Developing X-bar AND R Charts

Some New Applications of Control Chars A restaurant is interested in detecting changes in the
number of minutes from a party’s sitting down to
In 6-sigma getting the bill.

Sample Quality Variable X R n=

A2 =
1 23 28 21 24.0 7 D4 =
2 33 29 30 30.7 4 D3 =
3 25 27 25 25.7 2
4 28 30 29 29.0 2
5 29 28 28 28.3 1
Prof. S. K. Neogy 6 23 24 28 25.0 5

Indian Statistical Institute X = 27.1 3.5 = R

Delhi Centre X-bar chart R-chart

UCL=27.1 + 1.02*3.5 UCL=2.575*3.5
LCL= 27.1 - 1.02*3.5 LCL=0*3.5
1 2
 Example x-bar chart Example R Chart
Check to see if process is ready for control by UCL=2.575*3.5 = 9.01
LCL=0*3.5 = 0
plotting sample on control limits. If yes, use R CHART

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limits to control; if not, improve process consistency. 9
8
7
UCL=27.1 + 1.02*3.5 = 30.7 X-BAR CHART
UCL = 9 6

LCL=27.1 - 1.02*3.5 = 23.5 LCL = 0 5

4
32.0 CL = 3.5 3
2
30.0
1
28.0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
26.0
24.0
22.0
UCL = 30.7
20.0
LCL = 23.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 Process ready for control?
CL = 27.1

3 4
 Using Control Charts Control Charts For Attributes
Take a sample and measure: 24, 29, 27 p-chart
x-bar=26.7 R=5
X-bar Chart (to control average)
32.0 p = proportion in sample (# with attribute/n)
30.0

UCL = 30.7 28.0 p = mean of proportions

LCL = 23.5 26.0

CL = 27.1 24.0 q=1-p z = number of sd dev’s

22.0

20.0 σp = p(1-p) / n or = pq / n
1 2 3 4 5 6

R Chart (to control variability)

10
9
8
7 UCL = p + z σp ; LCL = p - z σp
UCL = 9 6
5
LCL = 0 4
CL = 3.5 3
2 Z: if LCL < 0,
1
3 sigma limits then LCL = 0
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 2 sigma limits
5 6
 EXAMPLE - P CHART Example p-chart
A restaurant is interested in detecting changes in the
percentage of parties leaving less than a 10% tip. UCL = .152
LCL = 0
Sample Result CL = .05
p p-CHART
of inspection:
n=?
2 no, 38 yes 05 0.16
1 .025
2 1 no, 39 yes 0.14
0 no, 40 yes 0.0
3 .10
0.12
4 4 no, 36 yes 0.1
3 no, 37 yes .075
5 .05 Or p-bar = 0.08
6 2 no, 38 yes 0.06
12/(6*40) 0.04
p = .05
0.02
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
σ = .05*.95
40 = .034
Process ready for control?
UCL=.05 + 3*.034 = .152
LCL = .05 - 3*.034 = -.052 => 0
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 Example c-chart
c-Chart
A restaurant is interested in detecting changes in the
number of parties per day that are larger than 6
c = number of occurrences people.
Day No.
c = average number 1 4 c-bar = 23/6 = 3.83
σc = square root of c-bar 2 2
3 5 σc = V 3.83 = 1.96 zlet =3
4 3
5 4 UCL = 3.8 + 3 * 1.96 = 9.68
UCL = c + z (σσc) 6 5
LCL = 3.8 - 3 * 1.96 = --2.08 > 0
σ c)
LCL = c - z(σ
9.68

* *
3.83 * *
* *
0
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