A Seminar on

p Charts
presented by
Mr. Gaurav Shiralkar
(TE Production Roll. No. 61)

Under the Guidance of

Prof. K.Y.Shiralkar

Introduction
Many quality characteristics cannot be conveniently
represented numerically.
In such cases, each item inspected is classified as either
conforming or nonconforming to the specifications
on that quality characteristic.
Quality characteristics of this type are called
attributes.

Type of Attribute Charts

p charts
This chart shows the fraction of nonconforming or defective
product produced by a manufacturing process.
It is also called the control chart for fraction nonconforming.
np charts
This chart shows the number of nonconforming. Almost the
same as the p chart.
c charts
This shows the number of defects or nonconformities
produced by a manufacturing process.
u charts
This chart shows the nonconformities per unit produced by a
manufacturing process.

p charts

This chart shows the fraction of nonconforming or defective

product produced by a manufacturing process.

It is also called the control chart for fraction nonconforming.

In this chart, we plot the percent of defectives (per

batch, per day, per machine, etc.).

Formula
Fraction nonconforming:
p = (np)/n
where p = proportion or fraction nc in the sample or
subgroup,
n = number in the sample or subgroup,
np = number nc in the sample or subgroup.

p-Chart contruction for constant

subgroup size
Select the quality characteristics.
Determine the subgroup size and method
Collect the data.
Calculate the trial central line and control
limits.
Establish the revised central line and
control limits.
Achieve the objective.

Select the quality characteristics

The quality characteristic?

A single quality characteristic

A group of quality characteristics
A part
An entire product, or
A number of products.

Collect the data

The quality technician will need to collect sufficient data
for at least 25 subgroups.
The data can be plotted as a run chart.
Since the run chart does not have limits, its is not a
control chart.

Calculate the trial central line and control limits

The formula:

p (1 p )
UCL p 3
n
p (1 p )
LCL p 3
n

=
average
of p for many subgroups
np
p
n = number
inspected
in a subgroup
n

 np

138
p

0.018
n 7500
0.018(1 0.018)
UCL 0.018 3
300
0.041
0.018(1 0.018)
LCL 0.018 3
300
0.005 0.0

Subgroup
Number

Number
Inspected
n

np

300

12

0.040

300

0.010

300

0.030

300

0.013

300

0.0

300

0.020

300

0.020

300

0.003

19

300

16

0.053

25

300

0.007

7500

138

Total

Negative value of LCL is possible in a theoritical

result, but not in practical (proportion of nc never
negative).

p Chart
0.053

UCL

0.0
4
0.0
3
0.0
2
0.0
1

p-bar

LCL
5
25

10

15

20

Subgroup

p Chart Example
Youre manager of a 500room hotel. You want to
achieve the highest level of
service.
For 7 days, you collect data
on the readiness of 200
rooms.
Is the process in control
(use z = 3)?

p Chart Hotel Data

No. of No. Not
Day RoomsReady
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

200
200
200
200
200
200
200

Proportion

16
16/200 = .080
7.035
21.105
17.085
25.125
19.095
16.080

p Chart Control Limits

k

n
i1

1400

200
7

p Chart Control Limits

k

n
i1

1400

200
7

i1
k

n
i1

16 + 7 +...+ 16

121

0.0864
1400

p Chart Solution
k

n
i1

1400

200
7

16 + 7 +...+ 16

i1
k

121

0.0864
1400

i1

p z

p 1 p
0.0864 1 0.0864
0.0864 3
n
200

p Chart Solution
k

n
i1

1400

200
7

16 + 7 +...+ 16

i1
k

121

0.0864
1400

i1

p z

p 1 p
0.0864 1 0.0864
0.0864 3
n
200
0.0864
3* 0.01984 0.0864 0.01984
0.1460,and0.0268

p Chart
UCL

LCL

Advantages of p charts
Allowing for quick summaries, that is, the engineer may
simply classify products as acceptable or unacceptable,
based on various quality criteria.
Thus, attribute charts sometimes bypass the need for
expensive, precise devices and time-consuming
measurement procedures.
More easily understood by managers unfamiliar with quality
control procedures.

Conclusion
Because control charts provide information about the
variation inherent in a process, they give leaders a good
idea of the range of performance they can expect from
a process in the future.
By comparing this range to the customer specification
or business requirements, they can determine whether
the process is capable of achieving the target level of
performance or whether process improvements are
needed

THANK YOU