Research Design

Need for Research Design

Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

01EC6999 Research Methodology

Lecture–3

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE
FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and LMIRSS

Dean (PG Studies), College of Engineering Trivandrum.

August 29, 2017

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Outline of the Lecture

1 Research Design
Parts of Research Design
Constituent Parts of Research Design
2 Need for Research Design
3 Concepts Related to Research Design
4 Different Research Designs
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study
5 Basic Principles of Experimental Design

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design Parts of Research Design
Different Research Designs Constituent Parts of Research Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Research Design
Meaning of Research Design

The task of preparation of a design of the research project. It is

the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of
data in a manner to combine relevance to the research purpose
with economy in procedure. Research Design constitutes the
blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design Parts of Research Design
Different Research Designs Constituent Parts of Research Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Elements of Research Design

1 What is the study about?

2 Why is the study being made? Its relevance?
3 Where will the study be carried out?.
4 What type of data is required?
5 Where can the required data be found?
6 What periods of time will the study include?
7 What will be the sample design?
8 What techniques of data collection will be used?
9 How will the data be analysed?
10 What will be the style of preparation of the report?

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design Parts of Research Design
Different Research Designs Constituent Parts of Research Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Elements of Research Design

1 What is the study about?

2 Why is the study being made? Its relevance?
3 Where will the study be carried out?.
4 What type of data is required?
5 Where can the required data be found?
6 What periods of time will the study include?
7 What will be the sample design?
8 What techniques of data collection will be used?
9 How will the data be analysed?
10 What will be the style of preparation of the report?

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design Parts of Research Design
Different Research Designs Constituent Parts of Research Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Elements of Research Design

1 What is the study about?

2 Why is the study being made? Its relevance?
3 Where will the study be carried out?.
4 What type of data is required?
5 Where can the required data be found?
6 What periods of time will the study include?
7 What will be the sample design?
8 What techniques of data collection will be used?
9 How will the data be analysed?
10 What will be the style of preparation of the report?

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design Parts of Research Design
Different Research Designs Constituent Parts of Research Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Elements of Research Design

1 What is the study about?

2 Why is the study being made? Its relevance?
3 Where will the study be carried out?.
4 What type of data is required?
5 Where can the required data be found?
6 What periods of time will the study include?
7 What will be the sample design?
8 What techniques of data collection will be used?
9 How will the data be analysed?
10 What will be the style of preparation of the report?

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design Parts of Research Design
Different Research Designs Constituent Parts of Research Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Elements of Research Design

1 What is the study about?

2 Why is the study being made? Its relevance?
3 Where will the study be carried out?.
4 What type of data is required?
5 Where can the required data be found?
6 What periods of time will the study include?
7 What will be the sample design?
8 What techniques of data collection will be used?
9 How will the data be analysed?
10 What will be the style of preparation of the report?

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design Parts of Research Design
Different Research Designs Constituent Parts of Research Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Elements of Research Design

1 What is the study about?

2 Why is the study being made? Its relevance?
3 Where will the study be carried out?.
4 What type of data is required?
5 Where can the required data be found?
6 What periods of time will the study include?
7 What will be the sample design?
8 What techniques of data collection will be used?
9 How will the data be analysed?
10 What will be the style of preparation of the report?

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design Parts of Research Design
Different Research Designs Constituent Parts of Research Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Elements of Research Design

1 What is the study about?

2 Why is the study being made? Its relevance?
3 Where will the study be carried out?.
4 What type of data is required?
5 Where can the required data be found?
6 What periods of time will the study include?
7 What will be the sample design?
8 What techniques of data collection will be used?
9 How will the data be analysed?
10 What will be the style of preparation of the report?

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design Parts of Research Design
Different Research Designs Constituent Parts of Research Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Elements of Research Design

1 What is the study about?

2 Why is the study being made? Its relevance?
3 Where will the study be carried out?.
4 What type of data is required?
5 Where can the required data be found?
6 What periods of time will the study include?
7 What will be the sample design?
8 What techniques of data collection will be used?
9 How will the data be analysed?
10 What will be the style of preparation of the report?

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design Parts of Research Design
Different Research Designs Constituent Parts of Research Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Elements of Research Design

1 What is the study about?

2 Why is the study being made? Its relevance?
3 Where will the study be carried out?.
4 What type of data is required?
5 Where can the required data be found?
6 What periods of time will the study include?
7 What will be the sample design?
8 What techniques of data collection will be used?
9 How will the data be analysed?
10 What will be the style of preparation of the report?

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design Parts of Research Design
Different Research Designs Constituent Parts of Research Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Elements of Research Design

1 What is the study about?

2 Why is the study being made? Its relevance?
3 Where will the study be carried out?.
4 What type of data is required?
5 Where can the required data be found?
6 What periods of time will the study include?
7 What will be the sample design?
8 What techniques of data collection will be used?
9 How will the data be analysed?
10 What will be the style of preparation of the report?

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design Parts of Research Design
Different Research Designs Constituent Parts of Research Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Parts of Research Design

The research design comprise of the following parts:
1 The Sampling Design–deals with the method of selecting
items to be observed for the given research study.
2 The Observational Design–relates to the conditions under
which the observations are to be made.
3 The Statistical Design–concerns the question of how many
items are to be observed and how the information and data
gathered are to be analysed.
4 The Operational Design–deals with the techniques by
which the procedures specified in the sampling,
statistical, and observational designs can be carried
out.
Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and
01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design Parts of Research Design
Different Research Designs Constituent Parts of Research Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Parts of Research Design

The research design comprise of the following parts:
1 The Sampling Design–deals with the method of selecting
items to be observed for the given research study.
2 The Observational Design–relates to the conditions under
which the observations are to be made.
3 The Statistical Design–concerns the question of how many
items are to be observed and how the information and data
gathered are to be analysed.
4 The Operational Design–deals with the techniques by
which the procedures specified in the sampling,
statistical, and observational designs can be carried
out.
Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and
01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design Parts of Research Design
Different Research Designs Constituent Parts of Research Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Parts of Research Design

The research design comprise of the following parts:
1 The Sampling Design–deals with the method of selecting
items to be observed for the given research study.
2 The Observational Design–relates to the conditions under
which the observations are to be made.
3 The Statistical Design–concerns the question of how many
items are to be observed and how the information and data
gathered are to be analysed.
4 The Operational Design–deals with the techniques by
which the procedures specified in the sampling,
statistical, and observational designs can be carried
out.
Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and
01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design Parts of Research Design
Different Research Designs Constituent Parts of Research Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Parts of Research Design

The research design comprise of the following parts:
1 The Sampling Design–deals with the method of selecting
items to be observed for the given research study.
2 The Observational Design–relates to the conditions under
which the observations are to be made.
3 The Statistical Design–concerns the question of how many
items are to be observed and how the information and data
gathered are to be analysed.
4 The Operational Design–deals with the techniques by
which the procedures specified in the sampling,
statistical, and observational designs can be carried
out.
Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and
01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Need for Research Design

Research Design facilitates smooth sailing of the various

research operations, thereby making research as efficient as
possible yielding maximal information with minimal expenditure
of effort, time, and money. Research Design stands for
advance planning of methods to be adopted for collecting the
relevant data and techniques to be used in their analysis,
keeping in view the objective of the research and the availability
of staff, time, and money. It should be done with utmost care.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Research Design–Blue Print for Research

Research Design is to research, as a blue print is to the

construction of a building. The design which gives the smallest
experimental error is supposed to be the best design in many
investigations. Also, a design that yields maximal information
and provides an opportunity for considering many different
aspects of a problem is considered most appropriate and
efficient.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Features of a Good Research Design

A good research design is characterised by flexible,
appropriate, efficient, economical operations. The design which
minimises bias and maximises the reliability of the data
collected and analysed is considered a good design. The
following factors need to be considered:
1 The means of obtaining information.
2 The availability and skills of the researcher and his/her
staff, if any.
3 The objective of the problem to be studied.
4 The nature of the problem to be studied.
5 The availability of time and money for the research
work.
Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and
01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Features of a Good Research Design

A good research design is characterised by flexible,
appropriate, efficient, economical operations. The design which
minimises bias and maximises the reliability of the data
collected and analysed is considered a good design. The
following factors need to be considered:
1 The means of obtaining information.
2 The availability and skills of the researcher and his/her
staff, if any.
3 The objective of the problem to be studied.
4 The nature of the problem to be studied.
5 The availability of time and money for the research
work.
Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and
01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Features of a Good Research Design

A good research design is characterised by flexible,
appropriate, efficient, economical operations. The design which
minimises bias and maximises the reliability of the data
collected and analysed is considered a good design. The
following factors need to be considered:
1 The means of obtaining information.
2 The availability and skills of the researcher and his/her
staff, if any.
3 The objective of the problem to be studied.
4 The nature of the problem to be studied.
5 The availability of time and money for the research
work.
Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and
01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Features of a Good Research Design

A good research design is characterised by flexible,
appropriate, efficient, economical operations. The design which
minimises bias and maximises the reliability of the data
collected and analysed is considered a good design. The
following factors need to be considered:
1 The means of obtaining information.
2 The availability and skills of the researcher and his/her
staff, if any.
3 The objective of the problem to be studied.
4 The nature of the problem to be studied.
5 The availability of time and money for the research
work.
Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and
01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Features of a Good Research Design

A good research design is characterised by flexible,
appropriate, efficient, economical operations. The design which
minimises bias and maximises the reliability of the data
collected and analysed is considered a good design. The
following factors need to be considered:
1 The means of obtaining information.
2 The availability and skills of the researcher and his/her
staff, if any.
3 The objective of the problem to be studied.
4 The nature of the problem to be studied.
5 The availability of time and money for the research
work.
Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and
01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Important Concepts Related to Research Design

1 Dependent and Independent Variables. A concept that can
take on different quantitative values is called a variable.
2 Extraneous Variable–independent variables that are not
related to the purpose of study, but may affect the
dependent variables. A study must always be so designed
that the effect of the dependent variable is attributed
entirely to the independent variable(s), and not to some
extraneous variable or variables.
3 Control–refers to the effort to minimise the effect of
extraneous variables.
4 Confounded Relationship–the situation when the
dependent variables are not free from the influence of
extraneous variables.
Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and
01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Important Concepts Related to Research Design

1 Dependent and Independent Variables. A concept that can
take on different quantitative values is called a variable.
2 Extraneous Variable–independent variables that are not
related to the purpose of study, but may affect the
dependent variables. A study must always be so designed
that the effect of the dependent variable is attributed
entirely to the independent variable(s), and not to some
extraneous variable or variables.
3 Control–refers to the effort to minimise the effect of
extraneous variables.
4 Confounded Relationship–the situation when the
dependent variables are not free from the influence of
extraneous variables.
Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and
01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Important Concepts Related to Research Design

1 Dependent and Independent Variables. A concept that can
take on different quantitative values is called a variable.
2 Extraneous Variable–independent variables that are not
related to the purpose of study, but may affect the
dependent variables. A study must always be so designed
that the effect of the dependent variable is attributed
entirely to the independent variable(s), and not to some
extraneous variable or variables.
3 Control–refers to the effort to minimise the effect of
extraneous variables.
4 Confounded Relationship–the situation when the
dependent variables are not free from the influence of
extraneous variables.
Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and
01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Important Concepts Related to Research Design

1 Dependent and Independent Variables. A concept that can
take on different quantitative values is called a variable.
2 Extraneous Variable–independent variables that are not
related to the purpose of study, but may affect the
dependent variables. A study must always be so designed
that the effect of the dependent variable is attributed
entirely to the independent variable(s), and not to some
extraneous variable or variables.
3 Control–refers to the effort to minimise the effect of
extraneous variables.
4 Confounded Relationship–the situation when the
dependent variables are not free from the influence of
extraneous variables.
Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and
01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Important Concepts Related to Research Design

5 Research Hypothesis.
6 Experimental and Non-experimental Hypothesis Testing
Research.
7 Experimental and Control Groups–Group exposed to
normal conditions are termed as control group; whereas
group exposed to some novel or special condition, is
termed as experimental.
8 Treatments–different conditions under which
experimental and control groups are put to are usually
referred to as "treatments".

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Important Concepts Related to Research Design

5 Research Hypothesis.
6 Experimental and Non-experimental Hypothesis Testing
Research.
7 Experimental and Control Groups–Group exposed to
normal conditions are termed as control group; whereas
group exposed to some novel or special condition, is
termed as experimental.
8 Treatments–different conditions under which
experimental and control groups are put to are usually
referred to as "treatments".

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Important Concepts Related to Research Design

5 Research Hypothesis.
6 Experimental and Non-experimental Hypothesis Testing
Research.
7 Experimental and Control Groups–Group exposed to
normal conditions are termed as control group; whereas
group exposed to some novel or special condition, is
termed as experimental.
8 Treatments–different conditions under which
experimental and control groups are put to are usually
referred to as "treatments".

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Important Concepts Related to Research Design

5 Research Hypothesis.
6 Experimental and Non-experimental Hypothesis Testing
Research.
7 Experimental and Control Groups–Group exposed to
normal conditions are termed as control group; whereas
group exposed to some novel or special condition, is
termed as experimental.
8 Treatments–different conditions under which
experimental and control groups are put to are usually
referred to as "treatments".

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Important Concepts Related to Research Design

9 Experiment–the process of testing the truth of a statistical

hypothesis. Experiments can be of two types–absolute
experiment and comparative experiment.
10 Experimental Unit(s)– the predetermined plots or blocks,
where different treatments are used. Experimental units
must be selected (defined) very carefully.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Important Concepts Related to Research Design

9 Experiment–the process of testing the truth of a statistical

hypothesis. Experiments can be of two types–absolute
experiment and comparative experiment.
10 Experimental Unit(s)– the predetermined plots or blocks,
where different treatments are used. Experimental units
must be selected (defined) very carefully.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies
Concepts Related to Research Design
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study
Different Research Designs
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Research Design
Case of Exploratory Research Study

The purpose is to formulate a problem for more precise

investigation or the development of the working hypothesis from
an operational point of view. The emphasis is on the discovery
of new ideas and insights. The following three methods are
usually employed:
1 The survey of concerning literature. Hypothesis by earlier
researchers may be reviewed and their usefulness is
evaluated.
2 Experience Survey–means the survey of people who
have had practical experience.
3 Analysis of "insight stimulating" examples.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies
Concepts Related to Research Design
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study
Different Research Designs
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Research Design
Case of Exploratory Research Study

The purpose is to formulate a problem for more precise

investigation or the development of the working hypothesis from
an operational point of view. The emphasis is on the discovery
of new ideas and insights. The following three methods are
usually employed:
1 The survey of concerning literature. Hypothesis by earlier
researchers may be reviewed and their usefulness is
evaluated.
2 Experience Survey–means the survey of people who
have had practical experience.
3 Analysis of "insight stimulating" examples.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies
Concepts Related to Research Design
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study
Different Research Designs
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Research Design
Case of Exploratory Research Study

The purpose is to formulate a problem for more precise

investigation or the development of the working hypothesis from
an operational point of view. The emphasis is on the discovery
of new ideas and insights. The following three methods are
usually employed:
1 The survey of concerning literature. Hypothesis by earlier
researchers may be reviewed and their usefulness is
evaluated.
2 Experience Survey–means the survey of people who
have had practical experience.
3 Analysis of "insight stimulating" examples.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies
Concepts Related to Research Design
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study
Different Research Designs
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Case of Exploratory Research Study

The Survey of Literature

This happens to be the most simple and fruitful method of

formulating the research problem or developing hypothesis.
The review of available literature results in deriving relevant
hypothesis from it.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies
Concepts Related to Research Design
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study
Different Research Designs
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Case of Exploratory Research Study

The Experience Survey

This means the survey of people who have had practical

experience with the problem to be studied. The object of such a
survey is to obtain insight into the relationships between
variables and new ideas relating to the research problem.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies
Concepts Related to Research Design
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study
Different Research Designs
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Case of Exploratory Research Study

Analysis of ‘insight stimulating’ examples

This is also a fruitful method for suggesting hypothesis for

research. It is particularly suitable in cases where there is little
experience to serve as guide.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies
Concepts Related to Research Design
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study
Different Research Designs
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Descriptive and Diagnostic Research

The descriptive research is studies which are concerned with

describing the characteristics of a particular individual, or
group, whereas diagnostic research studies determine the
frequency with which something occurs or its association with
something else.The research design of such studies must be
rigid, not flexible.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies
Concepts Related to Research Design
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study
Different Research Designs
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Descriptive/Diagnostic Research–Focus

1 Formulating the objective of the study–what is it about and

why is it done?
2 Designing methods of data collection–observation,
questionnaires, interviewing,examination of records.
3 Selecting the sample– how much material will be needed?
4 Collecting the data.–where and when the data need to be
collected?
5 Processing and analysing the data.
6 Reporting the findings.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies
Concepts Related to Research Design
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study
Different Research Designs
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Descriptive/Diagnostic Research–Focus

1 Formulating the objective of the study–what is it about and

why is it done?
2 Designing methods of data collection–observation,
questionnaires, interviewing,examination of records.
3 Selecting the sample– how much material will be needed?
4 Collecting the data.–where and when the data need to be
collected?
5 Processing and analysing the data.
6 Reporting the findings.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies
Concepts Related to Research Design
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study
Different Research Designs
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Descriptive/Diagnostic Research–Focus

1 Formulating the objective of the study–what is it about and

why is it done?
2 Designing methods of data collection–observation,
questionnaires, interviewing,examination of records.
3 Selecting the sample– how much material will be needed?
4 Collecting the data.–where and when the data need to be
collected?
5 Processing and analysing the data.
6 Reporting the findings.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies
Concepts Related to Research Design
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study
Different Research Designs
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Descriptive/Diagnostic Research–Focus

1 Formulating the objective of the study–what is it about and

why is it done?
2 Designing methods of data collection–observation,
questionnaires, interviewing,examination of records.
3 Selecting the sample– how much material will be needed?
4 Collecting the data.–where and when the data need to be
collected?
5 Processing and analysing the data.
6 Reporting the findings.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies
Concepts Related to Research Design
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study
Different Research Designs
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Descriptive/Diagnostic Research–Focus

1 Formulating the objective of the study–what is it about and

why is it done?
2 Designing methods of data collection–observation,
questionnaires, interviewing,examination of records.
3 Selecting the sample– how much material will be needed?
4 Collecting the data.–where and when the data need to be
collected?
5 Processing and analysing the data.
6 Reporting the findings.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies
Concepts Related to Research Design
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study
Different Research Designs
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Descriptive/Diagnostic Research–Focus

1 Formulating the objective of the study–what is it about and

why is it done?
2 Designing methods of data collection–observation,
questionnaires, interviewing,examination of records.
3 Selecting the sample– how much material will be needed?
4 Collecting the data.–where and when the data need to be
collected?
5 Processing and analysing the data.
6 Reporting the findings.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies
Concepts Related to Research Design
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study
Different Research Designs
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Hypothesis Testing Research Study

Experimental Research Study

It is generally known as experimental studies. Professor

R.A.Fisher is the pioneer in experimental research designs. It
originated mainly with agricultural research.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Experimental Designs
Basic Principles

1 Principle of Replication–the experiment should be

repeated more than once. By doing so, the statistical
accuracy of the experiments is increased.
2 Principle of Randomization–provides protection when we
conduct an experiment against the effect of extraneous
factors by randomization.
3 Principle of Local Control–under this the extraneous factor,
known as source of variability, is made very deliberately
over as wide range as necessary and this needs to be
done in such a way that the variability it causes can be
measured and hence eliminated from the experimental
error.
Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and
01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Experimental Designs
Basic Principles

1 Principle of Replication–the experiment should be

repeated more than once. By doing so, the statistical
accuracy of the experiments is increased.
2 Principle of Randomization–provides protection when we
conduct an experiment against the effect of extraneous
factors by randomization.
3 Principle of Local Control–under this the extraneous factor,
known as source of variability, is made very deliberately
over as wide range as necessary and this needs to be
done in such a way that the variability it causes can be
measured and hence eliminated from the experimental
error.
Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and
01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Experimental Designs
Basic Principles

1 Principle of Replication–the experiment should be

repeated more than once. By doing so, the statistical
accuracy of the experiments is increased.
2 Principle of Randomization–provides protection when we
conduct an experiment against the effect of extraneous
factors by randomization.
3 Principle of Local Control–under this the extraneous factor,
known as source of variability, is made very deliberately
over as wide range as necessary and this needs to be
done in such a way that the variability it causes can be
measured and hence eliminated from the experimental
error.
Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and
01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Recap

We considered the following in this lecture:

Research Design–Constituent Parts.
The need for Research Design.
Concepts Related to Research Design.
Different Research Designs.
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies.
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study.
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study.
Basic Principles of Experimental Design.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Recap

We considered the following in this lecture:

Research Design–Constituent Parts.
The need for Research Design.
Concepts Related to Research Design.
Different Research Designs.
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies.
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study.
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study.
Basic Principles of Experimental Design.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Recap

We considered the following in this lecture:

Research Design–Constituent Parts.
The need for Research Design.
Concepts Related to Research Design.
Different Research Designs.
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies.
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study.
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study.
Basic Principles of Experimental Design.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Recap

We considered the following in this lecture:

Research Design–Constituent Parts.
The need for Research Design.
Concepts Related to Research Design.
Different Research Designs.
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies.
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study.
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study.
Basic Principles of Experimental Design.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Recap

We considered the following in this lecture:

Research Design–Constituent Parts.
The need for Research Design.
Concepts Related to Research Design.
Different Research Designs.
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies.
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study.
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study.
Basic Principles of Experimental Design.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Recap

We considered the following in this lecture:

Research Design–Constituent Parts.
The need for Research Design.
Concepts Related to Research Design.
Different Research Designs.
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies.
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study.
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study.
Basic Principles of Experimental Design.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Recap

We considered the following in this lecture:

Research Design–Constituent Parts.
The need for Research Design.
Concepts Related to Research Design.
Different Research Designs.
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies.
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study.
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study.
Basic Principles of Experimental Design.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology
 Research Design
Need for Research Design
Concepts Related to Research Design
Different Research Designs
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Recapitulation

Recap

We considered the following in this lecture:

Research Design–Constituent Parts.
The need for Research Design.
Concepts Related to Research Design.
Different Research Designs.
The Case of Exploratory Research Studies.
The Case of Descriptive and Diagnostic Research Study.
The Case of Hypothesis Testing Research Study.
Basic Principles of Experimental Design.

Dr K.C.Raveendranathan SM IEEE FIE & C.Eng, FIETE, LM ISTE, and

01EC6999
LMIRSSResearch Methodology