320
Tb = 3.125 μsec
(ii) BW required
Nnfs
BW =
2

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10 Electronics Engineering • Communication System

Rb
BW =
2

320 × 103
BW =
2
BW = 160 kHz
(iii)
M1
Commutator
M2
Channel
M3

M4

Number of samples per second = 40 × 103 samples

Number of samples in 1 min = 24 × 105 samples
Commutator takes 4 samples in 1 rotation

24 × 105
so 24 × 105 samples =
4
Speed of commutator = 6 × 105 RPM
(iv)
M = 512
M = 2n
2n = 512
n = 9

nNfs
BW =
2

9 × 40
BW =
2
BW = 180 kHz
So the increase in the channel bandwidth
= 180 – 160
= 20 kHz

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 4 Digital Data Transmission

T1 : Solution

1
Average energy = ⎡ 4( 2a)2 + 8( 10a)2 + 4( 18a)2 ⎤⎦
16 ⎣

1
= [2a 2 + 20a 2 + 18a 2 ]
4
= 10 a2.

T2 : Solution

Let signal I be represented as

⎧ πt
A sin ; 0 ≤ t ≤ T
S1(t) = ⎪⎨ 1 T
⎪⎩ 0 ; 0 ≤t ≤T
and signal II be represented as
⎧ πt
⎪⎪ A2 sin T ; 0 ≤ t ≤ T
S2(t) = ⎨
⎪ − A sin πt ; 0 ≤ t ≤ T
⎪⎩ 2 T
The average energy of signal will be
1 ⎛ A12 ⎞ 1 A2
Pavg = ⎜ ⎟ + (0) = 1
1 2⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 4
Average energy of signal (ii)
1 ⎛ A22 ⎞ 1 ⎛ A22 ⎞ A22
Pavg = + =
2 2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 2 ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ 2

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12 Electronics Engineering • Communication System

A12 A2
∴ = 2
4 2
A1
⇒ = A2
2

T3 : Solution

L = 16;
n = log2 L = 4
Rb = nfs = 4 × 40 K = 160 kbps
Rb
For M-level PSK; Bω = (1+ ∝)
N

160 K
110 K = (1 + 0.3)
N
N = 1.89 ≈ 2
M = 2n = 4

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 5 Basic Information Theory

T1 : Solution

⎡0.8 0.2 0 ⎤
P(y) = [0.5 0.5] ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0.2 0.8⎦

= [0.4 0.2 0.4]

= [y 1 y 2 y3 ]

⎡ ⎛y⎞⎤
⎢Q P (y ) = P ( x).P ⎝⎜ x ⎠⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎦

T2 : Solution

(i) We know that

⎛ r ⎞ ⎛r ⎞ ⎛ r ⎞
P ⎜ 0 ⎟ P (m0 ) > P ⎜ 0 ⎟ P (m1) > P ⎜ 0 ⎟ P (m2 )
m
⎝ 0⎠ m
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ m2 ⎠
⇒ (0.6) (0.3) > (0.1) (0.5) > (0.1) (0.2)
Hence, we select m0 wherever r0 is received.

⎛ r ⎞ ⎛ r ⎞ ⎛ r ⎞
We also find that P ⎜ 1 ⎟ P (m1 ) > P ⎜ 1 ⎟ P (m 0 ) > P ⎜ 1 ⎟ P (m 2 )
⎝ m1 ⎠ ⎝ m0 ⎠ ⎝ m2 ⎠

⇒ (0.5) (0.5) > (0.3) (0.3) > (0.1) (0.2)

Hence, we select m1 wherever r1 is received.
We also find that

⎛r ⎞ ⎛ r ⎞ ⎛ r ⎞
P ⎜ 2 ⎟ P ( m1 ) > P ⎜ 2 ⎟ P ( m 2 ) > P ⎜ 2 ⎟ P ( m 0 )
⎝ m1 ⎠ ⎝ m2 ⎠ ⎝ m0 ⎠

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14 Electronics Engineering • Communication System

⇒ (0.4) (0.5) > (0.8) (0.2) > (0.1) (0.3)

Hence, we select m1 whenever r2 is received.
(ii) The probability of being correct is

⎛ r ⎞ ⎛ r ⎞ ⎛r ⎞
P (c) = P (m 0 )· P ⎜ 0 ⎟ + P ( m1 ) P ⎜ 1 ⎟ P (m1 )· P ⎜ 2 ⎟
m
⎝ 0⎠ ⎝ m 1 ⎠ ⎝ m1 ⎠
= (0.6) (0.3) + (0.5) (0.5) + (0.5) (0.4) = 0.63
Hence probability of error, P (e) = 1 – P (c)
P (e) = 0.37

T3 : Solution

For a binary symmantric channel for wrong transmission let the probability be p
Thus
mutual information
= I( X; Y) = H(Y) – H(Y/X)
and H(Y/X) = –p log2p – (1 – p) log2 (1 – p)
∴ I( X; Y) = H(Y) + p log2p + (1–p) log2 (1 – p)
Cmax = I ( X; Y)max
= 1 + p log2p + (1 – p) log2 (1 – p)

T4 : Solution

Pe = 3C1 Pe3 + 3C2 Pe2 (1 – Pe)

= Pe3 + 3Pe2 (1 – Pe)
= 3Pe2 – 2Pe3.

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 6 Radio Receivers

T1 : Solution

Given 88.5 MHz < fc < 108 MHz

Also,
fLO – fc = 10.8 MHz
or, fLO = 10.8 MHz + fc
∴ fLO1 = 10.8 + 88.5 = 99.3 MHz
fLO2 = 10.8 + 108 = 118.8 MHz
∴ range = 99.3 MHz – 118.8 MHz

T2 : Solution

2
Cmax ⎛ fmax ⎞
= = 1.45
Cmin ⎜⎝ fmin ⎟⎠
C =

Where fmax = fm2 + I F & fmin = fm2 + I F

110.5 + I F
= 1.45 = 1.204
90 + I F
110.5 + IF = 90 × 1.204 + IF × 1.204
2.126 = 0.204 IF
or IF = 10.42 MHz
Also Image frequency
= fs + 2 IF
125 = fs + 2 × 10.42
f s = 104.16 MHz

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 7 Random Variables

T1 : Solution

The A.C power of the signal is given as sx2

where σx2 is the standard deviation
σx2 = E[X 2] – (E[X ])2
where E [ X 2] = second moment
[E ( X )]2 = (mean)2
now, (E[X ])2 = lim R xx (τ) = 6
τ→∞

and lim R xx (τ) = 10

E[X 2] = τ→ 0

∴ σx2 = 10 – 6
= 4 W.

T2 : Solution

E[Y] = ∫ fx ( x)Y d x
−∞

∞ 1
= ∫ e dx = ∫e dx
x x

−∞ 0

= –(1 – e) = (e – 1)

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 Workbook 17

T3 : Solution

y = x2
Now, y < 0 has no soluction
∴ fy(y) = 0 for y < 0
If y > 0 x = ± y

∴
2 ⎡
fx(y) = 2 y ⎣fx ( y )+f ( x ⎦)
−y ⎤ , y ≥ 0

T4 : Solution

Ry(t ) = 52 + 5 = 30.

T5 : Solution

∞
(i) ∫−∞ fX ( x)d x = 1

∞
2∫ a e −b xd x = 1
0

0
2a −b x
⇒ e = 1
b ∞

⇒ 2a = b
x
(ii) e.d.f = ∫0 fx (d )d x
x −b x 1
= ∫0 a e d x = 1 − e −b x
2
x
for x ≥ 0 and ∫−∞ f0 ( x)d x for x < 0

1 −b x
fx(x) = e
2
x < 0

2
(iii) P (1 ≤ X ≤ 2) = ∫1 fX ( x)d x
2⎛ 1 −b x ⎞ 1 ⎡ −b −2 b ⎤
= ∫1 ⎜⎝1 − 2 e ⎟⎠ d x = 2 ⎣e − e ⎦

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