06 - BHA Design1

Bottom
Hole
Assembly
Design
ENM210 Drilling Technology

© The Robert Gordon University 2007 1
1
Objectives
• Understand the principles of simple
beams pertaining to BHA design
• Recognise the desired features of
Build / hold and drop BHA
• Determine the variable features in a
SMS BHA
• Understand the benefits of RSS BHA
2
BHA DESIGN No RSS Needed? Yes RSS to give low dogleg Rotary Steerable BHA
No
What DLS is
required? Rotary - Hold assembly
Rotary BHA
Directional Driller (DD) / Drilling Engineer (DE)
Can
Motor
motor Motor - Hold assembly
BHA
0°? Yes Yes or Motor Motor BHA (Long)
improve DD / DE
Turbine?
ROP?
Turbine - Hold assembly

No Turbine Turbine BHA
DD / DE / Vendor
design <7° Yes 2D or 3D? 2D

Can
motor improve
ROP?
Yes
Motor or
Turbine?
Motor
Motor with bend & stabilised
to deliver 2D Dogleg
DD / DE
Turbine to deliver 2D dogleg

Motor BHA
(Long)
No Turbine Turbine BHA
flowchart
DD / DE / Vendor
3D
Rotary assembly
to give 2D Dogleg Rotary BHA
DD / DE
No
Motor with bend to deliver
3D Dogleg optimised for
RSS needed? No Motor BHA (Long)
build / drop
DD / DE
Yes
RSS to give planned 3D Dogleg Rotary Steerable

DD / DE BHA
>7° Dedicated Motor Assembly Motor with high bend

Yes Motor BHA (Medium)
<15° No Rotating DD / DE
No
Specialist Motor
Application
DD / DE
Drill curve XF
Run XL to get round
curve to drill target
Motor BHA (Short)
3
Review off set data set
Directional Driller (DD)/ Drilling Engineer (DE)
Note features Note features

PDC Bit Type? Rockbit
DD / DE DD / DE
WOB needed? WOB needed?

Build BHA in software
Rotary Insert Bit
Is VGS
required at
NBS?
Yes
Insert VGS at NBS
Note Size Range
BHA No
Insert full gauge NBS
Insert / Select control DC length
design
Insert / Select control stab diameter
Insert MWD
Insert stab under gauge
Yes Insert DCs stabilised every 60 feet
flowchart DC?
No
No
Sufficient
weight from
WOB x buoyancy?
Insert HWDP
No Yes
Sufficient
weight from Yes Insert jar / Acc above neutral points
WOB x buoyancy? Review 2
Variables only
Insert HWPP for transition control DC Length
Control stab OD
Insert Drill pipe available
Run Tendency / Prediction Power Plan
Option run
Hydraulics
Does the
Exit Yes No
model work?
4
Principles of Rotary BHA
Notes:
The BHA affects the well bore trajectory. The design of BHA can vary from very
simple (bit, drill collars, drill pipe) to a complicated hookup (bit, shock sub,
roller reamers, stabilizers, non-magnetic drill collars, steel drill collars, crossover
subs, extension subs, jars, heavy weight drill pipe and drill pipe).
5
BHA Side Force
• BHA’s cause a side
force at the bit that
makes the bit build,
drop or hold angle
All BHA’s cause a side force at the bit that leads to an increase in hole
inclination (positive side force - Fulcrum effect), no change in inclination (zero
net side force - Lockup BHA) or a drop in inclination (negative side
force - Pendulum effect). In addition, changes in hole direction (bit walk) may be
either minimized or increased by specific rotary BHA’s and drilling parameters.
6
Stiffness – BHA as a Hollow Cylinder
• Stiffness Coefficient = E x I
• where:
• E = Young’s Modulus (lb/in2)
• I = Moment of Inertia (in4)
• Moment of Inertia
• I = p (OD4 - ID4) ÷ 64
• OD = outside diameter
• ID = inside diameter
Most drilling components used in a BHA (e.g. drill collars) can be treated as
hollow cylinders. Their stiffness can be easily calculated.
Stiffness Coefficient = E × I
where
E = Young's Modulus (lb/in2)
I = Moment of Inertia (in4)
Moment of Inertia I = π ( OD4 - ID4) ÷ 64
where
OD = outside diameter
ID = inside diameter.
Stiffness coefficient is a measure of component rigidity.
It is important to take drill collar stiffness into account when designing BHA's.
Where an MWD tool is to be used close to the bit, it is absolutely essential to
know the stiffness of the MWD collar. Otherwise, dogleg severity achieved may
differ greatly from what was expected.
7
Stiffness of Materials used in BHA Components
Used In Modulus of Elasticity Material

lb/in2
Drill Pipe 30 x 106 Alloy Steel
Drill Collars 30 x 106 Alloy Steel
Drill Pipe 10.5 x 106 Aluminium
Drill Collars 10.5 x 106 Aluminium
Non-Magnetic Collars 26.0 x 106 Monel
Non-magnetic collars 28.0 x 106 Stainless Steel
Bit inserts 87.0 x 106 Tungsten Carbide
Collars 51.5 x 106 Tungsten
8
Stiffness - Example
• Determine stiffness of a steel drill collar having:
– a) OD = 8" and ID = 2-13/16"
•Solution:
•E × I = 30.0 ×106 × π × (8.04 -
2.81254) ÷ 64 = 5.9397 × 109
–b) OD = 7” and ID = 2-13/16"

•Solution:
•E × I = 30.0 × 106 × π × (7.04-
2.81254) ÷ 64 = 3.444 × 109
In this case, a reduction in O.D. of
12.5% (for the same I.D.) results
in a reduction in stiffness of 42%!
9
Stiffness
Sag
5 × W × L4
Sag =
384 × E × I
10
Neutral Point (Vertical Hole)
• Is the point where the
drill string transitions
from tension to
compression
• Needs to be kept in
the BHA
• Drill Collars and
HWDP picked up to
ensure enough weight
is available
Before a BHA is designed, an estimate is made of the maximum weight on bit

(WOB) which will be required. This will depend on the bit specification and on
the formation. On reaching bottom, the WOB actually applied will also depend
on the BHA's directional response.
A BHA must be picked up which has an available WOB appropriate to the given
situation. The number of drill collars should be kept to the minimum. HWDP is
used to give the remainder of the required WOB.
The Neutral Point (N) of a drill string is where the changeover from tension to
compression occurs. Everything below N is in compression. Everything above N
is in tension. Figure 11-1 shows a situation where N is in the DC's.
The weight per foot of each size of DC and HWDP is known. Thus, the weight in
air of any BHA is easily calculated. However, we must then correct this weight to
actual down-hole conditions in a deviated well.
In any well, the buoyancy effect of the mud on the drill string must be accounted
for.
Buoyancy factor = (density of steel – density of mud) / density of steel
For example with a 16 ppg mud f = (65.5 – 16) / 65.5 = 0.75
11
Neutral Point (Inclined Hole)
• For an inclined hole
the inclination has to
be taken into account.
• For a well at 45°
only 71% of BHA
weight is available in
air.
In deviated wells, the inclination must be allowed for in the calculation of

available WOB.
Available WOB = (Buoyed BHA Weight) × (cos Inclination)
Thus, in a well having an inclination of 45º, the BHA weight available as WOB
is only 71% of that available if the well were vertical.
12
Neutral Point
• In deviated wells
– available WOB = (Buoyed BHA Weight) x (cos

Inclination)
Available WOB x DF
• BHA Weight in air =
BF x cos α
where DF = Design Factor (usually DF = 1.10)
Drill pipe must not be run in compression in a non-horizontal well. To ensure that
the drill pipe is always in tension, the neutral point must be either in the HWDP
or in the DC's. Obviously, the lower the WOB, the closer to the bit N is.
Therefore, the BHA must be designed to account for the worst case i.e. when
maximum WOB is applied.
A Design Factor (DF) is used, if practical, in the calculation of the BHA weight
required. This is usually 1.10
A tapered drill string may be used. This normally involves use of two (or more)
sizes of DC's below the HWDP. The WOB calculation is done as above, allowing
for the different DC weights.
13
Neutral Point
• Example:
– Hole Size: 12 ¼ “
– Well Inclination: 45°
– Mud Density: 11 ppg
– Required WOB : 40,000 lbs
– How many DC’s (8 ¼ ”, 160 lbs/ft) this BHA
will require?
– If the number of DC’s is limited to 6, how
many HWDP should be added to the string?
(HW= 5”, 49.7 lbs/ft)
Drill pipe must not be run in compression in a non-horizontal well. To ensure that
the drill pipe is always in tension, the neutral point must be either in the HWDP
or in the DC's. Obviously, the lower the WOB, the closer to the bit N is.
Therefore, the BHA must be designed to account for the worst case i.e. when
maximum WOB is applied.
A Design Factor (DF) is used, if practical, in the calculation of the BHA weight
required. This is usually 1.10.
A tapered drill string may be used. This normally involves use of two (or more)
sizes of DC's below the HWDP. The WOB calculation is done as above, allowing
for the different DC weights.
14
Neutral Point - answer
• cos(45) = 0.707 • 8 ¼” DC are 5120 lb/32ft
• BF for 11ppg = 0.831 • 5” HWDP are 1540 lb/31ft
Required BHAair WT = (40000 x 1.1)÷(0.831 x 0.707)
= 74982 lbs
Number whole DC = 74982 ÷ 5120
= 15 DC
There are only 6 DC available; how many HWDP are required?
Required BHAair WT = 74982 lbs
6 x DC = 5120 x 6
= 30720 lbs
Amount HWDP = (74982 – 30720) ÷ 1540
= 29 jts
15
Buckling
E × I × K B × W × sin θ
FCR = 2 ×
r
FCR = Critical sinusoidal buckling load (lbs)
θ = Inclination of the hole at the point of interest (deg)
E = Young' s Modulus
K B = Buoyance factor (unitless)
I = Moment of inertia (inch 4 )
W = Unit weight in air (lbs/in)
r = Radial clearance between pipe tool joint and hole (in)
16
Stabilization
• Stabilized BHA can be designed to build, hold or drop inclination

• Critical elements:
– Stabilizer gauge
– Stabilizer position
– Drill collar OD/weight/moment of inertia
– Hole inclination
– WOB, RPM, flow rates
– Hole gauge
– Bit Type
• Prediction issues (formation effects, bit walk, hole washout.…)
17
Stabilization
Hold
Build Drop Drop
• Stabilizer Placement and resultant side forces

18
Pendulum Force
• If WOB = 0, only pendulum force
applies (-ve side force)
• The max. pendulum force at bit is given
by:
– H = (Wc x L x BC x sinI) ÷ 2
– where:
• L = Tangency length
• BC = Buoyancy Factor
• Wc = Weight of collar in air (lbs/ft)
• I = Inclination
• If WOB is applied a positive bending
force is introduced.
– Tangency Point moves closer to the bit
– And pendulum effect decreases
Notes:
With zero weight on bit, a negative side force (pendulum force) only applies.
The maximum pendulum force at the bit is given by:
H = (Wc.L.BC.sinI) ÷ 2
where:
L = Tangency length
BC = Buoyancy Factor
Wc = Weight of collars in air (lbs/ft)
I = Inclination
The greater the hole inclination, the higher the pendulum force.
If we apply an axial load (weight on bit), a positive (bending) force is introduced.
The tangency point moves closer to the bit. The pendulum force is thus reduced.
A condition of zero net side force is achieved at some point.
If we use stiffer drill collars, a larger pendulum force results. A higher weight on
bit must be used to achieve a balanced condition. It may not even be possible.
It is obvious that the uncertainty (lack of control) when using a slick assembly
leads to unpredictable results. Thus, this type of BHA is not used in deviated
wells.
19
Single Stabilizer BHA
• As the stabilizer moves closer to
the bit the tangency point
changes.
• There is a point of maximum
negative side force.
• Moving the stabilizer closer to the
bit reduces side force.
• Eventually reach a point of zero
side force.
• Moving stabilizer closer will result
in a positive side force – collar
above the stabilizer bends forcing
the bit upwards – Fulcrum Effect.
• Increase in WOB, increase in build
rate.
• The more limber the collar above
the stabilizer the greater the build
rate
An easy way to control the tangency point is to insert a stabilizer in the BHA. If the stabilizer is
far enough back from the bit, it has no effect on BHA behavior. However, if the stabilizer is
moved closer to the bit, the tangency point changes. The collar(s) between the bit and stabilizer
bend when a certain weight on bit is applied. A point is reached where maximum negative
(pendulum) side force occurs. Moving the stabilizer closer to the bit reduces the pendulum force.
Eventually, a point is reached where zero side force occurs. Moving the stabilizer further down
gives a positive side force. The collar directly above the stabilizer bends when weight is applied.
The stabilizer forces the bit towards the high side of the hole. This is called the fulcrum effect.
Increases in weight on bit (up to a certain point) lead to increased buildup rate.
The more limber the collar directly above the near-bit stabilizer, the greater the buildup rate. The
smaller the O.D. of the collar directly above the near-bit, the closer to the bit the contact point
becomes. Thus, a higher positive side force is achieved.
Single-stabilizer buildup BHA's are not normally used. Under no circumstances should a single
stabilizer be run if, later in the hole, multi-stabilizer BHA's are to be run. More predictable BHA
behavior and better hole condition results from using two or more stabilizers in every BHA.
20
Two Stabilizer BHA’s
• Simplest BHA has a NB
Stabilizer and a second
stabilizer some distance
above this.
• For a given WOB the
distance from bit to first
stabilizer (L1) and
between the stabilizers
(L2) determines the
tangency point.
The simplest multi-stabilizer BHA has a near-bit stabilizer (3'-6' from the bit to
the leading edge of the stabilizer blade) and a second stabilizer at some distance
above this.
For a given weight on bit, the distance from bit to first stabilizer (L1) and
between the stabilizers (L2) determines the tangency point.
If tangency occurs between the bit and the bottom stabilizer, negative side force
results
21
2 Stabilizer - 90’ Build Assembly
• Tangency occurs
between the
stabilizers.
• Various bits and collar
sizes with 30 Klbs
WOB
• Smaller hole size –
more flexible collars –
bigger side force
22
Effect of WOB
• What is the effect of increasing WOB?

– to a building BHA
– to a dropping BHA
• What are the limits?
23
Effect of WOB on 2 Stabilizer Assembly
• Increase WOB
• Induce Tangency
point
• Increase Side Force
24
Multi-stabilizer BHA's
• Inclination versus
side-force for 3 two
stabilizer BHA's
Hole Inclination
Plot of inclination versus side force at the bit for three 2-stabilizer BHA's.
25
Effects of Stabilizer Gauge
• Full Gauge Vs Under
Gauge for Near Bit
Stabiliser
• Full Gauge vs Under
Gauge for second
Stabiliser
26
Under gauge Near-bit Stabilizer
• Results in changes of
bit side force
• Build BHA will have
less build
• Lock-up BHA will drop
• More under gauge =
greater effect
If the near-bit stabilizer is under gauge a loss of bit side force results. With a
buildup BHA, rate of buildup is thus reduced. With a lockup BHA, a drop in
inclination results.
The more under gauge, the greater the effect. In drop-off BHA's, use of an under
gauge near-bit stabilizer is recommended (where economics permit) in "S" wells
at the start of the drop-off.
27
Under gauge Second Stabilizer
• Becomes easier to get a
tangency point below it.
• More under gauge =
greater effect
• Hold assembly = try to
get zero net side force
If the second stabilizer is under gauge it becomes easier to get a tangency point
below it. It becomes easier to build angle. The more under gauge, the greater the
effect. In holding (locked) BHA's, an under gauge second stabilizer is usually
deliberately included in the BHA. The objective is to reach a condition of zero
net side force at the bit.
28
Effects of Hole Gauge
• How does hole gauge
effect:
– a building BHA
– a dropping BHA
• Considerations:
29
Hole Washout
• Dealing with soft
formations
• Loss of bit side force
• May be necessary to
drop flow rate
• May be necessary to
run a more limber
collar between NB
and String Stabilizer
• May need to pick up
motor
In soft formations, hole erosion occurs due to high annular velocities. Attempts at
holding or building inclination are more difficult (impossible to keep sufficient
weight on bit).
In very soft formation, it may be necessary to use a lower flow rate while drilling
but wash through each stand/single at full flow rate before making the
connection. If this does not solve the problem, a round trip for a more limber
bottom collar ("gilligan" BHA) may be necessary. If this is not acceptable, a
motor run may be required.
Sometimes it may be necessary to drill a pilot hole first and follow up with a hole
opener.
30
BHA's for building Inclination
Examples of commonly used BHA's for building inclination. Rates of build of the order of 5°/100'
and higher are possible with BHA No. 9, depending on the geology, inclination, hole diameter,
collar diameter and drilling parameters.
BHA No. 3 is used as a slight-to-medium building assembly, depending on how much under
gauge the middle stabilizer is and how responsive to weight the BHA is. For any buildup BHA,
the near-bit stabilizer has to be close to full gauge. The smaller the hole size, the more critical this
becomes.
The rate of increase in inclination (buildup rate, in °/100') is very important. The safe maximum is
about (5°/100'). If the rate of curvature of the well bore is high and it occurs at a shallow depth,
key seats may form in the curve as we drill ahead. If the curve is cased, the casing may become
worn through as the lower part of the hole is drilled. This wear is caused by the pipe rotating in
tension past the area of high curvature (Chapter 13). Several clients will set a dogleg severity
maximum of 3°/100' (or even less).
It's important to be aware of the client's acceptable limit for buildup rate. The effective stiffness
of a drill collar increases as RPM is increased. This leads to a reduced buildup rate.
As hole inclination increases, it becomes easier to build angle. Thus, where MWD is available, it
is advisable to survey every single during the buildup phase. This allows the DD to avoid
unnecessary and unwanted doglegs. Weight on bit may need to be reduced and/or reaming
initiated where such an acceleration in buildup rate occurs.
31
BHA's for maintaining Inclination
UG
In order to keep the hole inclination within a small "window" (a so-called lockup
situation), a condition of zero net side force on the bit has to be aimed for. This
type of BHA must be stiff. The stiffness of the BHA also helps to control bit
"walk".
In practice, slight changes in hole inclination often occur even with a good choice
of locked BHA. However, the objective is to get a complete bit run without
needing to POOH for a BHA change. Experience in a location should give the
DD the data for fine-tuning the BHA.
BHA No. 1 can have either a building or a dropping tendency. This BHA using
8" collars in 17-1/2" hole in soft formation may barely hold inclination.
However, using the same BHA and collars in 12-1/4" hole may lead to a
significant buildup rate (0.5°-1.0°/100').
Reducing the gauge of the second stabilizer gives the same result as leaving the
stabilizer alone but increasing the distance between it and the near-bit by a
certain amount. However, for directional control purposes, the former approach is
better.
Lockup BHA's account for the biggest percentage of hole drilled in deviated
wells. Thus, the DD's judgment and expertise in BHA selection is vital in saving
trips.
32
Typical locked up BHA for 12-1/4 in. hole
• The response of this type of BHA is determined by:.

• Hole size
• Distance between near-bit and lower string stabilizers
• Stiffness of the collar directly above the near bit
• Gauge of the stabilizers
• Drilling parameters
A typical lockup BHA for 12-1/4" hole at 30° inclination is shown in Figure 10-
18. If a slight build is called for (semi-build BHA), the second stabilizer should
be reduced in gauge - typically down to 12“ – 12 1/8”
The DD would be well advised to have at his disposal a range of under gauge
stabilizers from 11-1/2" up to 12-1/8" in increments of 1/8". .
33
BHA's for Dropping Inclination
Rarely used
BHA No. 5 (60' pendulum) is the most common where a high drop-off rate
(1.5°-4°/100') is needed, i.e., in "S"-type directional wells. However, “S"-type
wells are normally planned to have a drop-off rate of 1°- 2°/100'. This is in order
to avoid key seats and excessive wear on the drilling tubular. Thus, a common
approach is to start the drop-off earlier than the program with a less-aggressive
BHA incorporating an under gauge near-bit stabilizer (a modification of BHA
No. 1). A drop-off rate of about 1°-1.5°/100' is often achievable with such a
BHA. When the inclination has fallen to about 15° (at which point the gravity
force is much less), a round trip is made. BHA No. 5 is then used to drill to TD.
This plan should, however, be discussed with the client before the job starts. An
"extra" trip is involved.
Rate of drop-off usually slows significantly below 8°-10° inclination. When the
inclination falls to 2°, the well is considered vertical. However, the inclination
should continue to be monitored, to ensure it does not start to increase again. It's
advisable to ream each connection.
There is very little control over hole direction when using a pendulum BHA.
Sometimes the well walks excessively when using a tri-cone bit during the drop-
off. The DD should thus have some tolerance available in hole direction when he
starts the drop-off. RPM should be kept high (this also helps the drop-off rate).
34
Semi-drop BHA
• is a lock-up BHA incorporating an under gauge

near-bit
A lock-up BHA incorporating an under gauge near-bit is known as a semi-drop

BHA. This type of BHA is often used in slant wells where the DD is "above the
line" and wants to drop into the target with a nice slow drop-off rate (typically
0.1°-0.5°/100'). The drop-off rate achieved is determined by how much under
gauge the near-bit is. Part of the art of the DD is to choose the correct stabilizer
gauge in a given situation. Experience from offset wells is indispensable.
35
Special BHA's
1. Jetting BHA
2. Gilligan BHA's
3. Hole Openers
36
Jetting BHA
• Definition
– is an easy and cost-effective way of kick off a well, in
very soft formation
• - can be used with MWD
• - safer to use SS
BHA In very soft formation, jetting is an easy and cost-effective way to kick off a well. Jetting is perfectly
compatible with MWD. Although some "spudding" of the drill string is normally required, the shock loading
on the MWD tool is not excessive (formation is soft).
Jetting has the advantage that the well can be kicked off along the required direction and the inclination built
up all the way to maximum angle in one run.
Another application of jetting is "nudging" a well on a multi-well platform. Where insufficient/imprecise

survey information is available for surrounding wells, jetting is a safer anti-collision approach than using a
mud motor.
As mentioned previously, a jetting BHA is a modified buildup BHA. Aligning the key of the mule shoe
sleeve directly above the center of the large open nozzle (where two blanks are used) or above the center of
the two large nozzles (where one blank is used) is the basic difference.
Precautions to be taken when running a jetting BHA:
1. Plan the job! Pick up enough drill collars in the BHA (kickoff point is shallow) to allow sufficient
BHA weight for spudding/slacking off as required. Ensure that the driller does not spud with more weight
than you have available. Otherwise, a bent kelly/string will result (not a good situation!). It's advisable to
have 12x8" drill collars and 30x5" HWDP in the string when doing a jetting job. Account for inclination etc.
in your available WOB calculation as you pick up drill collars and HWDP.
2. Do not run drilling jars in the jetting BHA.
3. Do not jet too long an interval! Check dogleg severity on each single. Decrease/increase jetted interval
as required. Wipe out excessive doglegs by reaming/washing and re-surveying. A good guideline is to jet 5'
and drill the remainder of each of the first 2 singles. Check the resulting dogleg severity.
37
Gilligan BHA
• Flexible Build-Up BHA
• Flexible tubular inserted
above NB Stabilizer
• BUR’s of 6° - 11° / 100’
are possible – depends
on flexibility of tubular.
• Vital to take surveys at
close intervals to track
achieved BUR.
• Common before advent
of steerable motors as a
method to perform a blind
side track.
A "Gilligan" BHA is a flexible buildup BHA designed for certain specific

applications where high buildup rates are required, e.g. in a conventional DD job
when we're far “below the line" on the directional plot - probably also with
significantly less inclination than needed at that point; in horizontal drilling - use
of rotary buildup is faster and easier in the buildup phase (less hole friction) for
the DD than using a mud motor - provided hole direction can be corrected later
using a steerable motor.
Buildup rates of the order of 6°-11°/100' are possible, depending on the
flexibility of the tubular component (flexible collar, heavyweight or even drill
pipe) directly above the near-bit stabilizer. It's vital to take surveys at close
intervals to “track" the buildup rate achieved. Again, as hole inclination
increases, buildup rate increases.
It was quite common before the advent of mud motors to use a type of gilligan
BHA to perform a “blind” sidetrack (vertical well) by “bouncing off” the cement
plug.
This would include a flexible joint (e.g. heavyweight) directly above the bit.
Because of its crude nature and high dog-leg severity induced, this latter
application for a gilligan BHA is seldom, if ever, seen
38
Hole Opening BHA
• Hole Opener
– BHA needs to be
stabilized but limber
– MWD – yes or no?
– Cutter type – various
available
• Bull Nose
– Length: 7’ – 9’ – size
dependant
– Ported or non-ported?
A hole opener is usually designed as a fixed-diameter tool (Figure 5-18). Hole openers are used to
open pilot holes. Various formation-type cutters are available. The cutters and nozzles can be
changed on the rig-site. The use of a bull nose (rather than a bit) below the hole opener when
opening directional pilot holes is strongly recommended. Hole openers are usually manufactured
PIN UP.
In directional wells the BHA needs to be stabilized but flexible – you do not want to design a
packed BHA to fit into a curved borehole.
Is there a necessity to run MWD tools? Probably not, but most clients run them out of habit. What
are you going to use it for? Do you need it to see if you have side tracked? You hopefully have a
bull nose below the hole-opener – you are not going to drill far with this – you have a weight
indicator which will tell you if the bull nose is hanging up. You there fore have no need for an
MWD tool, but as we’ve said, try telling this to some clients.
BULLNOSE – this will be around 7 – 9 feet long depending on hole size – bigger the hole,
longer the bull nose. It needs to be strap welded to the bull nose to ensure it is not going to back
off. Ported or non-ported? If it is going to be ported have the ports pointing upwards – you do not
want ports pointing down that could possibly enable some washing of the whole and hence un-
intentional side-tracking.
39
Common BHA Problems
1. Formation Effects
2. Worn Bits
3. Accidental Side Track
4. Pinched Bit
5. Differential Sticking
6. Drilling Parameters
Formation effects – change in hardness, dip or strike, faults etc. all lead to changes in how the BHA reacts.
Worn bits – drop in ROP could lead to a decrease in net side force if the near bit stabilizer is able to under cut the hole
Accidental sidetrack – care needs to be taken when running a rotary assembly into the hole after drilling thru soft
formation with a steerable motor assembly. Try washing thru tights spots with-out rotation. If rotation required keep it low
and to a minimum.
Pinched bit – do not try to cram a full gauge bit into under gauge – bit life will be very short
Differential Sticking – may need to run more stabilizers to lift collars of the borehole wall
Drilling Parameters
High rotary/top drive RPM acts to stiffen the string. Thus, for directional control, if possible, high RPM should be used
during the rotary buildup phase, when the BHA is most limber. Typical values in 17-1/2" hole during rotary build/lock
phases with a milled- tooth bit would be 160-170. In 12-1/4" hole, RPM is normally less (e.g. 100-140), due to bit life and
other factors.
Conversely, to induce right-hand walk, it's recommended to slow the RPM (if the hole direction allows). Weight on bit
may be simultaneously increased, if the hole direction allows.
PDC bits normally have a tendency to walk left. This should be allowed for when planning the lead angle at the
pre-kickoff stage. Again, experience in the area has to be used in making this decision.
To increase rate of buildup, increase the weight on bit. This is normally the case. However, when the WOB reaches a
certain value, reverse bending may occur when using a flexible buildup BHA (e.g. 90' between near-bit and bottom string
stabilizers). Suggested maximum value of WOB for 17 1/2" hole is 55,000 lbs. If inclination is not building enough at this
WOB, it's very unlikely that increasing the WOB will improve the situation. Look to hydraulics or possibly POOH for a
more limber hook-up.
It's vital that the DD observe the buildup rate carefully. Drilling parameters normally have to be changed very often
(typically after every survey). With MWD, there's no excuse for not keeping close control of buildup rate. The client
normally will not complain about the DD taking too many surveys. He will complain if the well goes off course due to
insufficient control by the DD!
40
• Given: Example
- hole = 12 1/4”
- inclination = 300
- Azimuth = N250 W
- MW = 12 ppg
• Design a tapered BHA designed to hold inclination
- 6 1/2” Jars will run in tension
- 1 x 30’ NMDC above MWD
- maximum WOB required = 45000 lbs
- DF = 1.10
41
Example
(required WOB x DF)
Wt. of BHA below jars =
BF x cos α
(45000 x 1.10)
=
(0.817) x cos 300
= 69 960 lbs
• 8” x 2 13/16”DC weighs 4642.6 lbs / 31’ length (8 available)
• 6 1/2” x 2 1/2” DC weights 2979.8 lbs / 31’ length (6 available)
• 5” x 3” HWDP weighs 1480 lbs / 30’ length (how much HWDP?)
• Required BHA
• 8 x 8” DC = 37 140 lbs
• 6 x 6 1/2” DC = 17 878 lbs
• 11 x 5” HWDP = 16 280 lbs
• Total BHA Weight in Air = 71 300 lbs
42
Review offset data set
Directional Driller (DD) / Drilling Engineer (DE)
Steerable
Note features Note features
PDC Bit Type? Rockbit
DD / DE DD / DE
WOB WOB
requirements requirements
Build BHA in PowerPlan Software
DD / DE
Motor
Insert Bit
DD / DE
Insert Motor c/w sleeve

stab
1/8 UG if regular
1/16 UG if Rotating Box
DD / DE
BHA Insert control DC & length

DD / DE
Insert control stab OD

DD / DE
design
Insert MWD
DD / DE
Insert stab under gauge
Yes Insert DCs stabilised every 60 feet
Sufficient
DC? No weight from
WOB x bouyancy?
No
Insert HWDP
No Yes
Sufficient
weight from Yes Insert Jar / Acc above neutral points
WOB x bouyancy
Insert HWPP for transition

Review sleeve OD / control
DC length / control stab OD
Insert drillpipe available DD / DE
Run tendency prediction

Examine zero bent housing
angle for Rotary Tendency
DD / DE
Review Bent Housing Angle Optional to run

DD / DE Hydraulics
Rotary OK? No
Yes
No Slide Dogleg OK?
Yes
Exit
43
Theory
Hydraulic Power (Hp) = Flow rate (GPM) x Pressure drop (psi) / 1714
Mechanical Power (Hp) = RPM x Torque (ft.lbs) / 5252
The aim of a mud motor is to convert the hydraulic power of the mud systems
into mechanical power that will turn the bit.
It can be seen that as the pressure drop increases the hydraulic power also
increases as long as the flow remains constant.
The efficiency of the system is calculated relative to how efficiently the motor
does this conversion
(MP/HP) * 100
PDM’s are a lot more efficient than turbines at converting hydraulic HP to

mechanical HP
44
Rig Consideration For
running PowerPak*
•Pumps should be capable of flow rates and pressures expected
for the depth, drillstring and trajectory proposed
•Adequate rig instrumentation, including make up torque sensors,
weight indicators, stroke counter, pressure gauges, torque gauges
and RPM gauges.
•Solids control equipment.
•Rotary lock or other devices to lock drill string, for sliding mode.
•Adequate rotary torque to drill.
•Ensure that rotary table are sized big enough to accommodate
larger motors.
It can be seen that as the pressure drop increases the hydraulic power also
increases as long as the flow remains constant
45
Motor design features
• Stator / rotor combination
• Power Section stage length
• Surface adjustable bent
housing
• Transmission shaft
• Bearings
– Mud lubricated
– Sealed
• Body stabiliser
– Body
– RNBS
46
PDM Basic Design
Top Sub
Power section
Transmission assembly
Surface Adjustable bend
Bearing section
Drive shaft
47
Power Section Design
The Power section converts hydraulic
energy of high pressure fluid to mechanical
energy in the form of torque output for the
drill bit.
The power section consists of a helical

shaped rotor and stator
The rotor has one less lobe than the stator
Number of stator lobes = number of rotor

lobes + 1
48
Stator
z Elastomer bonded into stator housing.
z RM100 (UF100) standard elastomer – WBM &

OBM
z RM145(HN89) – ODM > 280degF.
z RM245 >300degF.
z Re-line possible.
z Stator housing – “can” – very thin walled –

connections susceptible to corrosion.
RM100
This is the standard elastomer used with the majority of drilling fluids up to
280° F. Although, when properly sized, it can be used up to 320º F. It is a
nitrile compound with good mechanical characteristics.
RM145
This is a highly saturated nitrile compound originally designed to perform
better than RM100 in aggressive mud (OBM) and at high temperatures up
to 320° F.
The main recommendations for elastomer selection are:
Use RM100 for most applications up to 280º F. Aggressive OBM's are the
exception. If in doubt, have the elastomers tested in the mud.
Use RM145 for applications where the temperature is above 280° but
below 320° F, and when it is felt RM100 will be unreliable because the
mud is known to be aggressive. If in doubt, have the elastomers tested in
the mud.
49
Regular Stator – moulded around a blank and
has un-even
© The Robert Gordon University 2007 thickness of elastomer 50
50
Stator still moulded around a blank,
© The Robert Gordon University 2007 but ‘can’ is not a simple tube 51
51
Rotor Coatings
• Rotor Coatings
– Un-plated
• Inexpensive, adaptable for powerfit
• Corrodes and erodes
– Chromed
• Inexpensive, easy to recoat
• Not suitable for high chloride environment
– Tungsten Carbide
• Expensive, little corrosion or errosion
• Difficult to fish
– Ceramic
• Expensive, Suitable for HTHP
• Difficult to fish
52
Rotor Nozzle
TFA = GPM 2 × MW
P ×10850
TFA = total flow area (nozzle size, in.²)

Q = amount of flow to bypass (gpm)
MW = mud weight (ppg)
P = expected differential pressure + friction
pressure (psi). Friction pressure is 125psi
for A475 and larger, 150psi for A350 and
smaller.
A nozzle bypasses some of the flow through the center of the rotor
thereby reducing the amount of flow through the power section. As long as
the required amount of flow passes through the power section, then the
torque and RPM output of the motor will not be affected.
A rotor nozzle should be used when it is necessary to circulate at flow

rates greater than the power section specification. This may be required
for hole cleaning purposes in large hole sizes.
In certain applications, e.g., spudding, under-reaming or hole opening, it

may be desirable to reduce bit speed at high flow rates. This may also be
achieved by using a rotor nozzle.
53
Interference Fit
z Correct operating
interference +0.020”
z Elastomer swell with temp

and fluid absorption
z Elastomer compression from

pressure
z PowerFit software to
calculate set up under shop
conditions
54
Transmission Section Design
• Universal-joint
system transmits
Torque & Thrust
• High strength
materials &
optimized design for
maximum fatigue
life.
55
Adjustable bent housing
• 3 specifications
– 0-2
– 0-3
– 0-4 for special short
radius drilling
• Transmission shaft
passes through
56
Bearing Section Design
• Mud-Lubricated
radial & axial
bearings
• Single-piece forged
drive shaft
• Optimized design for
minimum erosion &
pressure drop
57
Radial Bearings
Upper and Lower radial bearings
Designed to restrict flow to axial
bearings
Standard and low bit pressure drop
bearings
Standard-bit-pressure drop bearing

min = 250 psi
Low-bit-pressure drop bearings min
= 100 psi
58
Sealed Bearing Section
Design
• 2 - 3 Thrust
Bearings
• Floating Piston
compensation
system.
• Available for 6 3/4”
motors and
smaller
59
Bearing Housing Design
z 3 types of housing
– Sleeve type –
standard
– Slick run w/ RNBS
– Integral when using
big motor in small
hole i.e. A800 in 9
7/8” Hole
Standard Sleeve Selection
Type of Stabilizer
Select a straight blade sleeve for most steerable assemblies. Straight blade sleeves allow for easier sliding. Additional
advantages are larger junk slots, which allow for hole cleaning in soft formations.
Select a slick sleeve or housing when running a Rotating Near Bit Stabilizer (RNBS) of any kind or where local experience
indicates it would provide better directional performance.
Select a spiral blade sleeve where local experience shows it provides better directional control due to the 360° coverage in
rotary mode.
Select a heavy-duty sleeve when drilling hard and abrasive formations
Gauge Size
Select 1/8 in. under gauge sleeve unless local experience indicates otherwise.
Select smaller gauge when local experience indicates this would provide better directional performance.
For motors in vertical hole, use local knowledge from BHA database records to determine the required gauge.
RNBS Criteria
Rotating Near Bit Stabilizers (RNBS) are available both as sleeves for installation on an extended motor drive shaft, or as a
separate sub for installation between a conventional drive shaft and the bit. In both case they rotate continuously with the drive
shaft.
There are several reasons for selecting a Rotating Near Bit Stabilizer (RNBS).
- It improves sliding capability because friction is considerably reduced and may improve ROP.
- Field experience has shown that when an RNBS is used in a steerable assembly, hole spiraling is eliminated.
- In general, running an RNBS on a motor will encourage a dropping tendency when the BHA is rotated due to hole undercut.
60
THEORY SUMMARY
• MORE LOBES = MORE TORQUE
• MORE LOBES = LESS RPM
• MORE STAGES = MORE TORQUE
• MORE STAGES = MORE AVAILABLE PRESSURE
• TIGHTER FIT = HIGHER TORQUE / LESS SLIP
• EXCESS PRESSURE = REDUCED RUBBER LIFE
61
Reading a Power Curve
Power Curves are probably on of the most “miss-read” curves in the company, and also the simplest when you under stand.
The top graph deals with the Bit RPM and Torque generated by the Power Section. The bottom graph deals with the Horse
Power Generated by the Power Section.
Top Graph
RPM Curves
Three RPM curves are presented: minimum, medium, and maximum flow range. At a differential pressure of
zero, the RPM values for a specific flow rate are the off-bottom or run-away speeds. RPM is proportional to
flow at no-load or off-bottom.
As the WOB increases, the resistive torque on the motor increases. As a result, the differential pressure across
the motor increases and the rotor slows down. This RPM decrease is due to "leakage." The leakage is the flow
of mud through the rubber-to-steel seal created between the rotor and stator. As pressure across this seal
increases (with increasing torque) more fluid leaks past the seal, decreasing the RPM for the same flow rate.
Torque Line
The torque line on the RPM plot displays the amount of torque that the power section can deliver as the
differential pressure across the power section increases. Torque is linear with respect to differential pressure.
Bottom Graph
The Horse Power is related to the output Torque and RPM of the motor – HP = (Torque*RPM)/5252
Reading the Graphs

Record your differential pressure – 300psi.
Interpolate a line in both graphs for the flow rate you are using – choose 525gpm.
Top Graph
Draw a line vertically from your differential pressure reading to meet your interpolated flow rate curve – read of
RPM on the left hand scale – approx. 130rpm
Where the differential pressure line intersects the torque line, this is your torque – right hand scale – 2900 ft-
lbs
Bottom Graph
Draw a line vertically from your differential pressure reading to meet your interpolated flow rate curve – read of
RPM on the left hand scale – approx. 75 hp
62
Bit Selection
• Roller cone if trouble maintaining toolface
• PDC aggressiveness to match torque capability of
the motor
• PDC profile
– Cone profile for tangent sections
– Longer the gauge the lower the DL capability
– Flat bottom for angle changing
• A motor can de-couple bit generated vibration from
the drillstem
• Hydraulics
– Bit pressure drop to balance hydraulic thrust on the axial
bearings
63
Settings of the motor
• Bend angle
– RPM restriction if too high a setting is selected
– The bend dictates the sliding dogleg capability
• If it can give 7o/100ft then it will !!!
• Sleeve stabiliser position
– Motor body – bearing housing
– Drive shaft
– Slick
• Sleeve stabiliser size
– Housing 1/8” under gauge
– Drive shaft 1/16” under gauge
64
Above the motor
• Float
– To prevent mud flowing back up the motor and
any cuttings
• Flex
– To give higher DL capability
• SDC
– To space out to the first string stabiliser (under
gauge and melon profile) and allow good rotary
behaviour
65
Remainder of BHA
• Drill collars for weight
• Minimise DC in high angle wells
• Minimise stabs to avoid hanging up and
permit slide drilling (2 string stabs above the
motor)
• Design BHA for high % rotary drilling
• Remember Fernando Alonso wins races by
stopping and selecting the optimal equipment
for the part of the race he is in.
66
RSS BHA
Note features PDC Bit Selection? Rockbit Note features
WOB requirements WOB requirements

Run BHA software
RSS BHA Insert bit
Insert Camco Bias Unit
Insert Camco Control Unit
design Insert Full Gauge Stab
DLS>3°/30 in Yes Insert flex
No
Insert MWD
Insert U/G Stab
Insert DCs stabilised

Yes
every 60 feet
Sufficient
DC? No weight from
WOB x buoyancy
No
Insert HWDP
Yes
No
Sufficient
Insert Jar / Acc above
weight from Yes
neutral points Review RSS configuration /
WOB x buoyancy
stab configuration
Insert HWPP for transition
Insert drill pipe available
Run tendency / prediction PowerPlan
Exit Yes Model work? No
67
RSS
• Push the bit systems
– PowerDrive Xtra
– PowerDrive X5
– Autotrak
• Point the bit systems
– PowerDrive Xceed
– Geopilot
– CDAL
68
Schlumberger RSS
• PowerDrive Xtra ( Main Tool )
• PowerDrive X5
• PowerDrive Xceed
• Power V
• Powerdrive Vortex
• Xbow
Through Tubing Rotary Drill, General announcement Q4 2003, Work on Q4

2004
Power V no 2 pads system any more, back to 3 pads system
69
Steering Principle
• Apply side force to the bit to initiate a side cutting action

• Pads extend dynamically from the rotating housing (bias
unit)
• TF controlled by orientation of internal valve assembly
– Defines at which point during its rotation that a pad will
actuate
• Dogleg is controlled by alternating between non-rotary
and rotary control of the valve assembly relative to
space
PowerDrive* is a push the bit systems. Pads extend form the Bias Unit pushing
against the well bore and forcing the bit to go in the direction we want to go.
70
PowerDrive BHA – Controlling
Factors
• Control variables
– Bit characteristics
– Stabilizer gauge
– Mud Hydraulics*
– Flex
characteristics
The tool is intended to work with any manufacturer’s bit. It will work with a roller
cone bit, but performance is more likely to be optimized with an appropriate PDC
bit, ideally having the gauge pads relieved slightly to allow lateral penetration.
Both the gauge and shank length of the bit has a significant effect on system
performance. The bit type and profile can often cause the PowerDrive Xtra system to exhibit
some degree of toolface offset during a run. The toolface offset is normal but
can vary from one bit type to another. The result is that the resultant steering direction is different to that set in
the tool — for example, the tools will steer the
well at 45 degrees left of highside despite a highside setting being set in the tool.
Experience will enable this effect to be ovecome.
These guidelines can be used when choosing a stabilizer:

• Select a melon shaped profile, with a short, spiral blade contact area. The
stabilizer body should be as short as possible to minimize distance between
the stabilizer blades and the bit.
• Where available, stabilizers should be bored for a float valve. If a float sub
has to be used, it should be situated above the stabilizer.
• A full gauge stabilizer will optimize steering response, however in practice a
stabilizer relieved to an 1/8 in below the bit gauge will reduce the potential for
stick / slip, vibration and getting stuck.
• As with standard rotary assembly practices, the use of under-gauge
stabilizers (i.e. 7 in with the PD675) increases the BUR and reduces the
drop tendency of the assembly in neutral – however directional sensitivity
may be affected.
• It is not advisable to use any form of flex collar below the stabilizer; this will
reduce the steering effectiveness.
• The tool does not require any secondary stabilization. Normally the string
will be stabilized higher up by the ADN (where used). If required, a second
stabilizer may be run above the flex collar.
The system may require use of a flexible collar to increase the system dogleg
capability and isolate it further from the BHA behavior above it.
For well plans requiring consistent doglegs above 3 or 4 deg/100 ft, a flex collar
is recommended.
71
Components
• Bias unit
– Purely mechanical, provides bit deflection
• Control unit
– Electronic, control of TF and proportional drill time
(%)
• Stabilizer (Xtra*)
– Electronics modules for the RT link to the MWD
• Surface system
– Integrated within HSPM / Ideal 8.1
72
Bias Unit
Valve
Position
Filter
Assembly
Spider Choke
Assembly Assembly
Pad
Assembly
TBT1.5
Externally the bias unit looks like this. It:-

•Houses the three pad assemblies.
•Houses the control valve.
•Has a filter to clean the mud going to the cylinders.
About 5% of flow (17 gpm usually if pumping 490 gpm) diverts to the cylinders
to charge them up. Each piston has ports in it to vent this flow to the annulus and
jet cuttings away from the back of the pads to prevent them sticking out. As the
valve closes off to each cylinder in turn, the pressure in the cylinder is vented to
the annulus. The pad is then pushed back in by the borehole wall.
•A small shaft connects the upper part of the valve to a connector on the end of
the control unit.
73
Bias Unit actuator pads
PDC cutters angled Approximately 18 – 20mm, (3/4”) of travel
parallel to the pad face
Pad out Pad in
•The pads only travel approximately 3/4”

•They have PDC cutters angled parallel to the pad face to prevent pad wear. They
do not therefore cut formation but act like a bearing
74
Control Valve & Stator
1. The stator is attached to the 2. The control valve is free to rotate
spider assembly, which is fixed independently (through bearing assembly
within the Bias unit – and therefore within the series choke body), it is coupled
rotates at the string Rpm. to the control unit (via the muleshoe)
PAD
FORCE
STEERING
DIRECTION
3. To steer, the control valve is
orientating to the desired TF and
then held stationary relative to
space 4. The response is flow to each
sequential pad assembly as the
bias unit and hence stator rotate
past the control valve opening
TBT1.6
75
PowerDrive* Biasing
Synchronous Stationary
Modulated Bias control
valve RIGHT
TURN
BUILD
Stationary control
valve
TBT1.4/1.8
•The pads push and the collar is deflected in the opposite direction. The pads are
forced out by the internal mud pressure inside the string entering a cylinder and
pushing on a piston attached to the back of the pad. The pads cycle in and out in a
gradual movement as shown and hold the collar in the same offset position by a
three point contact with the borehole wall (because there are 3 pads).
•Where they come out on each rotation is controlled by a mechanical disk control
valve. The upper part of the valve has one elongated slot which is stationary in
space when steering. The lower part rotates with the collar and has three ports
leading to the three cylinders.
76
ROP or Antenna
Control Unit
Torquer-Generator (clockwise) Impeller
Mule Shoe
Impeller Torquer-Generator
(counter-clockwise)
TBT4/5.5
THE CONTROL UNIT
The CU operates on the basic concept of a platform mounted on bearings within a

collar which is stabilized relative to the hole highside.
•The CU has two AC generators and turbines which counter rotate to produce the
stabilization
•Torque for the roll servo is provided by contra rotating turbines and controlled
using electrical torque generators as clutches. The torque's from these turbines
balance the various frictional torque's. This allows the roll attitude of the control
unit and its sensors to be controlled or stabilized, thus providing a means of
controlling the bias unit.
•Because the control unit can be held non rotating, the system can also take
surveys of inclination and azimuth of the drill bit while rotary drilling.
77
Control Unit
Titanium no more BC in field
CU S/N
78
Map & Table
79
PowerDrive Xtra Series
Universal The Bias Unit Reed Hycalog RS bit
18 ¼”-17 ½- Electronics Range range 18 ¼” to 5 ¾”
PD1100
16” Hole Sizes
14 ¾”-12 ¼ ” PD90
Hole Sizes 0
10 5/8”
PD82
Hole
Sizes
5
9 7/8”-8 ½”
Hole Sizes PD67
5
6 5/8 ”- 5 3/4”
Hole Sizes PD475
The addition of the PD475 tool has completed the first full set of rotary steerable tools that are
now capable of drilling from spud to TD with the aid of reamers.
However using conventional pilot bits the the PowerDrive tool can drill hole sizes varying from
18 ¼” to 5 ¾”. This can be done by using our 4 different tool sizes
CLICK****
PD1100….,PD900….,PD675…. and PD475….
The system is made up of 3 basic components the Bias Unit and the control unit and the bit.
CLICK***
One of the PowerDrive Series many unique features is the the control unit electronics. They are
universal to the entire series. Simply by altering the flow setup of the unit the same electronics
can be transferred from a 9” collar to a 4 ¾” collar. This allows great flexibility as well as the
opportunity to refine and perfect the electronics to improve reliability and performance.
CLICK***
In addition to the Bias Unit and Control unit there is a catalogue of PDC and Insert bit specially
designed for operation with the PowerDrive Series. They are designed to optimize ROP as well
giving the best dogleg performance possible.
22” BU for Italy 3 tools in 31 December for 26” hole
80
Hydraulic considerations
• Pads need a pressure to be active
• Pressure has to be sufficient to resist
the closing force of the BHA and gravity
• Pressure comes from bit pressure drop
– OR a restrictor placed immediately above
the bit
• Pressure drop required 700 psi
81
PD Xceed ™ Rotary Steerable
System
Point the Bit System - the system is centered around a universal joint which
allows for transmission of torque and weight on bit, but allows the axis of the bit
to be offset with the axis of the tool. This offset allows for the tendency of the
system to be controlled through 3 point contact.
The axis of the system is kept offset by a mandrel which is maintained
geostationary (non-rotating). This is accomplished through the use of a counter
rotating electrical motor
The system also contains high power electronics to control the motor, and sensors
which monitor the rotation of the collar and motor. These sensors provide input
and feedback for the control of the system
The system has its own power generation capabilities through a high power
turbine and alternator assembly.
82
PowerDrive Xceed
• 3 sections – Power Generation, Sensors/Control,

Steering
• High reliability through:
o
– Proven MWD sensor and servo technology, 150 C rating
– All steering control in oil bath, no moving seals
– Designed to operate in abrasive environments
– Sensor package 12 ft from bit
• RT continuous TF, Inc. & Azi allows improved control
• Capability to kick-off from vertical
83
Steering Control
• Collar supplies drilling torque directly to the bit shaft

• Bit shaft has fixed offset from axis of collar
(eccentric)
• DC motor holds offset tool face geo-stationary by
rotating at collar speed in the opposing direction
• Three point contact provides steering tendency
84
Steering Modes
• Tool has 2 modes while drilling / rotating:

– Steering Mode: Tool face is held geo-stationary
– Straight Mode: Tool face rotates at 2 rpm(not any
more)
• Build-up rate is varied by changing mode timing
85
Hydraulic considerations
• Tool does not need hydraulic pressure
to operate
• Hydraulics therefore is pure bit
requirements, or hole cleaning flowrate
driven
86
BHA Design
• Above the RSS
– Stabiliser
– Flex joint
– PowerPulse - telemetry
– Treat like a Rotary BHA
– Steering is less than optimal – design BHA
carefully
• Borehole tortuosity can be affected
87
End of Module
88

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Bottom

ENM210 Drilling Technology

Turbine - Hold assembly

design <7° Yes 2D or 3D? 2D

Turbine to deliver 2D dogleg

No Turbine Turbine BHA

RSS to give planned 3D Dogleg Rotary Steerable

>7° Dedicated Motor Assembly Motor with high bend

Motor BHA (Short)

© The Robert Gordon University 2007 3

Note features Note features

WOB needed? WOB needed?

Rotary Insert Bit

Insert full gauge NBS

Insert / Select control DC length

Insert stab under gauge

Yes Insert DCs stabilised every 60 feet

Insert Drill pipe available

Run Tendency / Prediction Power Plan

© The Robert Gordon University 2007 4

© The Robert Gordon University 2007 5

© The Robert Gordon University 2007 6

© The Robert Gordon University 2007 7

Used In Modulus of Elasticity Material

Drill Pipe 30 x 106 Alloy Steel

Drill Collars 30 x 106 Alloy Steel

Drill Pipe 10.5 x 106 Aluminium

Drill Collars 10.5 x 106 Aluminium

Non-Magnetic Collars 26.0 x 106 Monel

Non-magnetic collars 28.0 x 106 Stainless Steel

Bit inserts 87.0 x 106 Tungsten Carbide

Collars 51.5 x 106 Tungsten

© The Robert Gordon University 2007 8

–b) OD = 7” and ID = 2-13/16"

© The Robert Gordon University 2007 10

Before a BHA is designed, an estimate is made of the maximum weight on bit

Buoyancy factor = (density of steel – density of mud) / density of steel

For example with a 16 ppg mud f = (65.5 – 16) / 65.5 = 0.75

© The Robert Gordon University 2007 12

In deviated wells, the inclination must be allowed for in the calculation of

– available WOB = (Buoyed BHA Weight) x (cos

where DF = Design Factor (usually DF = 1.10)

© The Robert Gordon University 2007 13

© The Robert Gordon University 2007 15

• Stabilized BHA can be designed to build, hold or drop inclination

© The Robert Gordon University 2007 17

Build Drop Drop

• Stabilizer Placement and resultant side forces

© The Robert Gordon University 2007 19

© The Robert Gordon University 2007 20

© The Robert Gordon University 2007 21

© The Robert Gordon University 2007 22

• What is the effect of increasing WOB?

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• The response of this type of BHA is determined by:.