STUDYPIVOT.

COM

Definite Integrals  2 sec n x  /2 cosecn x 

(iv)  0 sec n x + cosecn x
dx = 
0 n n
cosec x + sec x
dx =
4
Let (x) be the primitive or anti-derivative of a function f(x)
 2  /2

defined on [a, b] i.e.,

d
dx
[ ( x)] = f ( x) . Then the definite integral of
(v)  0
f (sin 2 x) sin xdx =  0
f (sin 2 x) cos xdx
 /2  /2

f(x) over [a,b] is denoted by 

a
b
f ( x)dx and is defined as [(b) − (a)]
(vi)  0
f (sin x)dx =  0
f (cos x)dx
 /4 

b
(vii) log(1 + tan x)dx = log 2
i.e., a
f ( x)dx =  (b) −  (a) . This is also called Newton Leibnitz 0 8
formula.  /2 − 
 /2 1
The numbers a and b are called the limits of integration, ‘a’ is
(viii) 
0
log sin xdx =
2 
log 2 = log
0 2
log cos xdx =
2
called the lower limit and ‘b’ the upper limit. The interval [a, b] is  / 2 a sin x + b cos x  / 2 a sec x + b cosec x
called the interval of integration. The interval [a, b] is also known (ix)  0 sin x + cos x
dx =
0 sec x + cosec x
dx 
as range of integration. Every definite integral has a unique value.
 /2 a tan x + b cot x 
Evaluation of definite integral by substitution
=  0 tan x + cot x
dx = (a + b)
4
a a
When the variable in a definite integral is changed, the substitutions
in terms of new variable should be effected at three places.
(5)  −a 
f (x) dx = [ f ( x) + f (− x)] dx .
0

(i) In the integrand (ii)In the differential i.e., dx (iii) In the limits In special case :
For example, if we put  (x) = t in the integral  a
b b  (b) 
a

f (x) dx = 2 0 f (x) dx, if f (x) is even function or f (− x) = f (x)
 f { (x)} ' (x)dx , then  
−a
f { ( x)} ' ( x)dx = f (t) dt .  0 , if f (x) is odd function or f (− x) = − f (x)
a a  (a )
This property is generally used when integrand is either even
Properties of definite integral or odd function of x.
2a a a
b b (6)  f (x)dx =  f (x)dx +  f (2a − x) dx
(1)  f (x)dx =  f (t) dt
a a
i.e., The value of a definite integral 0 0

, if f (2a − x) = − f (x)
0

02a
remains unchanged if its variable is replaced by any other symbol.
b a
In particular,
0 
f (x) dx =  a
2 0 f (x) dx , if f (2a − x) = f (x) 
(2)  a 
f(x)dx = − f(x)dx i.e., by the interchange in the limits
b
It is generally used to make half the upper limit.
of definite integral, the sign of the integral is changed.
b b

 f (x) dx =  f (a + b − x)dx .
b c b
(7)
(3)  a
f ( x)dx =  a
f ( x)dx + 
c
f ( x)dx , (where a < c < b) a a
a 1 a

 
b c1 c2 b
x f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx , if f (a − x) = f (x) .
or  a
f ( x)dx =  a
f (x)dx +  c1
f ( x)dx + ..... + 
cn
f (x)dx; (8)
0 2
a
0

(where a  c1  c 2  ........c n  b ) (9) If f (x) is a periodic function with period T, then

nT T
Generally this property is used when the integrand has two or
more rules in the integration interval.
0
f (x)dx = n 0
f ( x)dx

This is useful when f (x) is not continuous in [a, b] because Deduction : If f (x) is a periodic function with period T, then
a + nT T
we can break up the integral into several integrals at the points of
discontinuity so that the function is continuous in the sub-intervals. a
f ( x) dx = n  0
f ( x) dx , where nI

a a nT T
(4) 
0
f ( x)dx = 
0
f (a − x)dx : This property can be used only when (a) If a = 0, 0
f ( x) dx = n  0
f ( x) dx, where n  I

lower limit is zero. It is generally used for those complicated integrals a+T T

whose denominators are unchanged when x is replaced by (a – x). (b) If n = 1, 0

f ( x) dx =  0
f ( x) dx .
Following integrals can be obtained with the help of above nT T
property. (10)  mT
f ( x) dx = (n − m)  0
f ( x) dx, where n, m I .
n n
 /2 sin x  /2 cos x  b + nT
 
b
(i)
0 n
sin x + cos x n
dx =
0 n
cos x + sin x n
dx =
4
(11)  a + nT
f ( x) dx = a
f ( x) dx, where n I .

 /2 tan n x  /2 cot n x  2k
(ii)  0 1 + tan x n
dx = 
0 1 + cot x 4 n
dx = (12)  (x − [x])dx = k,
0
where k an integer, since x − [x] is a
periodic function with period 1.
 /2 1  2 1 
(iii)  0 1 + tann x
dx =  0 1 + cotn x
dx =
4 (13) If f (x) is a periodic function with period T, then 
a+T
f (x)
a
is independent of a.
 STUDYPIVOT.COM

b 1  /2 (m − 1) (m − 3).....(n − 1) (n − 3)....
(14)  a
f (x) dx = (b − a) 0
f ((b − a) x + a) dx . 
0
sinm x cosn dx =
(m + n) (m + n − 2) ...(2 or 1)
,

[If m, n are both odd positive integers or one odd positive

Summation of series by integration integer]
 /2 (m − 1) (m − 3)............(n − 1) (n − 3) 

n
b
sinm x cosn xdx = . ,
We know that 
a
f (x)dx = lim h
n→ 
 f (a + rh) , where nh = b − a
r =1
0 (m + n) (m + n − 2)........ (2 or 1) 2
[If m, n are both positive integers]
1
Now, put a = 0, b = 1,  nh = 1 or h = .
n Leibnitz’s rule
1 1 r (1) If f(x) is continuous and u(x), v(x) are differentiable
Hence  f (x) dx = lim n  f  n  .
0 n→  functions in the interval [a, b], then,
d v( x ) d d
Express the given series in the form 
1 r
f  . 
dx u( x )
f (t)dt = f {v( x)} {v(x)} − f {u(x)} {u( x)} .
dx dx
n  h (2) If the function  (x) and  (x) are defined on [a, b] and
r 1 differentiable at a point x (a, b), and f (x, t) is continuous, then,
Replace by x, by dx and the limit of the sum is
n n d   (x)   (x) d  d ( x) 
1
dx   f ( x, t) dt  =  f (x, t) dt +   f (x, ( x))
0
f ( x) dx .  (x)   (x) dx  dx 
 d ( x) 
Gamma function −  f ( x, ( x)) .
 dx 


0
x n−1e − x dx , n  0 is called Gamma function and denoted Some important results of definite integral
by n . If m and n are non-negative integers, then  /4 1
 m + 1  n + 1
   
(1) If I n = 
0
tan n xdx then I n + I n− 2 =
n−1
 /2
 2   2 
 1
m n  /4
0
sin x cos xdx =
m + n + 2
2 
(2) If I n = 
0
cot n xdx then I n + I n− 2 =
1−n
 2   /4 ( 2 ) n− 2 n − 2
where (n) is called gamma function which satisfy the (3) If I n = 
0
sec n x dx then I n =
n−1
+
n−1
I n− 2

following properties (n + 1) = n(n) = n! i.e.,  (1) = 1 , (1 / 2) =   /4 ( 2 )n− 2 n − 2

In place of gamma function, we can also use the following
(4) If I n =
0  cosec n x dx then I n =
n−1
+
n −1
I n− 2
/ 2
n −1

 /2
sin m x cos n xdx
formula
0
(5) If I n =
0 
sin n x dx, then In =
n
In− 2
(m − 1)(m − 3).....(2 or 1)(n − 1)(n − 3).....(2 or 1)  /2 n −1
=
(m + n)(m + n − 2)....(2 or 1) (6) If I n =
0 
cos n x dx, then In =
n
In− 2 .

It is important to note that we multiply by ( /2); when both m  /2

and n are even. (7) If I n = 
0
x n sin x dx then In + n(n − 1)In− 2 = n( / 2)n−1
 /2
Reduction formulae for definite integration (8) If I n = 
0
x n cos x dx then In + n(n − 1)In− 2 = ( /2)n

 b  /2 dx 2 a+b
(1)  0
e − ax sin bxdx =
a +b 2 2
(9) If a  b  0, then
 0 a + b cos x
=
2
a −b 2
tan −1
a−b
 a
(2) 
0
e − ax cos bxdx = 2
a + b2
(10)If 0  a  b then
0
 /2 dx
a + b cos x
=
2
1
2
log
b+a − b−a
b +a + b−a
b −a
 n!
(3) 
0
e −ax x n dx = n
a +1 (11) If a  b  0 then

 /2 dx
=
2
tan −1
a−b
0 a + b sin x a2 − b2 a+b
Walli's formula (12) If 0  a  b , then
 /2 dx 1 b+a + b−a
0
 /2
sin n xdx =  0
 /2
cosn xdx 
0 a + b sin x
=
2
b −a 2
log
b+a − b−a
 n−1 n− 3 n− 5 2  /2 dx
. .
 n n − 2 n − 4
=
...... ,
3
when n is odd (13) If a  b, a 2  b 2 + c 2 , then 0 a + b cos x + c sin x
n−1 n− 3 n− 5 3 1  2 a−b+c
 . . ....... . . , when n is even = tan −1
 n n − 2 n − 4 4 2 2 2 2 2
a −b −c a2 − b2 − c 2
 STUDYPIVOT.COM

 /2 dx
(14) If a  b, a 2  b 2 + c 2 , then  0 a + b cos x + c sin x
(4) If the equation of a curve is in parametric form, let x = f(t),
1 a − b + c − b2 + c 2 − a2
= b t2

b2 + c 2 − a2
log
a−b+c + b +c −a 2 2 2 y = g(t) then the area =  y dx = 
a t1
g(t) f ' (t) dt , where t1 and t 2
 /2 dx are the values of t respectively corresponding to the values of a
(15) If a  b, a2  b2 + c 2 then 
0 a + b cos x + c sin x and b of x.

−1 b − a − c − b2 + c 2 − a2
= log
b2 + c 2 − a2 b − a − c + b2 + c 2 − a2
Integration of piecewise continuous functions
Any function f (x) which is discontinuous at finite number of
points in an interval [a, b] can be made continuous in sub-intervals
by breaking the intervals into these subintervals. If f (x) is
discontinuous at points x1, x2, x3 ..........xn in (a, b), then we can
define subintervals (a, x1), (x1, x2).............(xn−1, xn), (xn, b) such
that f (x) is continuous in each of these subintervals. Such
functions are called piecewise continuous functions. For integration
of piecewise continuous function, we integrate f (x) in these sub-
intervals and finally add all the values.
Area Under Curves
. Symmetrical area
If the curve is symmetrical about a co-ordinate axis (or a line
or origin), then we find the area of one symmetrical portion and
multiply it by the number of symmetrical portions to get the
required area.
Area between two curves
(1) When both curves intersect at two points and
their common area lies between these points: If the curves
y1 = f1(x) and y2 = f2(x), where f1(x)  f2(x) intersect in two
points A(x = a) and B(x = b), then common area between the
b b
 
curves is = (y1 − y 2 ) dx = [ f1 (x) − f 2 ( x)] dx .
a a
Y

Area of bounded regions

y = f1 (x)
B
(1) The area bounded by a cartesian curve y = f(x), x-axis
and ordinates x = a and x = b is given by
b b
A y = f2 (x)
Area = 
a
y dx =  a
f ( x)dx
X
O x = a dx x=b
Y
(2) When two curves intersect at a point and the area
y = f(x) between them is bounded by x-axis: Area bounded by the
 b

y dx curves y = f1 (x), y 2 = f2 (x) and x − axis is 

a
f1 (x)dx +  f (x)dx ,

2

Y
O x =a x = b X

(2) If the curve y = f(x) lies below x-axis, then the area
y1 = f1(x) P( ,  )
bounded by the curve y = f (x), the x-axis and the ordinates x = a
b y2 = f2(x)
and x = b is negative. So, area is given by  y dx .
a

(3) The area bounded by a cartesian curve x =f(y), y-axis and O X

abscissae y = c and y = d is given by,
d d where P( ,  ) is the point of intersection of the two curves.
Area = 
c
x dy =  f (y)dy
c (3) Positive and negative area : Area is always taken as
Y positive. If some part of the area lies above the x-axis and some
part lies below x-axis, then the area of two parts should be
calculated separately and then add their numerical values to get
the desired area.
y=d x
dy x = f(y)
Volumes and surfaces of solids of revolution
y=c
If a plane curve is revolved about some axis in the plane of
X the curve, then the body so generated is known as solid of
O
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revolution. The surface generated by the perimeter of the curve is

t =t2 t2  dx  2  dy  2 
known as surface of revolution and the volume generated by the = 2  t = t1
f2 (t)ds = 2 t1
f2 (t)   +    dt ,
 dt   dt  
area is called volume of revolution.
For example, a right angled triangle when revolved about one where t1 and t 2 are the values of the parameter corresponding
of its sides (forming the right angle) generates a right circular cones. to x = a and x = b.
(1) Volumes of solids of revolution (3) Volume and surface of the frustum of a cone : If
r1 ,r2 be the radii of the circular ends and k is the distance between
(i) The volume of the solid generated by the revolution, about
centres of circular ends and l be the slant height, then
the x-axis, of the area bounded by the curve y = f(x), the ordinates
b k
(i) Volume of frustum of cone = (r12 + r1 r2 + r22 )
at x = a, x = b and the x-axis is equal to  
a
y 2 dx . 3
Y (ii) Curved surface area of frustum of cone =  (r1 + r2 ) l
(x+ x, y+y)
Q (iii) Whole surface area of frustum of cone
P
(x,y)
A R S
x=b =  (r1 + r2 ) l +  r12 + r22 .

(4) Volume and surface of the frustum of a sphere :

x=a
Let the thickness of the frustum of sphere is k and radii of the
X circular ends of the frustum are r1 and r2 , then
O K N M L
k
(ii) The revolution of the area lying between the curve (i) Volume of the frustum of sphere = (3r12 + 3r22 + k 2 )
6
x = f (y) the y-axis and the lines y = a and y = b is given by
b (ii) Curved surface area of frustum of sphere = 2ak
 x
2
(interchanging x and y in the above formulae) dy .
a (where a is radius of circle)
(iii) If the equation of the generating curve be given by (iii) Whole surface area of frustum of sphere
x = f1(t) and y = f2(t) and it is revolved about x-axis, then the formula
= (2ak + r12 + r22 ) .
b t2

 y 
2 2
corresponding to dx becomes  { f2 (t)} d { f1(t)} ,
a t1

where f1 and f2 are the values of t corresponding to x = a

and x = b.
(2) Area of surfaces of revolution
(i) The curved surface of the solid generated by the revolution,
about the x- axis, of the area bounded by the curve y = f (x) , the  dx
x =b   , (   ) =  .
ordinates at x = a, x = b and the x-axis is equal to 2 
x =a
y ds .  ( x −  ) ( − x)
 
Y
C
  (x −  ) ( − x) dx = ( −  ) 2 .
 8
S Q
b x−a 
B   dx = (b − a ) .
A P R a b−x 2
x=b b 1 nb
x=a
  f (x ) dx = f (x ) dx .

a n na
X b −c b b+c b
O D N M E   f (x + c ) dx =  f (x ) dx or  f (x − c ) dx =  f (x ) dx .
a −c a a+c a
 dx
(ii) If the arc of the curve y = f (x) revolves about y-axis, then  0 1 + sin x
= 2.
the area of the surface of revolution (between proper limits)

 dy 
2  
 /2 dx
sin x + cos x
= 2 log ( 2 + 1) .

0
= 2 x ds, where ds = 1 +   dx .
 dx   /2
  log (tan x )dx = 0 .
(iii) If the equation of the curve is given in the parametric form 0

x = f1(t) and y = f2(t) , and the curve revolves about x-axis, then a dx a
  = , where f (a − x ) = − f (x ) .
t = t2 0 1 + e f (x ) 2
we get the area of the surface of revolution = 2  yds a dx 
t = t1
 0 2
a −x 2
= .
2
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a dx  b 1
 0
=
x + a 2 2a
2
.  a
f ( x)dx = (b − a)  f (b − a) t + adt .
0
2
a a x
 0
a 2 − x 2 dx =
4
.
 lim
 f (x) dx = f (0) .
0

b x →0 x
 a
( x − a + x − b ) dx = (b − a)2 .
b f (x) dx 1

x
= (b − a) .
 If f(t) is an odd function, then  (x) =

a
f (t) dt is an even function. 
a f ( x) + f (a + b − x) 2
x
 If f(x) is an even function, then  ( x) =  0
f (t) dt is an odd function.  The area of the region bounded by y 2 = 4ax , x 2 = 4 by is
16ab
 Every continuous function defined on [a, b] is integrable sq. unit.
over [a, b]. 3
 Every monotonic function defined on [a, b] is integrable  The area of the region bounded by y 2 = 4ax and y = mx
over [a, b].
8a 2
 If f(x) is a continuous function defined on [a, b], then there is sq. unit.
b 3m 3
exists c  (a, b) such that  a
f ( x)dx = f (c).(b − a) .  The area of the region bounded by y 2 = 4ax and its latus-
1 b 8a 2
 The number f (c) =
(b − a)  a
f ( x)dx is called the mean rectum is
3
sq. unit.

value of the function f (x) on the interval [a, b].  The area of the region bounded by one arch of sin (ax) or
 If f is continuous on [a, b], then the integral function g cos (ax) and x-axis is 2/asq. unit.
x  Area of the ellipse (x 2 / a 2 ) + (y 2 / b 2 ) = 1 is ab sq. unit.
defined by g(x) =  f (t)dt
a
for x  [a, b] is derivable on [a, b]
 Area of region bounded by the curve y = sin x , x-axis and
and g (x) = f (x) for all x  [a, b] . the line x = 0 and x = 2 is 4 sq. unit.
 If m and M are the smallest and greatest values of a function  The volume of the solid generated by revolving the area
b bounded by the curve r = f ( ) and the radii vectors  =  and
f(x) on an interval [a, b], then m(b − a)  f ( x)dx  M (b − a) .  2 

a
 =  about the initial line is  r 3 sin  d . The volume in
b b 3 
  a 
f ( x)dx  | f ( x) | dx .
a the case when this area is revolved about the line  =  / 2 is
2  3
If f (x) and g 2 (x) are integrable on [a, b], then 
2
 r cos  d .
1/ 2 1/ 2
3 
b  b   b 
a a   
f ( x) g( x) dx   f 2 (x) dx   g 2 (x) dx  .
 a  
 Change of variables : If the function f(x) is continuous on
[a, b] and the function x =  (t) is continuously differentiable on
the interval [t1 , t 2 ] and a = (t1 ), b = (t 2 ), then
b t2


a
f ( x)dx =  t1
f ( (t)) ' (t)dt .

Let a function f (x, ) be continuous for a  x  b and

b
c    d . Then for any   [c, d] , if I ( ) =  f (x, )dx,
a
then
b
I ' ( ) =  f ' (x, )dx,
a
where I ' ( ) is the derivative of I( ) w.r.t. 

and f ' (x, ) is the derivative of f (x, ) w.r.t. , keeping x constant.

 For a given function f (x) continuous on [a, b] if you are
able to find two continuous function f1 (x) and f2 (x) on [a, b]
such that f1(x)  f (x)  f2 (x)  x  [a, b], then
b b b

 a
f1 ( x) dx   a
f ( x) dx  
a
f2 ( x) dx .
x
 If f(t) is an even function, then for a non zero ‘a’, 0
f (t) dt
is not necessarily an odd function. It will be odd function if
a

0
f (t) dt = 0 .