Acknowledgment

First, I would thank my god for giving me a good wealth in my life to be educated. My Lecturers

Mr.Yasith Kotelawala, Mr.Manisir Munafdeen and supervisor Dr.Himal was always there to listen

and to give advice in my final project; their continuous support in the practical guided me to

complete the “Power Line Communication” project. They taught me how to do the exercises and

express my ideas in my work. They showed me different ways to approach the problems in my

exercises.

I have something interesting to say, for reminding me that my project should always be useful and

serve good purposes for all humankind.

i
 ABSTRACT

The purpose of this project is to transmit data through the power line cables and operate the home

automations. Currently there are many technologies regarding the power line communication

systems. Nowadays power line communication is one of most popular technology because it makes

human needs as comfort. Main task of this project is controlling the home appliance by using PC

with LABVIEW software control. ON/OFF which is main control part placed in LABVIEW front

panel and it is make very user friendly controlling. When comparing the data communication

through Ethernet cable this technology is very low cost data transferring system because through

the one power line without any additional wiring control the home appliance. Especially the project

will be made for the paralyzed and wheeled chaired person deal the appliance as very comfort.

This technology involved some modulation technics, data transmission technics and power line

modem technics. The multisim software validate the circuit actual design and simulate the circuits

as well. Furthermore this document provides information a power line communication system test

and analysis.

ii
 Table of Contents
1.0 CHAPTER 01………………………………………………………………………………...1
1.1 Background of the Project .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Problem Identification………………………………………………………………………2

1.3 Aim Objective………………………………………………………………………………2

1.4 Scope and Limitation……………………………………………………………………….3

2.0 CHAPTER 02 .......................................................................................................................... 4

2.1Physical line Specification and Signal Modulation ............................................................. 4
2.2 Data type, Frame transmission and the command for ON/OFF............................................ 6
2.3Coupling the Signal with the power line ............................................................................... 7
2.4 Electricity Power Line Modem……………………...………………………………………8

2.5 Power Line Modem Standard protocols………………………………………………….....9

3.0 CHAPTER 03……………………………………………………………………………….10

3.1 First conceptual design for coupling circuit ……...……………………………………………10

3.2 Second conceptual design for coupling circuit……………………..………………………….11

3.3 Third conceptual design for coupling circuit ...…………………..…….……………………12

3.4 Optimum design selection for coupling unit .………………..………………………………13

3.5 Proposed block diagram for Power Line Communication Systems…………………………14

3.6 Modulation and Demodulation……………. ………………..………………………………16

3.6.1 Transmission Section ….……………. ………………..………………………………18

3.6.2 Receiving Section…. ….……………. ………………..………………………………19

4.0 CHAPTER 04 ........................................................................................................................ 20

4.1 Power Supply Design………………......…………………………..………………………………20

4.2 Coupling Circuit Design…………………………………………..………………………………21

4.3 TDA5051A Modem Chipset Design………..……………….…..………………………………24

4.4 Max 232 Level converter Design……………………….………..………………………………25

iii
5.0 CHAPTER 05…..……………..……………………………………………………………26

5.1 Power supply circuit test…………....…………………………..………………………………26

5.1.1 Power supply simulation result ….……………. ..……..………………………………26

5.1.2 Power supply hardware testing result ….....……………. ..……………………………29

5.2 Coupling circuit tests…………..…....…………………………..………………………………30

5.2.1 Coupling circuit simulation tests ….……………. ..……..……..………………………30

5.2.2 Coupling circuit hardware test……….…………. ..……..……..………………………31

5.3 Modem IC circuit tests …………..….......……………………..………………………………33

5.4 Interfacing two modem IC’s…..…....…………………………..………………………………35

5.5 MAX232 interface with PC through the LABVIEW………..…………………………….…36

5.5.1 MAX232 pulse generation and modem output with LABVIEW..………………….…38

5.5.2 MAX232 pulse generation and modem output with coupling and LABVIEW ….….39

5.6 Complete output test of PLC ………………………………..…………………………….…40

6.0 CHAPTER 06…..……….……………………………………………………………….…42

6.1 Conclusion……………………..…....…………………………..………………..……….….…42

6.2 Further Development…………..…....…………………………..………………..………….….43

7.0 REFERENCE…..……………...……………………………………………………….......44

8.0 APPENDIX...…..………………………………………………………………………...…46

8.1 Appendix 1……………………….. ….……………. ..……..……..………………..……..46

8.2 Appendix 2……………………….. ….……………. ..……..……..………………………50

8.3 Appendix 3……………………….. ….……………. ..……..……..………………………52

8.4 Appendix 4……………………….. ….……………. ..……..……..………………………54

8.5 Appendix 5……………………….. ….……………. ..……..……..………………………58

8.6 Appendix 6……………………….. ….……………. ..……..……..………………………60

iv
 TABLE OF FIGURE
Figure 1 (Page 10) Block diagram for Coupling Conceptual
design 1

Figure 2 (Page 11) Block diagram for Coupling Conceptual

design 2

Figure 3 (Page 12) Block diagram for Coupling Conceptual

design 3

Figure 4 (Page 14) Block diagram of PLC system

Figure 5 (Page 16) Amplitude shift keying

Figure 6 (Page 20) Power Supply circuit

Figure 7 (Page 21) Coupling circuit

Figure 8 (Page 24) Modem IC Design Circuit

Figure 9 (Page 25) Interface Design Circuit of MAX232

Figure 10 (Page 26) Power Supply circuit with oscilloscope

Figure 11 (Page 26) Vm observation through simulation

Figure 12 (Page 27) Vdc observation through simulation

Figure 13 (Page 27) VAC input voltage result

Figure 14 (Page 28) voltage between bridge rectifier and voltage

regulator

Figure 15 (Page 28) final output voltage

Figure 16 (Page 29) Final output voltage

Figure 17 (Page 29) Final output voltage graph

Figure 18 (Page 30) VAC input voltage result

Figure 19 (Page 30) VAC output voltage

v
Figure 20 (Page 30) Output current value of coupling unit

Figure 21 (Page 31) Output voltage value of coupling unit

Figure 22 (Page 32) Output signal

Figure 23 (Page 33) Transmission OUT when data in connect with

5V

Figure 24 (Page 34) Transmission OUT when data in connect with

0V

Figure 25 (Page 35) Baud rate of two modem circuit

Figure 26 (Page 38) Data out in serial port

Figure 27 (Page 38) ASK through the modem IC

Figure 28 (Page 39) Transmission part output in transmission line

end

Figure 29 (Page 40) Final output of PLC

Figure 30 (Page 41) Final output when power off

Figure 31 (Page 41) Final output of PLC

vi
 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Project

This is a popular technology for home automation and networking, in resent world this

system is called the power line communication system. It sends communication signals and

this communication signals can be received industrial as well as household devices. This

system is more regularly used because it is a cheap and more robust communication

channel used throughout the word except wireless channel.

This simple digital communication system consists of a transmitter and receivers connected

through household electrical power lines. Transmitting side consists of encoder and a

modulator. Receiving side consists of decoders and demodulators. However modem

(modulator/demodulator) devices designed to support duplex communication.

The modem used in this system is called the power line modem. It consists of four parts

known as encoder, decoder, modulator and demodulator. The transmission medium for this

system is current bearing AC main power line.

1
1.2 Problem Identification

In houses, television and radio switches normally located at near to the devices location

and it is hard to reach for the switches without help for kids and disable person including

people who unable to move a lot due to accident cases. For example; paralyzed and wheeled

chaired person. Furthermore, to operate devices as well as to communicate we need

additional cabling throughout the house. By implementing PLC system this problem can

be overcome.

1.3 Aim Objective

This project objective is to design and develop a Cost effective, low-power, narrowband

communication module as a home automation system to ON/OFF appliances. The 230V,

50 Hz domestic power lines are used as the communication medium.

Main objective of the project will be achieved according to the following steps.

 Study the Physical Line Specification and Signal Modulation.

 Study the Data type, Frame transmission and the command for ON/OFF.

 Study the characteristics of the power line communication.

 Study the Coupling the Signal with the power line.

 Study the Electricity Power Line Modem.

 Study the Power Line Modem Standard protocols.

 Design the system.

 Test and observe the result.

2
1.4 Scope and Limitation

Planning this particular project consists of analytical studies and theoretical research on

existing technology system power line communication. Design and supply as the main

component will also be included in this state.

This project design system consists of hardware and software design. In hardware design,

the design and construction of associated circuits as coupling circuit, modem IC circuit,

level converter and power supply. This work includes the derivation of mathematical model

and simulation work. Whereas, the software design is to design and develop a controlling

software application interfacing the modem from the power line and PC.

Total test of the integrated power line communication system will be implemented and

evaluated during the test, to validate the performance. Whole hardware system of the power

line communication system will be presented.

3
 CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Physical Line Specification and Signal Modulation

According to the J.B. Anderson (1998) and J.G. Proakis (1995), Power line communication

is built on electrical signals resounding information in electrical and the transmitting of the

transmission line. By physical layer a communication channel distinct between two

communication nodes on communication signal is circulated.

According to the ele.uri. (n.d), power line communication offers connectivity using

standing means of communication in power lines. Many different types of terminology

systems related with the PLC in different principles. In the power line communication

Channel parameters will be vary with frequency, location, time and the equipment type. In

the power line channel the lower frequency regions which are from 10 kHz to 200 kHz

witch are highly affecting by interference.

According to the Alan C. Brooks and Stephen J. Hoelzer (2001), one of the most efficient

technology is OFDM method which is use to limited bandwidth of CENELEC, therefore it

is use to code the channel. This combination of the communication channel makes

communication safe. Bandwidth of CENELEC divided in to number of sub-channels,

which can be considered as many independent carriers PSK modulated with different

frequencies noninterference carrier. Coding of the convolution and Reed-Solomon to give

redundant bits to the receiver to recover the lost bits because of background and impulsive

noise. A diagram of the time-frequency interleaving is used to decrease the correlation

noise received at the input of the decoder. The OFDM signal generated by used the

performance of the FFT on the signal points to complex values produced by the phase

modulation and differential encoding, which are assigned to individual subcarriers.

4
An OFDM symbol is constructed by adding a cyclic prefix to the beginning of each block

generated by IFFT. A technical blind channel estimator is used for link adaptation. Based

on the quality of the reception signal, the receiver decides on the modulation technique

used. In addition, the system separates between subcarriers with bad SNR and does not

transmit data on it. The modulation techniques of the physical layer defines data

transmission over the power lines. The accuracy of the data which is get from the receiver

is determined by process of modulation and demodulation efficiency. Amplitude Shift

Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) and Phase Shift Keying (PSK) are three

basic digital modulation methods.

5
2.2 Data type, Frame transmission and the command for ON/OFF

According to the Siemens Corporation (1992), Controlling Communication with the line

procedure ON/OFF-is a method of transmission character oriented. The receiver system

which is controls the transmission output system by means of ON/OFF. The data are

usually transmitted in half-duplex mode and frames. ON/OFF is usually represented by

control characters DC1/DC3 (11H/13H), but the two control characters can be configured.

DTR, DSR, RTS and CTS control and signal lines should not be connected to the ON/OFF

procedure. The signal line DSR is an exception. The evaluation DSR depends on the

configuration.

The easiest controlling method on a television or radio from the host PC will send ON or

OFF command. Low to high digital pulse will be modulated onto the power line and the

receiving side will simply demodulate the pulse back support and the trigger circuit will

then turn ON or OFF operation. This is not possible for the practical approach as a noise

signal can be misinterpreted as ON or OFF signal by the modem circuit.

False triggering should need to prevent this; addresses are given for PLC devices activated

in the control network from home. Message frame consists of four fields there are the

preamble, address identification, data field, and stop bit when the host PC contacts with a

PLC it will be triggered to set, which in turn will indicate the PLC device enabled in the

address field. The data communicated here is either ON or OFF command in binary. The

message frames begins with the preamble to mean devices that the message is coming and

always end with a stop bit. Appendix 1 figure 1 shows example of the message frame.

6
2.3 Coupling the Signal with the power line

According to the Fredrik Roos (2000), Normal home power line behavior is 230V AC and

50Hz. Coupling circuit must be designed to correspond to the network system by

communication modem, and power distribution. In some cases, the consideration for

electrical isolation and protection against over voltages are optionally included in the

design of the coupling circuits. Power System Characteristics will be with Low frequency

(50Hz), High power (kW, MW), current and voltages levels (1~20A, 230V) and the

Varying impedances, high amplitudes and time dependent disturbances. Coupling circuit

will be with conductive coupling, High pass filter, galvanic isolation (optional) and Over

Voltage protection. Modem communication system Characteristics will be with higher

frequencies (kHz), very low power (mW), current and voltage levels (mA and mV).

According to the Olaf G. Hooijen (1997), capacitive coupling circuit is two way in the

frequency range up to 0.5 MHz the LC filter used to damped the power frequency at the

terminals of the gate at a frequency of 40 dB / decade, which reduces the voltage 230 V/50

Hz in a single 60 mV. In the 10 kHz almost there are no any distortion is present. Zener

diodes block voltage spikes and possible resonance in the circuit. The circuit connection

will be made safer by splitting capacitors towards each side of the connection of inductor.

Moreover in the short circuit case, 100 mA which is lethal current may pass through the

circuit. The capacitive coupling is more cost effective alternative for PLC modems in

energy meters, but it is not need require galvanic isolation always.

According to the According Rikaz. MHM et al (n.d), an inductor is used to couple the

signal to the waveform of the current network. In some cases Inductive coupling is quite

noisy. There are no any physical connection to the network must be made this is advantage

of this design. It’s easier and safer when installing compare with the capacitive coupling.

7
2.4 Electricity Power Line Modem

According to the homeplug (2014), the HomePlug Power Line Alliance is an association

which is associates with such as silicon vendors, networking corporations, service

providers, functions and OEM / ODM venders. HomePlug standards development has its

attention mainly on growing the data rate required by new technologies such as Vo IP.

Standard of HomePlug modems are essentially to meet the requirement of networking and

data communication in homes and offices to obsolete the need for extra cabling and

networking. Usually in each house there is the power line to operate different devices home

plug to follow this scenario for controlling communication between the devices. The

developed technology of the HomePlug is able to send data, voice and video in different

areas.

According to the Homeplug (2014), in the HomePlug Transmission Techniques OFDM

has been adopted by the HomePlug Alliance power line because of its safe to noise and the

fact that it is a method of transmitting data in parallel using a number of parallel sub bands

FDM. Due to the absence of mobile devices in the power line network, there is no Doppler

effect. The other problem is the timing offset it may be mitigated by offset estimation and

compensation.

According to the M. Karl et al. (1996), the spread spectrum modulation signal is different.

Because the usable bandwidth in the channel of the feed line is lower than 25 MHz, The

effect of the spread spectrum modulation is limited access. Use of the single carrier

modulation on power line is possible, but equalizers may be necessary to reduce the

propagation delay effect, but the cost will be high. To cope with the wide range of channel

conditions, the protocol of physical layer for PLC must be adaptive.

8
2.5 Power Line Modem Standard protocols

According to the Amit Dhir et al (2001), basically there are main three protocol standards

are using in PLC system there are X-10 protocol, CEBus and LONWork. The X-10

protocol has developed by USA-crop and media support of this system is manufactures

devices for other media but there are no standards for them. It have maximum 60bps data

rate, cost is very low and main target is existing new homes.

The CEBus protocol has developed by electronics industry association (EIA) and media

support of this system is power line, twisted pair, coaxial cable, RF, IR and eventually fiber

optic. It have maximum 10bps data rate, support to video, audio and data, cost is low to

moderate and main target is existing new homes.

The LONWork protocol has developed by LONMark interoperability association and

media support of this system is power line, twisted pair, RF, and third party transceivers.

It have maximum 610bps to 1.25Mbps data rate, cost is low to moderate and main target

is existing new homes, commercial and industrial buildings, and industrial automations.

9
 CHAPTER 3- METHODOLOGY

Below three designs will be explained three different method of coupling. For this

particular project the coupling have an important role. Through the below design the

special optimum design will be obtained.

3.1 First conceptual design for coupling circuit

Tx out
Capacitive Transient
V in
coupling suppressor

Rx IN

Figure 1: Block diagram of the coupling conceptual design 1

Modem chipset usually has a maximum rated voltage of less than 50V, the voltage of the

AC network can easily damage the IC chipset. The coupling circuit has to effectively block

this current network AC signal from reaching the input of the modem communication

system. LC filter band pass is used to provide effective rejection of 50Hz signal (high-pass)

and anti-aliasing (low-pass) for the digital filter without any adjustment or tunable from

components. All values of the coupling circuit will be determined through impedance of

the calculation. Unidirectional surge) is connected through the Transmission out Receiving

in and to protect against surges. It also protects the Transmission out negative voltage

transient which could also damage the amplifier circuit output. Capacitive coupling circuit

is two way in the frequency range up to 0.5 MHz. the LC filter used to damped the power

frequency at the terminals of the gate at a frequency of 40 dB / decade, which reduces the

voltage 230 V/50 Hz in a single 60 mV. In the 10 kHz almost there are no any distortion is

present. Zener diodes block voltage spikes and possible resonance in the circuit. The circuit

connection will be made safer by splitting capacitors towards each side of the connection

of inductor.

10
3.2 Second conceptual design for coupling circuit

Inductive
V in Tx out
coupling

Figure 2: Block diagram of the coupling conceptual design 2

An inductor is used to couple the signal to the waveform of the current network. In some

cases Inductive coupling is quite noisy. There are no any physical connection to the

network must be made this is advantage of this design. It’s easier and safer when installing

compare with the capacitive coupling.

The main function of the inductive coupling is to ensure electrical isolation and impedance

matching, the coupling transformer but also to pass the signal of the radio frequency

communication. The current waveform has a much lower frequency and a much higher

level of tension, and the current waveform has a saturating effect of around at least

100 000 in relation to the shape of wave communication. Therefore, the power waveform

is generally first low-pass filtered before entering the coupling section.

11
3.3 Third conceptual design for coupling circuit

Capacitive
V in Tx out
coupling

Figure 3: Block diagram of the coupling conceptual design 3

The downside is that there is no electrical isolation with the power grid. The circuit can be

made safer by splitting capacitor to each side of the connection of the inductor. However,

in case of short-circuit, a current of about 100 mA can pass through the circuit. Capacitive

coupling, however, remains a viable alternative for PLC modems energy meters, which do

not always require galvanic isolation. But using the diode in the capacitor coupling will be

more effective.

12
3.4 Optimum design selection for coupling unit

According to the particular problem identification specially for the Coupling purpose the

capacitor coupling which have given in the design 1 will be more suitable design because

Here LC filter band pass is used to provide effective rejection of 50Hz signal (high-pass)

and anti-aliasing (low-pass) for the digital filter without any adjustment or tunable from

components. It also protects the Transmission out negative voltage transient which could

also damage the amplifier circuit output. And it help to reduce the voltage 230 V/50 Hz in

a single 60 mV. In the 10 kHz almost there are no any distortion is present. Zener diodes

block voltage spikes and possible resonance in the circuit. The circuit connection will be

made safer by splitting capacitors towards each side of the connection of inductor.

13
 3.5 Proposed block diagram for Power Line Communication Systems

Demultiplexer
Demodulation
Cont
Control station

Multiplexer

Modulation
rol

Filter
statio
(PC)

n
(PC)

AC Power
source

Home Driver
Automation Controller

Figure 4: Block diagram of PLC system

According to above block diagram, in the transmission section the control station will be

controlled the PLC system the control station can be PC or any software phone for example

android mobile but for this particular system need to interface one controlling software for

that purpose PC will be suitable solution. LABVIEW which is going to use for the

controlling purpose more friendlily to interface with PC. PC need to connect with the

multiplexer which will be changed the serial signal as an ASK signal, for this particular

task RS232 will be with modem to full fill this ASK signal generation because ASK

modulation this very noise effective and very easy to transmit AC signal.

14
ASK and 230 AC will be fed in to the modulation section which will give the AC and

ASK data as an output. For this modulation purpose forward coupling method will be used

which has explained in above three conceptual design.

In the receiving section the demodulator has connected with the 230 AC and AC with ASK

data which has got from the transmission section output. Revise coupling method is going

to work as a demodulator through this ASK signal will be an output. ASK will be fed to

the filter section which is reducing the noise level from the signal through the filter noise

less ASK will be produced. ASK will be input to the demultiplexer which will produce the

serial data output. Modem going to work as a demultiplexer with the RS232 module. Serial

data output going to give as an input to the driver circuit which is going to give a digital

signal to control unit to control the home automation.

15
3.6 Modulation and Demodulation

According to the Behrouz A. Forouzzan and Sophia Chung Fegan (2004), amplitude shift

keying modulation is one of the method of digital communication, it gives two or more

discrete amplitude levels to a sinusoid. This is related to the number of levels which has

passed by the digital message. For a sequence of a binary message, there are two levels,

one of which is typically zero. There are two-stage process of demodulation there are

recovery of the band limited bit stream and regeneration of the binary bit stream. In this

particular project transmitting data on a network of power line through two lines while

exchanging information is important part.

According to the TDA5051A datasheet, the modulation scheme is used by amplitude shift

keying (ASK), the carrier technique with a data transmission rate of up to 600 or 1200.

TDA5051A is going to be a perfect solution because its modem Integrated Circuit of

chipset it’s operates with the 5V.

Figure 5: Amplitude shift keying [Ref: - ele.uri (n.d)]

16
Here a standard quartz crystal is used for connection to the chip reference oscillator which

need adjust the operating frequency known as the carrier frequency in transmission mode

and the user knows that the detection frequency reception. The chip is based on the set

automatically for transmitting and receiving filters. For further detail refer appendix 1

Figure 2.

According to the Appendix 1 Figure 2 it can divide by three major sections which make up
a complete modem IC which are Transmission Section, Reception Section and Clock
Section.

17
3.6.1 Transmission Section

According to the TDA5051A datasheet (Refer appendix 1 figure 5), To the PLC design

standard 7.3728MHz crystal is suitable frequency level for this modem IC circuit and it

make carrier frequency is 115 KHz.

fOSC
fCR =
64

7.375 × 106
fCR =
64

fCR = 115 kHz

The transmission chip is designed such that each time the data signal on the DATA IN pin

which goes through the pin 1 is low, a burst of carrier frequency is 115 KHz Transmission

out generated on pin which goes through the pin 10 and the relationship between DATA IN

Transmission out. Transmission out pin is in a high impedance state until the device is not

transmitting.

According to the TDA5051A datasheet (Refer appendix 1 figure 5), the transmission

section parameters are (V IH ) high level input voltage at DATA IN value will be 1.9V~5.5V.

(V IL) low level input voltage at DATA IN value will be −0.5V ~0.9V. tw (DI) (min)

minimum pulse width at DATA IN will be 190 us typical at fosc = 8.48MHz. Vo (rms)

output carrier signal at pin 10 RMS value will be 120 - 122 dB μV. Io (max) power

amplifier maximum output current at pin 10 peak value will be 160 mA. ZO output

impedance of the power amplifier will be 5 Ω. VO output DC level at pin 10 will be 2.5 V.

for further details refer appendix 1 Figure 3.

18
3.6.2 Receiving Section

According to the TDA5051A datasheet (Refer appendix 1 figure 6), the receiving section

of the output will be in the axis of DATA OUT, will remain low until the burst is received

at the Receiving pin. The signal pin (Receiving IN) has a high impedance input that must

be protected and DC decoupled for the same reasons as in the Transmission out. The high

sensitivity (82 dBmV) entry requires a rejection filter 50 Hz effective.

The receiving section parameters are VOH (level input voltage) at DATA OUT value will be

>2.4V. V OL (low level input voltage) at DATA OUT value will be <0.45V. V I (rms) analog

input signal at Receiving will be 82 - 122 dBμV. Z I input impedance at receiving pin will

be 50kΩ. V I DC level at pin Receiving IN will be 2.5 V.

19
 CHAPTER 4 - DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Power Supply Design

U2
D1 D2 LM7805CT
1N4001 1N4001
LINE VREG
V1 VOLTAGE
U1 C1 COMMON
230 Vrms 100uF
50 Hz
0° D3 D4
20
1N4001 1N4001

Figure 6: Power Supply circuit

Above design shows the 5V power supply design which is need for the power line modem.

In this design 12V step down transformer has used to bring the voltage from 230 AC to 12

AC. The output of the transformer which is secondary side connected with the bridge

rectifier. The bridge rectifier helps to change the AC to DC. The output of the rectifier has

connected with the 100uF capacitor which helps to reduce the noise from the bridge output.

The capacitor out has connected with the 5V voltage regulator (LM7805CT) to get a perfect

5V DC output. The calculation of the Vdc and Vm have given below.

2 π
Vo(dc) = ∫ V sinθdθ
2π 0 m
2Vm
Vo(dc) =
π
2 × 12
Vo(dc) =
π
Vo(dc) = 7.639 V

20
4.2 Coupling Circuit Design

C1 L1 C3 C4

47nF 47uH 1uF 10nF

V1
C2 L2 D1
230 Vrms 1N5918B
50 Hz 47nF 47uH
0°

Figure 7: Coupling circuit

The coupling circuit have to have the effectively block this current network AC signal from

reaching the input of the modem communication system. The impedance of the capacitors

and inductors has used to find the components value through the Thevenin Equivalent

method which has given below. Zener diodes used to block voltage spikes and possible

resonance in the circuit. The circuit connection will be made safer by splitting capacitors

towards each side of the connection of inductor.

By using Thevenin Equivalent method =>

Z1
VOC = VIN ( )
Z1 + Z2

Z1 = XC1 //XL1

Z2 = XC3 //XL2

=> ω = 2πf

ω = 2 × 50 × π

ω = 314.159

1
XC1 = ( )
ω × C1

21
 1
XC1 = ( )
314.159 × 47 × 10−9

XC1 = 67725.51

67725.51 = XC1 = XC3

XL1 = ω × L1

XL1 = 2 × 3.1416 × 50 × 47 × 10−6

XL1 = 0.014765

0.014765 = XL1 = XL2

Z1 = −j67725.51 + j0.014765

Z1 = −j67725.49

−j67725.51 × j0.014765
Z2 =
−j67725 + j0.014765

(67725.51 < −90) × (0.014765 < 90)

Z2 =
−j67725.495
(999.967 < 0)
Z2 =
−j67725.495
(999.967 < 0)
Z2 =
(−j67725.495 < −90)

Z2 = 0.014765 < 90

Z2 = j0.014765
0.014765 < 90
V∞ = 230 < 90 ( )
−j67725.49 + j0.014765

22
 0.014765 < 90
V∞ = 230 < 90 ( )
−j67725.47

0.014765 < 90
V∞ = 230 < 90 ( )
−j67725.47 < −90

V∞ = 230 < 90(2.18 × 10−7 < 180)

V∞ = 50 × 10−6 < 270

Here 230VRMS signal to 50 𝜇V with attenuation of 133.25dB, effectively exceeding the

requirement of 87dB by Receiving input of TDA5051A IC.

230V
dB = 20log
50 × 10−6
dB = 133.25dB

23
4.3 TDA5051A Modem Chipset Design

According to the TDA5051A datasheet figure 8, In TDA5051A the PD pin which is

connected in pin 15 must be connected with power and ground according to the pull up and

pull down conditions. And because the microcontroller is not used in this design, so the

clock output pin which is connected in pin 4 is fail open. +5 VDC supply voltage are

connected to pin 3, in order 11 and 13 (VDDD, VDDAP and VDDA). Pin 5, 9 and 12 all

will be grounded. Accordance with the specification of TDA5051A datasheet, a 2.2 M ohm

resistor are connected in parallel between pin 7 and 8 and the standard 7.3728 MHz

connected in parallel with 2.2 M ohms resistor and with this two 22pF capacitors will be

in series with the ground.

Figure 8: Modem IC Design Circuit [Ref: - nxp.com (TDA5051A datasheet)]

24
4.4 Max 232 Level converter Design

According to the MicroElektronika MAX232 manual (n.d). The inverter input is 5V when

the input is open circuit due to the pull-up. The output of the inverter must be 0 after the

inversion. But the integrated circuit output must be-12V. When the input is low

Transmission in (X = 1.2), inverter input is 0 and the output will be 1. But the output should

be +12 V to represent state space. If the input is high for Transmission in, input of the

inverter can let up and the inverter output will be 0. Then output should be-12V.

The inverter input will be low when the input is open circuit. The output of the inverter

must be high and the output signal of the integrated circuit is 5V. When the input is -12V

input of the inverter must be 0, and after inversion, it must be 5V. When the input is +12

V input of the inverter must be 5V, and after inversion, it must be 0 and it operates with a

capacitive voltage generator, the charge pump on external capacitors used in the module

support internal voltage double and invert. Some cases in this series cannot ask for external

capacitors.
VDD

5V

C1
1uF C4

U1 Serial pin 3
1uF
C1+ VCC
C1-
V-
Serial pin 2
C2 C2+ V+
C2-
1uF
T1IN T1OUT
T2IN T2OUT
C5
R1OUT R1IN
R2OUT R2IN 1uF
C3
GND
1uF RX
MAX232ECPE
TX

Figure 9: Interface Design Circuit of MAX232

CHAPTER 5 - TESTING AND SIMULATION ANALYSIS

25
5.1 Power supply circuit test

5.1.1 Power supply simulation result

XMM1
XMM2

U2
D1 D2 LM7805CT
1N4001 1N4001
LINE VREG
V1 VOLTAGE
U1 COMMON

230 Vrms
50 Hz
0° D3 D4
20
1N4001 1N4001

Figure 10: Power Supply circuit with oscilloscope

Above circit shows the power supply circuit. There are two multimeter has palced between

in secondary side of the transformer and between the voltage regulator and bridge rectiifier

to obtain output results.

Figure 11: Vm observation through simulation

26
Figure 12: Vdc observation through simulation

According to the above calculation the Vm and Vdc have calculated in order 12V and

7.639V but here all the components have assumption like an ideal. In the multisim

simulation result have observed like Vm = 11.497V and Vdc = 9.211 because there are

some simulation error. Circuit with the oscilloscope test has given in appendix 2 Figure 1

and refer appendix 3 Figure 1 for wave observation between bridge rectifier and voltage

regulator.

Figure 13: VAC input voltage result

27
Figure 14: voltage between bridge rectifier and voltage regulator

Figure 15: final output voltage

28
5.1.2 Power supply hardware testing result

The power supply hardware design has designed with the 12 V step down transformer and

the bridge rectifier to get the DC voltage and the 5V regulator used to get 5V DC out for

further detail refer appendix 4 Figure 1, For VAC input voltage result refer appendix 3

Figure 2 and for VAC observation after step down through transformer refer appendix 3

Figure 3.

Figure 16: Final output voltage

Figure 17: Final output voltage graph

Above graph shows the output waveform of power supply which has got through the

oscilloscope obtained 5.12 V. figure 16 shows the output voltage observation through

multimeter which is 4.97 V.

29
5.2 Coupling circuit tests

5.2.1 Coupling circuit simulation tests

Refer the appendix 2 Figure 2 for coupling simulation circuit.

Figure 18: VAC input voltage result

Figure 19: VAC output voltage

According to the data sheet of TDA5051 in Receiving point 50kohms has placed for more

accuracy output for further detail refer appendix 2 Figure 3.

Figure 20: Output current value of coupling unit

30
5.2.2 Coupling circuit hardware test

230VAC will be feed into the coupling circuit. An AC voltage will be with the coupling

circuit filter the 50Hz and bring down to the voltage before entering into the modem chipset

refer appendix 4 Figure 2 for the hardware circuit. And from the oscilloscope the output

voltage of the coupling circuit measured about 9.8 mV for more details refer appendix 5

Figure 1. It’s fulfill the specification of not exceeding 2.5V. Below figure 21 shows the

output voltage of the coupling circuit measured about 0.06 V through the multimeter.

Figure 21: Output voltage value of coupling unit

Through the signal generator 115.5 KHz has given into the coupling circuit and the

waveform generates a 115 KHz from the signal generator. The other waveform will

measure from the output of the coupling circuit which obtains almost same frequency of

115.7 KHz as compared to the input source as shown in the appendix 5 Figure 2. This test

efficiency showed that 115 KHz pass through the coupling circuit without any much noise

distortion.

31
Coupling circuit will be work like a high pass filter below figure 22 shows the waveform

observation through the oscilloscope.

Figure 22: Output signal

32
5.3 Modem IC circuit tests

TDA50551 chip has placed on breadboard with that IC base and According to the data

sheet necessary components attached on it. 5VDC power supply has given into the modem

IC circuit to check the clock pulse oscillator. Both modems IC has checked individually.

For further details refer appendix 4 Figure 3.

According to the TDA5051A datasheet, in this design 7.2 MHz quart crystal has chosen to

generate of 115 KHz frequency. The first test has done with giving a 5V DC to data input,

about 500mV has generated at the Transmission OUT. Below figure 23 shows the

multimeter reading and refer appendix 5 Figure 3 for oscilloscope reading. Second test has

done with giving a low input signal 0 V DC to data in, a 2.5 VDC will generated at

Transmission OUT. Below figure 24 shows the multimeter reading and refer appendix 5

Figure 4 for oscilloscope reading.

Figure 23: Transmission OUT when data in connect with 5V

33
Figure 24: Transmission OUT when data in connect with 0V

34
5.4 Interfacing two modem IC’s

Appendix 4 Figure 4, shows the test of two modem IC circuit connection together. Test

target has achieved through get an input signal from the first modem circuit and will receive

the same signal from second modem circuit. Below figure 25 shows the verify the baud

rate of two modem circuit Inject 115.2 kHz signal into the first modem circuit, second

modem circuit will receive about 111.9 kHz signal.

Figure 25: Baud rate of two modem circuit

35
5.5 MAX232 interface with PC through the LABVIEW

According to the National Instrument. (2007), in LABVIEW visa technology is most

suitable technology to interface the MAX232 with the PC. USB device is possible to use

this VISA technology without writing a driver VISA especially for this device, although

this will depend on whether type USBTMC. If it is not, and no need to write a driver could

use a VISA DLL driver if the device is provided by the supplier of the instrument, but this

requires very detailed information on how this might work.

According to the Interchangeable Virtual Instrument. (2010), with the nucleus of the host

USB driver stack so predictable, VISA I/O library must be able to interact for USBTMC

to achieve interoperability. Specifying the kernel API - semantics and behavior purchasing

system is an accepted strategy. This allows VISA / O library I communicate correctly with

the IVI driver core USBTMC. The specification of an API means specifying the behavior

of CreateFile, WriteFile, ReadFile, Device Io Control and Close Handle for Windows. API

error codes must be specified must be specified in addition to specifying. . This is because

VISA / O library I implement the USBTMC specification or specification subclass

USBTMC must know when certain error conditions occur.

36
Appendix 6 Figure 1 shows the connection of the VISA configure serial port. Baud rate

which is giving the frequency rate is one of the input of this module. In the serial

communication all data’s are coming in one cable one by one depending on the frequency

of the MAX232 Baud rate will be decided. Data bits, parity, error in, stop bits and flow

controls are the input of this component. Through the visa serial input will be giving to the

visa read component.

Appendix 6 Figure 2 shows the connection of the VISA close. In this stage this component

is going to close the serial input after its read. Through the visa close it is connect with the

buffer and time delay.

Appendix 6 Figure 3 shows the whole LABVIEW operation block diagram of power line

communication and appendix 6 Figure 4 shows the front panel design.

37
5.5.1 MAX232 pulse generation and modem output with LABVIEW

Below figure 26 shows the data output in serial pin. 8 bit data has sent to the MAX232

through the labview to obtain the output in oscilloscope. MAX 232 has connected with the

modem IC to get the ASK signal to generate the out with AC current below figure 27 shows

the ASK waveform which has obtained through the modem IC Transmission pin. Appendix

4 Figure 5 shows the hardware of this test.

Figure 26: Data out in serial port

Figure 27: ASK through the modem IC

38
5.5.2 MAX232 pulse generation and modem output with coupling and LABVIEW

Modems has connected with the coupling circuits, with a 230VAC feed into the coupling

circuit. Modems has connected with “High” (5VDC) input signal. According to above test

115 KHz signal travels along with the AC sinusoidal waveform from one modem to another

modem. Coupling unit power part have connected with 5 meter AC transmission wire to

obtain output. The measurement was taken from AC transmission end for further details

refer appendix 4 Figure 6. And the figure 28 shows the output waveform with carried

frequency alone the AC line.

Figure 28: Transmission part output in transmission line end

39
5.6 Complete output test of PLC

Appendix 4 Figure 7 shows the receiving part of compete hardware circuit, here the

coupling circuit will be connected in reverse wise and other circuit which have used in

transmission side will be used in this section. Appendix 4 Figure 8 shows the whole

hardware design of the power line communication. Figure 29 shows the final output

waveform of the whole power line communication system, almost the output will be same

as a digital pulse wave as shown in the figure 26 what has got an output of the serial

communication in transmission section. The same data has transmit through the power line

cables to operate home automations, one suitable drive circuit need to operate the home

automation through this data out. This particular data will be input to driver circuit

according to the digital pulse 1 and 0 the automation will be operate. To get more accuracy

digital output, some noises should avoid, in practical components are not ideal to get exact

digital outputs some specialize filter circuit will use.

Figure 29: Final output of PLC

40
Below figure 30 shows the final output waveform from receiving end when two powers off

which has given to coupling unit. The frquency has obtained as a 115.2 kHz and Vpp was

128 mV. Figure 31 shows the exact waveform of the digital data output through this home

automation can operate.

Figure 30: Final output when power off

Figure 31: Final output of PLC

41
 CHAPTER 6 – CONCLUSION AND FURTHER DEVELOPMENT

6.1 Conclusion

Power line communication which is communicate the home appliance with PC is one of

the leading technology for controlling home appliance. In this design pc has connected with

the MAX232 for the serial communication purpose. LABVIEW which is controlling the

home automation will give a command to the system. Through the PC 8 bit data will be

transferred through the power line. According to the ASK modulation technology the data

will be transfer with AC. TDA5051 IC has used for the power line modem in transmission

side and receiving side. The test has done with 5 meter transmission cable in transmission

side the output has obtained with AC with ASK data. Transmission out has injected to the

demodulation purpose and through the coupling and MAX232 the digital output have

obtained in receiving section. The digital output is going to control the driver circuit which

will give the ON/OFF command to the home appliance. This is technology very low cost

data transferring system because through the one power line without any additional wiring

control the home appliance. Especially the project will be made for the paralyzed and

wheeled chaired person deal the appliance as very comfort.

42
6.2 Further Development

Power line communication is the one of the leading technology in current situation. Above

design has tested with the 5 meter transmission cable by using the efficient filters and

different technology can improve the transmission distance. It can develop to the real time

implementation. This technology can use for the smart house controlling purpose which

are from the outside of the house controlling the equipment through the wireless and power

line. Electricity monitoring work will be low cost through this technology. Through the

power line communication CCTV camera monitoring, video transmission technology will

be more effective and it will carry less cost for the implementation. By using the AC power

adapter internet access technology will be possible and through the AC power plug can use

the internet facilities.

43
 REFERENCES
 Amit Dhir et al. (2001) “Home networking using no new wires phoneline and

powerline interconnection technologies”, White Paper, WP133, Xilinx Inc.

 Alan C. Brooks and Stephen J. Hoelzer. (2001) “Design and Simulation of

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Signaling” May 15,

2001.

 Behrouz A. Forouzzan and Sophia Chung Fegan (2004), “Data

Communications and networking,” Tata McGraw-Hill Edition, 2004,ISBN 0-

07-251584-8

 ele.uri. (n.d). Amplitude Shift Keying & Frequency Shift Keying. Available:

http://www.ele.uri.edu/Courses/ele436/labs/ASKnFSK.pdf. Last accessed

15th mar 2014.

 Fredrik Roos. (2000) “Powerline Communication in Train Control Systems”,

Master Thesis, KTH, Stockholm.

 HomePlug. (2014). HomePlug Support for IEEE Standards. Available:

http://www.homeplug.org/tech-resources/ieee/. Last accessed 17th mar 2014.

 Interchangeable Virtual Instrument. (2010). VISA Interoperability

Requirements for USBTMC Specification. Available:

https://www.google.lk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=

rja&ved=0CD0QFjAD&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivifoundation.org%2Fdo

wnloads%2FClass%2520Specifications%2FIvi-6%25202_USBTMC_2010-

03-23.doc&e. Last accessed 15th may 2014.

 J.B. Anderson. (1998) "Digital Transmission Engineering", IEEE Press.

 J.G. Proakis. (1995) "Digital Communications", McGraw-Hill.

44
 M. Karl and K. Dostert. (1996) “Selection of An Optimal Modulation Scheme

for Digital Communications over Low Voltage Power Lines,” IEEE 4th Int’l.

Symp. Spread Spectrum Tech. and Apps., vol. 3, pp. 1087–91

 Mikroelektronika. (n.d). MAX232 board manual. Available:

http://www.mikroe.com/downloads/get/1276/max232_manual_v100.pdf. Last

accessed 14th jun 2014.

 National Instrument. (2007). USBTMC stands for USB Test & Measurement

Class.Available:http://digital.ni.com/public.nsf/websearch/044FA220F32774

ED86256DB3005850CA?OpenDocument. Last accessed 18th mar 2014.

 nxp. (2011). TDA5051A Home automation modem. Available:

http://www.nxp.com/documents/data_sheet/TDA5051A.pdf. Last accessed

16th may 2014.

 Olaf G. Hooijen. (1997) “A Channel model for the Low Voltage Power-Line

Channel; Measurement- and Simulation Results”, Proceedings of the 1997

International Symposium on Power Line Communications and its Applications

(ISPLCA '97), pp. 51-56.

 Rikaz. MHM, Landerz. NR, Shantharahavan. T, Jeyagopikrishna. S.

(n.d).DESIGN OF DOMESTIC POWER LINE CARRIER

COMMUNICATION. Available:

http://www.elect.mrt.ac.lk/ug_papers/pr12_dec02.pdf. Last accessed 13th mar

2014.

 Siemens Corporation. (1992). Planning Guide. Available:

http://www.automation.siemens.com/doconweb/pdf/840C_1101_E/Fb8plct1.p

df?p=1. Last accessed 15th feb 2014.

45
 Appendix 1

Preamble Address Data Stop Bit

Figure 1: message frame

Figure 2: TDA5051A Chipset [Ref: - nxp.com (TDA5051A datasheet)]

46
Figure 3: Relationship graph between DataIN & Transmission OUT [Ref: - nxp.com
(TDA5051A datasheet)]

47
Figure 5: Transmission mode specifications [Ref: - nxp.com (TDA5051A datasheet)]

48
Figure 6: Reception mode specifications [Ref: - nxp.com (TDA5051A datasheet)]

49
 Appendix 2

XMM1
XMM4

XMM2

U2
D1 D2 LM7805CT
1N4001 1N4001
LINE VREG
V1 VOLTAGE
U1 C1 COMMON

230 Vrms 100uF

50 Hz
0° D3 D4
20
1N4001 1N4001

XSC1

Ext Trig
+
_
A B
+ _ + _

Figure 1: power supply circuit

XMM1 XMM2

C1 L1 C3 C4

47nF 47uH 1uF 10nF

V1
C2 L2 D1
230 Vrms 1N5918B
50 Hz 47nF 47uH
0°

Figure 2: Coupling circuit

50
 XMM4
XMM2
XMM1

XMM3

C1 L1 C3 C4 R1

47nF 47uH 1uF 10nF 50kΩ

V1 D1
230 Vrms C2 L2
47nF 47uH 1N5918B
115kHz
0°

Figure 3: Coupling circuit with resistor

51
 Appendix 3

Figure 1: wave observation between bridge rectifier and voltage regulator

Figure 2: VAC input voltage result

52
Figure 3: VAC observation after step down through transformer

53
 Appendix 4

Figure 1: power supply circuit design

Figure 2: Coupling circuit hardware

54
Figure 3: Modem circuit test

Figure 4: Two modem IC’s connection

55
Figure 5: ASK test with MAX232 and modem

Figure 6: Transmission section test

56
Figure 7: Receiving section test

Figure 8: Whole hardware design of PLC

57
 Appendix 5

Figure 1: Coupling circuit oscilloscope result

Figure 2: Output signal generation observation

58
Figure 3: Transmission out when data in connect with 5V

Figure 4: Transmission out when data in connect with 0V

59
 Appendix 6

Figure 1: VISA serial port

Figure 2: VISA close port

60
 Figure 3: LABVIEW block diagram

Figure 4: LABVIEW front panel

61
Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
No. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

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