Darakhshan Nazir 01-111171-022

Assignment no. 2 Globalization

Concepts of Globalization

In 19th Century, the concept globalization originated as ‘economic, social and political
interdependence’, then took over as experience as a ‘horizon of expectation’: a space of
experience insofar as it draws upon and incorporates elements from modern social ontology; a
horizon of expectation insofar as it contains an implicit promise to transcend modernity proper
and the strictures it imposes on political imagination.

Globalization can be from three perspectives explained below along with the potential
outcomes.

Globalization as Transference

A language of transference positions globalization in the conventional form of identifiable

entities (states, corporations) interacting in a way that does not alter the identities of pre-
constituted units (political, economic or cultural) in any ontologically significant manner.

Globalization as transference can of course explain how the power of units/agents moves from
the “inside out” and thus becomes an object for moral assessment and reaction from outside
its own boundaries. The discourse remains such that

“…globalization may well affect the attributes of states [or other units], yet without changing
their basic identity or fundamentally disrupting their capacity to act”

Examples
 NATO, The North Atlantic Treaty Organization is an intergovernmental military alliance
between 30 North American and European countries, making its existence prevail amongst
the exchange and negotiations of world order.

 Likewise, OPEC - intergovernmental organization of 14 nations stand among the world

allowing globalization but not to an extent that can change its identity.

 Trump's policies of nationalism and unilateralism serves as means of transference

globalization, to preserve its identity while taking benefits of globalization

Globalization as transformation

A contrary view to transference, globalization as transformation decenters units as it attends to

the manner in which systems spread across and not just within units such that the functionality
of systems is of less interest than is the generative capacity of such systems to change the
nature of the units themselves.

Perhaps the best example is the force of structural economic imperatives within global
capitalism to turn the state (and indeed corporations) into

“… executors and plenipotentiaries of forces which they have no hope of controlling politically”

Thus, while the “units” of conventional social science remain in place, their identities and
actions are altered because of processes and structures attributed to the “global,” to something
outside of themselves. While transference works from “the inside out” of the units,
transformation works from “the outside in.”

Examples

 Walmart in Us, when wanted to expand to UK knew the American born name won’t be
profitable in Britain due to long-prevailed cultural differences, hence it began globalizing its
operations in UK under a different name ASDA.

 Through the timely advantage of globalization, China's identity has been revolutionized in
the eyes of world and is known as capitalist, taking control over major markets Likewise,
India has transformed its identity to a capitalist economy.

 iPhone launches 3 versions of its phone as per requirement of that country I.e. US, Canada
and Japan.
 Nike's stores in Muslim countries manufactures Hijab, altering its business adaptable to
specific countries.

Globalization as transcendence

Globalization as transcendence means that globalization as a concept implies the

transcendence of the distinctions that together condition unit [in the International Relations
sense], system and dimension identity.

It is a concept that dissolves the divide between inside and outside. It also de-spatializes and
de-temporalizes human practices as well as the conditions of human knowledge, and it projects
them onto the global as a condition of its existence.

It’s a way of saying something like “the old words and paradigms have seen better days; by
transcendence we mean to look for new ones, to imagine radical difference.”

Examples

 Value of human life, and a few moral values are universally applicable.

 Economic laws such as the law of demand or the law of diminishing returns (or increasing
costs) are universally applicable

 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 2015) by UN are universal for world to abide by(not
legally), to make world a better place to live in. Arts of Mona Lisa are universally acceptable
without any alterations.

 The treatments and vaccines against diseases are universally acceptable. A contemporary
pandemic Corona virus 's research, precautions and fight to dissolve it are also universal.

 Test of English Language (ILETS) is required worldwide for educational institutions.