Action plan design and outdoor equipment

Table of contents

Introduction .............................................................................................................. 3

Concept map ............................................................................................................ 4

1. Let’s listen ............................................................................................................ 5

Countable and uncountable nouns.................................................................................................... 9
Means of transportation .................................................................................................................. 14

2. Let’s write ........................................................................................................... 16

Simple past: regular and irregular verbs.......................................................................................... 19
Irregular verbs.................................................................................................................................. 21
Modals for permission: Can ............................................................................................................. 23
Modals for request: Can .................................................................................................................. 24

3. Let’s read ............................................................................................................ 25

Cultural tour basic equipment ......................................................................................................... 32
Verb to be in past tense ................................................................................................................... 34

4. Let’s talk.............................................................................................................. 40
Expressing ability ............................................................................................................................. 42
Expressing possibility ....................................................................................................................... 42
Memorable moments ...................................................................................................................... 43

5. Group management ........................................................................................... 46

Past simple versus past simple continuous ..................................................................................... 48
How to use simple past? .................................................................................................................. 49
Past continuous ............................................................................................................................... 51

References .............................................................................................................. 57
 Introduction

Welcome back, dear apprentices. Today we are in the beautiful Plaza Botero, right in
front of Museo de Antioquia, two places we were talking about in our previous
learning material. You have learned the basic about how to make an action plan and
a contingency plan, in case we need a B plan, and it could be a good opportunity to
give a try to establish a plan.
In this learning material you are going to learn vocabulary about equipment for
outdoor activities, and how to use it in different environments. Also, you are going to
learn how to arrange a schedule and execute an action plan and a contingency plan
according to the plan. Also, we are going to learn about verbs in past and present
progressive.
We hope you like this learning material and that you discover a lot of new and useful
topics for your future career.

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 Concept map

On the concept map that is shared below, the thematic interaction is well evidenced
and the content is present in this training material.

4
 1. Let’s listen

Fuente: SENA

Camilo: Hello, Pedro. How are you today, my friend? Look, I need a couple of
English tour guides for a city tour this weekend. I’m in Medellin right now. I can give
you a map with the tour sites, you can look for information on the web. Also, I can
give you the schedule, it’s a two days’ tour. What do you say?

Pedro: Camilo! Nice to hear you again, old friend! It sounds really interesting. How
many people are going to be in the tour?

Camilo: Well, they are 12, I guess it would be better if you come with a partner to
make a good team.

Pedro: Sure! I will ask Ana if she is interested and I will write you a message.

Please, send me the schedule and the action plan so I can start to think what to do.

Camilo: Very nice, dude. I will do it. Thank you for helping me with this group. And if
you need equipment, just tell me, I have some in the office. See you soon!

Pedro: See you soon, Camilo, and thank you for counting on me.

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Fuente: SENA

Fuente: SENA

6
 City tour schedule (Historical center)

Arrival Departure
Place Topic
time time
Nutibara Hotel. 9:00 a.m. 9:30 a.m. History and archaeology.
Culture Palace. 9:45 a.m. 10:20 a.m. Architecture.
Sculpture explanation,
Plaza Botero. 10:25 a.m. 11:00 a.m. art, history and
architecture.
Art, history and
Museo de Antioquia. 11:10 a.m. 12:50 p.m.
archaeology.
Gastronomy event and
Casa del Encuentro. 1:00 p.m. 1:50 p.m.
lunch.
History, art and
La Veracruz Church. 2:00 p.m. 2:30 p.m.
architecture.
Sculpture explanation,
Parque Berrio. 3:00 p.m. 4:00 p.m. art, history and
architecture.
Nuestra Señora de la History, art and
4:00 p.m. 4:30 p.m.
Candelaria Church. architecture.

Fuente: SENA

Fuente: SENA

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 Fuente: SENA

Pedro: Ana, we have a mission for this weekend. We have to go to Medellin to be

tour guides of a group in the historical center. Are you interested? We can go there
by plane.

Ana: Sure, I want to go to Medellin! I know it will be a good experience. Fortunately,

we have read some information about Medellin in the library.

Pedro: Very good! But, we have to read even more, because the tour includes some
places I have never been to. That’s not a problem, we can go there a couple of days
before to explore the area and return to the library to get the exact information.

Ana: Do we have to buy something for the tour? Equipment, tickets to enter to
museums?

Pedro: Yes, I guess we have to go to buy some stuff today. Also, I will buy tickets to
Medellin.

Different kinds of tourism

In the previous learning material, we were talking about kinds of tourism: Cultural
and natural. Now we are going to describe the main characteristics of both groups:

Cultural tourism

Cultural tourism is “Movements of persons for essentially cultural motivations such

as study tours, performing arts and cultural tours, travel to festivals and other cultural
events, visits to sites and monuments, travel to study nature, folklore or art, and
pilgrimages” (Talwar, 2006).

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Some of the main kind of activities you can perform on this group are the next:

 Historical tourism.

 Archaeology.

 Gastronomy.

 Music festivals.

 Carnivals.

 Religious expressions.

 Ethno-tourism.

In this section we are going to learn about countable and uncountable nouns.

Countable and uncountable nouns

No, there isn’t any

Is there any milk, but we have six
milk? eggs and some bread.

Fuente: SENA

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 No, we do not have any
Are there any strawberries, but there
strawberries? are some lemons.

Fuente: SENA

No, there aren’t any

Do we have sausages, but there is
any sausages? some ham.

Fuente: SENA

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 I think we need
to go to the
supermarket!

Fuente: SENA

Countable nouns are those that can be counted. They have a singular and a plural
form.

Examples:

 There are three oranges.

 There is one burger.

 There are six watermelons.

 There is an onion.

Uncountable nouns are those that cannot be counted because we cannot divide
them into individual elements. They are always singular.

When we talk about food, generally liquids and very small food such as rice and salt
are uncountable.

Examples:

 There is rice.

 There is water.

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 There isn’t any salt.

Here is a list of countable and uncountable food.

Food: countable and uncountable nouns

Fuente: SENA

12
Fuente: SENA

13
Means of transportation

Below you will find vocabulary about different means of transportation. Remember
that you need to use the preposition by when you refer to transportation.
For example: Pete goes to school by bus.

Airplane Boat
Taxi
Car

Bus Train Ship Bicycle

Helicopter
Biplane
Hot-air balloon Cable car

Motorcycle Monorail Streetcar

Subway

Fuente: SENA

Pedro: Now that you have learned the basics, it's time to put it into practice!

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 Fuente: SENA

Complete the sentences with some or any.

1. There aren’t _____ eggs in the fridge.

2. Would you like _____ water with your cake?

3. We need _____ bananas.

4. Do we need _____ carrots for the salad?

5. Is there _____ sugar for my coffee?

6. Can I have _____ bread and butter please?

7. There are _____ candies for you in the box.

8. Here is _____ cereal, but there isn’t _____ milk.

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 2. Let’s write

Fuente: SENA

When you start to describe the history of a monument or a place, you have to use
the past tense, but beyond the verbal tense, you have to control your ideas when
talking to a group, and it’s quite useful to write your ideas in a notebook or a piece of
paper.
In this section, you will see seven tips to prepare notes before you start each tour
guiding. There are some books and web pages that include examples and tips for
creating a personal speech and improve the basic techniques.

Fuente: SENA

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1. Write your speech: Before you can create effective notes, you must make your
speech as good as possible. Construct an opening that will captivate the audience.

Organize the important details of your topic into paragraphs with transitions between
them. Finish with a memorable closing statement.

This is a draft. Pay attention to word choice and sentence structure. Make it as good
as possible, but remember that you’ll be able to fix any mistakes before you make
your notes. (The writing center, s.f.)

Fuente: SENA

2. Read the speech aloud: Sit down in a quiet place and read the speech to yourself.

Notice any areas where you can make adjustments. Pay attention to the flow. Ideas
in your speech need to follow a logical order and have supporting evidence. Locate
any stumbling blocks and spots that don’t transition well.

It’s a good idea to time yourself while you do this. That way, you’ll know when you
need to cut down your speech’s length. (The writing center, s.f.)

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 Fuente: SENA

3. Edit the speech: Go back and correct the issues you found during reading.

Rearrange the order of ideas so that the speech flows smoothly from beginning to
end. Change out difficult or complicated words for simpler alternatives. Your speech
should have an easy, pleasant rhythm for your audience.

4. Write out information that needs to be exact: This includes statistics, quotations, and
name pronunciations. If they are important to your speech, they're worth writing out.

You may need to write them on a separate notecard. This ensures they're legible, but
make sure you indicate when you need to read them.

For instance, write down “75% pass” if you need to inform your audience how many
people pass a class.

5. Color-code your notes with highlights: Get a couple of different highlighting markers
from a general store. Assign each color a purpose. For instance, green can be for
main ideas. Pink can be for supporting examples. Yellow can be for examples.

Orange can be for quotations or transitions. These colors are useful for keeping your
thoughts in order.

Customize the color code to whatever works best for you.

6. Number the notes: Go back and get all your cards in their final order. In one of the
corners, mark the cards or pages with the number order. The keyword that comes up
first in your speech should be number one. Number the rest of the cards so that
you’ll be able to avoid mixing them up.

You can also bind the cards together. Use a drill or hole punch on the upper left
corner of the notes. Loop a string through them. They’ll be easy to flip and can’t be
mixed up.

7. Mark your notes with timing details: Some speeches have time limits. You can time
out your speech so you know when you need to get to certain points. When your
timing is off, you’ll know you need to change your pace or eliminate some speaking

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 points. Also include related reminders, such as directions to smile, breathe, or use a
prop at certain points.

For example, if you need to introduce your second idea at the three minutes mark,
write three minutes on the card containing that idea. (The writing center, s.f.)

Simple past: regular and irregular verbs

Simple past

Simple past is used to express actions that started and ended in the past.

Past
Present

Future
Examples:

 Lucy called me last night.

 Robert went to the theater with his girlfriend.

Regular verbs

Most verbs are formed in past by simply adding -ed at the end of the verb. Those
verbs are called regular verbs.

Examples:

Simple form Past form

Wash. Washed.
Call. Called.
Cook. Cooked.
Open. Opened.
Close. Closed.
Watch. Watched.
Talk. Talked.
Paint. Painted.

Fuente: SENA

Conjugation: there are some rules when adding -ed to a verb.

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 Rules Examples

For regular verbs that end in -e, add-

Hope-Hoped.
d.

For regular verbs that end in other

Echo-Echoed.
vowel than -e, add -ed.

For regular verbs that end in a vowel

Play-Played.
+ y, add -ed.

For regular verbs that end in a

consonant + y, change the y to i and Cry-Cried.
add -ed.

For regular verbs that end in a

consonant + vowel + consonant,
double the final consonant and add- Plan-Planned.
ed.
Mix-Mixed.
Do not double if the consonant is w
or x.

For regular verbs that have more

than one syllable and the last
syllable is stressed, double the
consonant and add -ed.
Regret-Regretted.

For regular verbs that have more

than one syllable, and the last is not
stressed, do not double the
consonant and add -ed.
Listen-Listened.

Fuente: SENA

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Irregular verbs

Irregular verbs don’t follow any of the above mentioned rules.

A list of some common irregular verbs is shown below.

Simple form Past form Simple form Past form

Be. Was-were. Hear. Heard.
Become. Became. Leave. Left.
Begin. Began. Know. Knew.
Break. Broke. Lose. Lost.
Bring. Brought. Send. Sent.
Build. Built. Sing. Sang.
Buy. Bought. Make. Made.
Catch. Caught. Meet. Met.
Choose. Chose. Read. Read.
Come. Came. Run. Ran.
Do. Did. Say. Said.
Draw. Drew. See. Saw.
Dreamt-
Dream. Pay. Paid.
Dreamed.
Drink. Drank. Sit. Sat.
Drive. Drove. Sleep. Slept.
Eat. Ate. Speak. Spoke.
Feel. Felt. Swim. Swam.
Find. Found. Take. Took.
Fly. Flew. Teach. Taught.
Forget. Forgot. Tell. Told.
Get. Got. Think. Thought.
Give. Gave. Understand. Understood.
Go. Went. Wear. Wore.
Have. Had. Write. Wrote.

Fuente: SENA

Affirmative form

Now, you will learn how to make affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences in
simple past.

Subject Verb in past Complement

I studied English at SENA.

Fuente: SENA

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Examples:

Subject Verb in past Complement

I painted my house.
You broke the window.
He spoke Spanish in the class.
She watched a good movie.
It came yesterday.
We thought about the proposal.
They saw a lion.

Fuente: SENA

Negative form

did not or Verb in base

Subject Complement
didn’t form
I did not (didn’t) study English at SENA.

Fuente: SENA

Examples:

Subject did not or didn’t Verb Complement

I did not / didn’t paint my house.
You did not / didn’t break the window.
He did not / didn’t speak Spanish in the class.
She did not / didn’t watch a good movie.
It did not / didn’t come yesterday.
We did not / didn’t think about the proposal.
They did not / didn’t see a lion.

Fuente: SENA

Interrogative form

Did Subject Verb in base form Complement Short answers

English at Yes, I did. / No,
Did You study
SENA? I didn’t.

Fuente: SENA

Examples:

Did Subject Verb Complement Short answer

Did I paint my house? Yes, you did. / No, you

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 didn’t.
Did You break the window? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
Yes, he did. / No, he
Did He speak Spanish in the class?
didn’t.
Yes, she did. / No, she
Did She watch a good movie?
didn’t.
Yes, it did. / No, it
Did It come yesterday?
didn’t.
Yes, we did. / No, we
Did We think about the proposal?
didn’t.
Yes, they did. / No,
Did They see a lion?
they didn’t.

Fuente: SENA

Modals for permission: Can

Fuente: SENA

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 We use can to say that
We use can to ask for
We use can to give someone has
permission to do
permission. permission to do
something.
something.
 We can go out
 Can I ask a  You can go home
whenever we want.
question, please? now if you like.
 Students can travel
 Can we go home  You can borrow my
free.
now? pen if you like.

Fuente: SENA

Note: Can’t is used to refuse permission.

Modals for request: Can

We use could you and would you as polite ways of telling or asking someone to do
something:

 Could you take a message please?

 Would you carry this for me please?

 Could I have my bill please?

Can and Will are less polite:

 Can you take a message please?

 Will you carry this for me please?

Pedro: Now that you have learned the basics, it's time to put it into practice!

Fuente: SENA

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Choose the verbs from the box to complete the sentences.

wrote / saw / taught / ran / painted / drew / went / stayed / did / cooked
/ broke / bought / drank / sent / began / stayed

1. Peter _______ in the park for two hours. He has good physical condition.

2. My uncle _______ his house. He used blue paint.

3. We _______a spider on the table. It was black and big.

4. My teacher _______ me how to write an article.

5. My son _______ a window with a ball.

6. I was in a party. Sonia _______ Mexican food. It was delicious.

7. I _______home because I was tired. Angela _______ until midnight.

8. They _______ a new apartment. It is big and comfortable.

9. I was thirsty, so I _______ three glasses of water.

10. She _______a letter to his friend who is in Italy.

3. Let’s read

Fuente: SENA

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Ana: Last time we were reading about Feria de las Flores, Plaza Botero and Museo
de Antioquia. Now we have six more places to read about. A tour guide must read a
lot!
Pedro: That’s true. We have to be well informed about all the places we want to
describe, so our explanations will be precise and clear. With some experience, we
will be able to manage a lot of information about each place.

Hotel Nutibara

Fuente: Rojas (2006)

This hotel is architectural patrimony of the city and one of the oldest hotels of
Colombia. It’s the most important hotel in Medellin, and for more than 70 years has
received presidents, important artists and famous characters from all around the
world.

It’s located behind the “Fuente del Cacique Nutibara”, a sculpture by Pedro Nel
Gomez. Nutibara was an indigenous warrior chief, who died for defending his people
from the Spaniards invaders.

In the 1940s, the architect Paul R. Williams proposed a style that was sensation in
the United States: Californian style, which offered sinuous and daring lines, in
addition to gray cement.

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 Palacio de la Cultura Rafael Uribe Uribe

Fuente: Rojas (2006a)

The Palace of Culture is now a national monument, it headquarters of all the cultural
programs of the department of Antioquia and is the center of tons of activities and things
to do in Medellin.

Built in 1925 by Belgian architect Agustin Goovaerts, who imposed the flemish gothic or
gothic revival architecture, Rafael Uribe Uribe Culture Palace is a historic place that was
home to the highest politicians of the former Medellin and a place where visitors can
admire a European palace prototype in the middle of the city.

Rafael Uribe Uribe Culture Palace holds the city’s historical and photographic archive
and the sound archive, a library, a documentation center, an art gallery and the Rafael
Uribe Uribe Museum. Its dome serves as an auditorium and as projection room.

Located in the heart of Medellin, the Palacio de la Cultura Rafael Uribe Uribe is within
walking distance to the Plaza Botero and the Museum of Antioquia, where visitors can
learn about the culture and art of the city and enrich their visit to Medellin, it is also a
place of everyday great cultural activity entertaining all people wishing to spend time
visiting. (Medellín Vida, 2013)

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 Casa del Encuentro

Fuente: Museo de Antioquia (s.f.)

In the beginning, this building was a Mint House or House of the Currency. Some
years later, it was called “Museum of Zea”, in honor to the vice-president Francisco
Antonio Zea. In the second half of the twentieth century, this house received the first
donations of the master Fernando Botero and was later named Antioquia Museum,
being constantly transformed from the 1950's until 2000, when the institution moved
to its current headquarters.

The Casa del Encuentro has a 130 people auditorium, a dialogical classroom
disposed to make conferences and workshops, and also has exhibition spaces. Also
there is located the Jaime Hincapie Santamaria Library.

This house contains with spacious, flexible and very bright spaces, which facilitate
experimentation and links with various cultural expressions. Over the years, the
spatial distribution and frontage have changed in order to respond to the needs of
each historical period.

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 Iglesia de la Veracruz

Fuente: Cardona (2012)

The colonial church dates back to 1682 when the first brick was laid. Captain Juan
Cespedes Hines started the construction of the church, which was completed in 1712
with the help of European immigrants.

By 1791, the church was approaching ruin with a major threat of collapse, so it was
demolished almost entirely with rebuilding of the church starting in December of that
year.

The Spanish resident Don Jose Ruiz Peinado reportedly invested a large sum of money
helping to rebuild the church. The church reopened in November 1803. The blessing of
the present Church of the Veracruz took place on March 25, 1809.

The church has been in operation as a Roman Catholic church of worship since that time
except for a portion of time around 1850 when it was closed for renovations.

Iglesia de la Veracruz was declared part of the cultural heritage of Colombia on March
12, 1982. (Medellin Living, s.f.)

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 Parque de Berrío

Fuente: Guía de viajes oficial de Medellín (2010)

Berrio Park is the epicenter of downtown Medellin. It is the place Antioquenos have
gathered for generations as their main meeting point. The history of the park is closely
linked to the one of La Candelaria church, built initially in 1680.

The “Main Square”, as it was referred to by locals was the anteroom of the church, and
all parishioners gathered in it before and after church service. Between the years of
1784 and 1892, the public market was located there and it was often times the stage for
public executions and grandiose political events.

Medellin, Colombia like all big cities with Spanish influence, was a place where the
wealthiest families lived around the city square. In 1895, the name was changed to
Pedro Justo Barrio Plaza in order to honor one of the main political figures in the region
during the 19th century.

30
Before turning into the financial zone of Medellin, Berrio Park suffered intermittent fires in
1917, 1921 and 1922. The old houses that once lined the area had to be knocked down
in order to make way for newer, more modern structures. Soon after, the area gave way
more commercial residents such as banking and retail operations.

The greatest transformation to Pedro Justo Berrio Plaza came during the end of the
1980′s and beginning of the 1990′s, when it underwent a process of renewal and rehab
in order to fix structure issues as well as redesign many elements. This work was done
in order to address the new Medellin Metro station that was built in the area. Today, the
park is primarily a meeting place for people who live and work in the area and has
become popular as a financial district in Medellin, Colombia. (Discover Colombia, s.f.)

Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria

Fuente: Rojas (2016)

Iglesia de La Candelaria is considered the oldest church in Medellin. The church is most
popularly known as Iglesia de La Candelaria, but its more formal name is Basilica Menor
de Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria (Basilica of Our Lady of Candelaria).

The church was dedicated to Our Lady of Candelaria, which was an invocation of
devotion to the Spanish and the sailors who crossed the Atlantic to the New World.

The colonial church is located in La Candelaria (el centro) and is worth seeing while
touring the other tourist sites in the nearby area such as Museo de Antioquia and Plaza
Botero.

Also found nearby is Iglesia de la Veracruz, which is another of the oldest churches in
Medellin that we looked at recently. (Medellin Living, s.f.)

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 Fuente: SENA

Ana: These places are fantastic! It’s going to be an amazing cultural tour. Do we
need something more for the city tour?

Pedro: Yes, we need to get familiar with the required equipment to see if we need to
buy something else.

In the next chart you are going to see the basic elements and equipment you will
need to develop a cultural tour. Please, check the glossary to see more information
about this equipment.

Cultural tour basic equipment

Backpack Basic personal equipment Maps

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 Camera Watch

Fuente: SENA

Communication equipment

GPS Microphone

Mobile phone

Radio communicator Amplifier

Fuente: SENA

Flashlight Whistle

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 First aid kit
Water container

Fuente: SENA

Verb to be in past tense

In English, the verb to be is used to express who one is and where one is. To
express the same ideas in the past tense (who someone was or where someone
was), we use the verb be in past tense. Let’s see a chart to understand it better:

Present tense Verb to be (past tense)

I am. I was.
You are. You were.
He is. He was.
She is. She was.
It is. It was.
We are. We were.
They are. They were.

Fuente: SENA

Now, you will learn how to create affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences
using the verb to be in past tense.

Affirmative form

Subject Verb in past Complement

I was at the supermarket.

Fuente: SENA

Examples:

Subject Verb Complement

I was at a party.
You were at school.
He was an engineer.
She was your French teacher.
It was a good conference.

34
 We were at the bank.
They were excellent musicians.

Fuente: SENA

More examples:

 I was a good student when I was at school.

 You were a beautiful baby.

 He was my best friend when we were kids.

 She was at the conference with me.

Negative form

Subject Verb in past Complement

I was not at the supermarket.

Fuente: SENA

Examples:

Subject Verb Complement

I was not at a party.
You were not at school.
He was not an engineer.
She was not my French teacher.
It was not a good conference.
We were not at the bank.
They were not excellent musicians.

Fuente: SENA

More examples:

 It was not a good movie.

 We were not in London. We were in Italy.

 They were not happy in the celebration.

Interrogative form

Verb in past Subject Complement Short answers

Was She at the supermarket? Yes, she was /

35
 No, she wasn’t.

Fuente: SENA

Examples:

Verb Subject Complement Short answers

Yes, you were / No,
Was I in the right office?
you weren’t.
Yes, I was / No, I
Were You at school?
wasn’t.
Yes, he was / No, he
Was He an engineer ?
wasn’t.
Yes, she was / No, she
Was She your French teacher?
wasn’t.
Yes, it was / No, it
Was It a good conference?
wasn’t.
Yes, we were / No, we
Were We late?
weren’t.
Yes, they were / No,
Were They excellent musicians?
they weren’t.

Fuente: SENA

More examples:

 Was it a good meal?

 Were they at home?

 Was she your girlfriend when you were at school?

If you want to ask a question in negative form, follow this model:

Verb in past Subject Complement

Weren’t They at home?

Fuente: SENA

Examples:

Verb Subject Complement Short answers

Yes, you were / No,
Wasn’t I a good friend?
you weren’t.
Yes, I was/ No, I
Weren’t You on time?
wasn’t.

36
 Yes, he was / No,
Wasn’t He a musician?
he wasn’t.
the nurse that helped Yes, she was / No,
Wasn’t She
us in the hospital? she wasn’t.
Yes, it was / No, it
Wasn’t It a good computer?
wasn’t.
Yes, we were / No,
Weren’t We on time?
we weren’t.
Yes, they were /
Weren’t They at the party?
No, they weren’t.

Fuente: SENA

More examples:

 Wasn’t it a good trip?

 Wasn’t she in the office?

 Weren’t they expensive?

Note: The short form of was not is wasn’t.

Example:

She wasn’t the actress in that movie.

Note: The short form of were not is weren’t.

Example:

They weren’t at the park.

Pedro: Now that you have learned the basics, it's time to put it into practice!

Fuente: SENA

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Match the word to the corresponding image.

1. Amplifier.

2. Camera.

3. Flashlight.

4. Maps.

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 5. Microphone.

6. Radio communicator.

7. Backpack.

8. Water container.

9. Watch.

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 10. Whistle.

11. First aid kit.

12. GPS.

Fuente: SENA

4. Let’s talk

Fuente: SENA

40
Ana: May I have your attention, please...After visiting the Culture Palace, you are
now in Plaza Botero. This is considered as an open museum, with the biggest
amount of Fernando Botero sculptures been exhibited in the world.

Pedro: Please, pay close attention because we are now going to explain some
details about each sculpture and the interpretation of the work of Fernando Botero.

Now we are going to show you some tips for directing peole’s attention when
providing tour commentaries.

Tourists do not know the city or area they are visiting and tour guides have the
responsibility to highlight the famous sights of their city or area.

Specific directions and Subtle directions are two different methods used to
indicating the positions of sight on tours.

Specific directions are those that state the exact position of a sight relative to the
position of tourists. These directions are used for sights that do not stand out in a
tour area.

An example of such a site is an old building in a city that is obscured by modern

skyscrapers. To highlight these sites, tour guides should give specific directions as
for example: “On your right you will see the medieval church of San Jeronimo el
Real’”.

There are four specific directions that tour guides should use:

 “On your right…”

 “On your left…”

 “In front of you…”

 “Behind you…”

Subtle directions are used when there is no need for specific directions. Often a tour
area will contain buildings or sights that stand out and are obviously note-worthy.

Also, some sights are famous landmarks and will be instantly recognizable to
tourists.

In both of these cases, the tour guide need not give specific directions to the sight as
tourists have already noticed it. Instead, he/she should give a subtle direction to
confirm that what the tourist sees is a note-worthy or famous sight as in “You are
now passing the Eiffel Tower.”

Examples of subtle directions:

 “You are now passing…”

41
 “You will now see…”

 “You will notice …”

 “You can see…”

 “You will recognize…”

Note: Regardless of which type of direction is appropriate, tour guides should always
address the tourists as a separate group of people. They should not speak as if they
belong to the same group.

Example:

Correct: You can now see the Tower of London on your right.

Incorrect: We can now see the Tower of London on your right.

Expressing ability

When we talk about our or someone else’s abilities, we use “can”.

Examples:

 I can run 15 kilometers in 45 minutes.

 She can cook Japanese Food.

When we talk about our or someone else’s lack of ability, we use “can’t”.

Examples:

 I can’t swim long distances.

 Peter can’t use photoshop.

Note: Remember we use can’t in the sense of not knowing how to do something; not
in the sense of impossibility or prohibition. In a different level you will get familiar with
other uses of can and can’t.

Expressing possibility

We also use can to talk about possibilities.

Example:

I can play soccer on Friday. It is my day off.

We use can’t to talk about impossibility.

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Examples:

 I can’t play video games today. I’m too busy.

 She can’t come to the party. She has to work late.

Grammar structure

Let’s learn how to structure different statements when using can or can’t.

Affirmative and negative forms

Modal verb Base form of
Subject Complement
can / can’t the verb
Affirmative I can play the piano very well.
Negative She can’t come tonight.

Fuente: SENA

Interrogative forms
Modal verb Base form of Question
Wh- / how Subject
can / can’t the verb mark
Information When can you come ?
Yes / no Can you play chess ?

Fuente: SENA

Memorable moments

Here, you will find some vocabulary you will need to talk about memorable events,
such as: your first day at school, your birth, etc. You can share information about
these moments by using the following questions and possible answers:

Question Suggested answers

When were you born?
When did you start school?
When did you finish school?
When did you fall in love?
Where did you do your
undergraduate studies?
When did you get married?
What was your first job?
When did you buy a house?
When did you retire?
I was born on April 24th, 1985.
I started school in 1991.
I finished school in 2001.
I fell in love three years ago.
I studied at Carolina University.
I got married in 2012.
My first job was as a waiter.
I bought my first house in 2009.
I retired three months ago.

Fuente: SENA

43
Pedro: Now that you have learned the basics, it's time to put it into practice!

Fuente: SENA

Match the word to the corresponding image.

Memorable moments

1. Get married.

2. Get a job.

44
3. Have children.

4. Buy a house.

5. Retire.

6. Get a degree.

7. Fall in love.

45
8. Finish school.

9. Start school.

10. Be born.

Fuente: SENA

5. Group management

Fuente: SENA

46
Pay attention to the phrases that our characters will use during this guided walking
tour around the center of Medellin. Take note of the phrases that you could use
when doing a tour with your tourists on a cultural tour.

There are some words in brackets ( ) that will give you clues to write your own
speech. Change the words according to the city you are living or the town you are
visiting.

 Ladies and gentlemen, we’re leaving behind the Nutibara Hotel. Please, follow
me down the Leon de Greiff street, let’s turn left and follow the Metro road to get
to the Culture palace, where we will start our walking tour round the town. Are
you ready to start walking? OK, then let’s begin our tour.

 I am going to describe to you some of the landmarks of Medellin (or the name of
the city or town you are), which also have a special historical, cultural or
economical role in the life of the town.

 You are standing now in the Plaza Botero (you can write the name of the site
you’re visiting). This is the centre of the town, or more precisely, it was historically
the centre of the town. At the end of the street, right in front of you, it’s possible to
see the Museo de Antioquia, behind those big palm trees.

 This is probably the oldest church in town because the documents state it was
here as far back as the year (write the year of foundation). Later on it was
extended, made bigger and underwent different changes. The experts today
every now and then find valuable artefacts of previous architectural periods.

 To your right and left you can see some fine palaces while the corners of this
street are elegantly ornated by the buildings of the (write the name of an
important building) on the left and the (other important building goes here), to
your right.

 Now let's walk round the National Theatre and turn left into (the name or number
of street) Street. Here you can stop for a moment by this charming fountain on
the left and relax a little before we take a shortcut through the town park, which is
a favourite place for people to take a rest in the open, in the fresh air. The
restaurant at the edge of the park enjoys a beautiful view of the park greenery.

 This is the entrance to the area of the Old Town. Let's stop here for a moment
and have a look at the beautiful scene of (here you can write the name of a near
building). It is probably the most famous image of (you can write in here the name
of the character in a painting).

 From here you can have a wonderful view of the town, residential houses,
palaces, schools, church towers.

47
 You may decide to take a little rest and taste some of the delicacies in (put the
name of a restaurant or a coffee shop). Does anyone have any questions before
we split?

 OK. Thank you for your attention. We will meet here in one hour after the break.

Past simple versus past simple continuous

Look at the following picture and the actions people were doing yesterday.

Yesterday at the park…

Fuente: SENA

A. A man talked on the phone.

B. Some children played in the sandbox.

C. A couple read a book.

D. A guy walked his dog.

E. A child played in the slide.

F. A mom strolled around the park with her daughter.

G. A child played with some toy cars.

H. A child rode a tricycle.

48
As you can see in the previous image, all activities happened in the past. How do
you know it? Let’s review the use of simple past.

You should remember that the simple past tense is used to talk about activities that
began and ended in the past.

Past present Future

How to use simple past?

To make affirmative, negative or interrogative sentences in simple past, you should

follow the structures shown below:

Affirmative sentences

I studied English at SENA.

Subject Verb in past Complement

Fuente: SENA

Negative sentences

I did not (didn’t) study English at SENA.

did not
Verb in base
Subject or Complement
form
didn’t

Fuente: SENA

Interrogative sentences

Yes, I did /
Did you study English at SENA?
No, I didn’t
Verb in base Short
Did Subject Complement
form answers

Fuente: SENA

You should know something very important about the use of simple past tense, and
it is the use of regular and irregular verbs.

Regular verbs

Most verbs are formed in past by simply adding –ed at the end of the verb. Those
verbs are called regular verbs.

49
Examples:

Simple form Past form

Wash. Washed.
Call. Called.
Cook. Cooked.
Open. Opened.
Close. Closed.
Watch. Watched.
Talk. Talked.
Paint. Painted.

Fuente: SENA

Conjugation: there are some rules when adding -ed to a verb.

Rules Examples
For regular verbs that end in -e, add -d. Hope-Hoped.
For regular verbs that end in a vowel
other than -e, add -ed. Echo-Echoed.

For regular verbs that end in a vowel +

y, add -ed. Play-Played.

For regular verbs that end in a

consonant + y, change the y to i and Cry-Cried.
add-ed.
For regular verbs that end in a
Plan-Planned.
consonant + vowel + consonant, double
the final consonant and add -ed.
Mix-Mixed.
Do not double if the consonant is w or x.
For regular verbs that have more than
one syllable and the last syllable is
stressed, double the consonant and add Regret-Regretted.
-ed.
For regular verbs that have more than
one syllable, and the last is not stressed,
do not double the consonant and add-
ed. Listen-Listened.

Fuente: SENA

Irregular verbs

Irregular verbs don’t follow any of the rules mentioned above.

50
Some irregular verbs are shown below.

Simple form Past form Simple form Past form

Arise Arose Hide Hid

Awakened-
Awake Hit Hit
Awoke
Be Was-Were Hold Held
Begin Began Keep Kept
Bend Bent Lose Lost
Bite Bit Make Made
Catch Caught Mean Meant
Drink Drunk Meet Met
Drive Drove Put Put
Fall Fell Read Read
Feed Fed Ride Rode
Feel Felt
Write Wrote
Fly Flew

Fuente: SENA

Past continuous

Read the following conversation between a man and a woman:

What were you doing last

night? I was watching a movie
I called you but you didn’t when my boss called me.
answer. We talked over an hour.

Fuente: SENA

As you can see in the situation, they are referring to some actions that took place in
the past. They are using expressions in past continuous (what were you doing last
night; I was watching a movie) and some in simple past (I called you last night; my
boss called me; we talked over an hour).

51
 When is past continuous used?

The past continuous is used in the following cases:

1. To describe a past action over a period of time.

Example:

I was playing the

guitar last night.

Fuente: SENA

I was playing the guitar Past

Action started Now

Action finished

2. To describe what someone was doing at a specific point in time.

For example:

I was having
What were you dinner with my
doing yesterday wife.
evening?

Fuente: SENA

52
 Past
I was having dinner with my wife

Yesterday evening

3. To describe an action in progress that was interrupted by other action in the past.
You should use the word when before the simple past.

For example:

He was making dinner when the telephone rang.

Fuente: SENA

He was making dinner when the telephone rang Past

Action started Action interrupted

4. When two actions are taking place at the same time in the past. You should use
the word while between the two actions.

For example:

I was talking on the phone while I was driving.

53
 Fuente: SENA

I was talking on the phone Past

while
I was driving

Now you will learn how to make affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences
in past continuous.

Affirmative sentences

I was reading a book.

Verb be in
Subject Verb in -ing form Complement
past form

Fuente: SENA

More examples:

Verb be in
Subject Verb in-ing form Complement
past form
I was having dinner.
You were washing the dishes.
He was laughing all the time.
She was writing her report.
It was working perfectly.
We were waiting for her.
They were painting a piece of art.

Fuente: SENA

54
 Negative sentences

wasn’t
I reading a book.
was not
Verb be in past form Verb in-ing
Subject Complement
+ negative form form

Fuente: SENA

More examples:

Verb be in past form + Verb in-ing

Subject Complement
negative form form
I wasn’t having dinner.
You weren’t washing the dishes.
He wasn’t laughing all the time.
She wasn’t writing her report.
It wasn’t working perfectly.
We weren’t waiting for her.
They weren’t painting a piece of art.

Fuente: SENA

Interrogative sentences

Yes, you
Was I reading a book? were / No,
you weren’t
Verb be in Short
Subject Verb in-ing form Complement
past form answers

Fuente: SENA

More examples:

Verb Subject Verb in-ing form Complement Short answers

Yes, you were /
Was I saying anything wrong ?
No, you weren’t
dinner with your Yes, I was / No, I
Were you having
family? wasn’t
Yes, he was / No,
Was he running in the park ?
he wasn’t
Yes, she was / No,
Was she working last night?
she wasn’t
Yes, it was / No, it
Was it running fast?
wasn’t

55
 Yes, we were /
Were we waiting the right person?
No, we weren’t
Yes, they were /
Were they rehearsing for the concert?
No, they weren’t

Fuente: SENA

Pedro: Now that you have learned the basics, it's time to put it into practice!

Fuente: SENA

Write the verbs in brackets in simple past:

1. Yesterday I _________ (go) to the theater.

2. Mr. Clark _________ (pay) his rent on time.

3. Sofia _________ (call) you. She _________ (say) there was a problem in the
office.

4. I _________ (talk) to the teacher. I _________ (tell) him I _________ (be) sick.

5. She _________ (swim) in the pool yesterday.

56
 References

Cardona, C. (2012). Iglesia de la Veracruz. Recuperado de

https://commons.wikimedia.org
Discover Colombia. (s.f.). Parque Berrío. Recuperado de
http://discovercolombia.com

Guía de viajes oficial de Medellín. (2010). Parque Berrío Medellín. Recuperado de

https://commons.wikimedia.org
Medellin Living. (s.f.). Iglesia de La Candelaria, the Oldest Church in Medellin.
Recuperado de http://medellinliving.com
Medellín Vida. (2013). Rafael Uribe Uribe Culture Palace. Recuperado de
http://medellinvida.com
Museo de Antioquia. (s.f.). El museo. Recuperado de
https://www.museodeantioquia.co
Rojas, A. (2006). Hotel Nutibara-Fachada-Medellín. Recuperado de
https://commons.wikimedia.org
Rojas, A. (2006a). Palacio de la Cultura-Cúpula-Medellín. Recuperado de
https://commons.wikimedia.org
Talwar, P. (2006). Travel and tourism management. Delhi: Isha books.

The writing center. (s.f.). Speeches. Recuperado de http://writingcenter.unc.edu

Control del documento

Nombre Cargo Dependencia Fecha

Centro de Gestión
de Mercados,
Autor Logística y
Julián David Experto Agosto de
Tecnologías de la
Mejía Vargas técnico 2017
Información.
Regional Distrito
Capital
Rachman Guionista - Centro
Septiembre
Adaptación Bustillo Línea de Agroindustrial.
de 2017
Martínez producción Regional Quindío

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