Y%S ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;ajh yd

iajNdúl mßirh

iqo;a wfíisxy
chka; chj¾Ok

ffcj úúO;aj yd w,s ixrCIK Ndrh

 Y%S ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;ajh yd
iajNdúl mßirh

m%:u uqøKh - 2015

© iqo;a wfíisxy" chka; chj¾Ok

wkq.%yh(

ISBN 978-955-95677-5-2
iudc i;aldrl Ndrh

mß.Kl msgq ieliqu( ks,ajka .%e*slaia

uqøKh( P & G m%skag¾ia

 fmrjok
ffcj úúO;ajh w;ska Y%S ,xldj wdishdkq l,dmfha muKla fkdj
f,dalfhau jeo.;a ia:dkhla .kS' f,dalfhau we;s ffcj úúO;ajh
jeäu (biodiversity hotspots) ia:dk w;=Íka tlla f,i Y%S ,xldfõ
f;;a l,dmh y÷kdf.k we;' tneúka Y% S ,xldj i;= ffcj
úúO;ajh wm Wreuhla muKla fkdj" f,dal Wreuhla f,i y÷kajd
Èh yelsh' Y%S ,xldfõ fu;rï fmdfydi;a ffcj úúO;ajhlg
ysñlï lSj o j¾;udkfha Y%S ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;ajh úYd,
w¾nqohlg uqyqK md we;' fuu ;;ajhg ;=vq ÿka tla fya;=jla
f,i iS>%fhka by< hk ck.yKh yqjd ±laúh yelsh' tAlSh
m%foaYhl fjfik ck.ykh wkqj i,ld neÆ úg Y%S ,xldj
wdishdfõ fojeks jeäu .yk .K;ajhla olajk rg f,i y÷kdf.k
we;' fojkqj fuu by, hk ck;djf.a wjYH;djhka imqrd,Su
i|yd isÿ lrk ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s fya;= fldg f.k mßirh Èfkka
Èku mßydkshg m;afjñka mj;S'

jkdka;r t<s lsÍu fya;= fjka jdiia:dkj, we;sjk m%udKd;aul

msßySu ñka m%Odk idOlh fõ' miq.sh Y;j¾Ih wdrïNfha§ Y%S
,xldfõ N+ ñ m% u dKfhka 70% la jkdka ; r j,s k a jeiS ;s n q K s '
j¾;udkfha Y%S ,xldfõ jk wdjrKh 27% olajd wvq ù we;' fï
yd iu.dój Ôù úfYaI rdYshlg Tjqkaf.a jdiN+ñ wysñ ù hkakg
we;' jdiia:dkj, we;s jqk .=Kd;aul msßySu o Ôùka úfYaI
;¾ckhg ,laùug ;j;a m%Odk fya;=jls' ñksid úiska y÷kajd fok
,o foaYSh fkdjk wdl%uKYS,S Ôù úfYaI fya;= fldgf.k foaYSh
Ôù úfYaI ;¾ckhg ,la ùu;a ffcj úúO;ajfhys bÈß meje;aug
tfrysj l%shd;aul jk ;j;a m%Odk idOlhla f,i Wmqgd ±laúh
yelsh' tfukau wêmßyrKh fyda ;sridr mokulska f;drj iïm;a
mßyrKh lsÍu ;j;a m%Odk fya;=jla f,i ±laúh yelsh'

tneúka 21 jk Y; j¾Ifha wm yuq f õ we;s Mla m% O dk;u

wNs f hda . hla kï Y% S ,xldj i;= ffcj úúO;a j h ixrla I Kh
lr .ekSuh' tfia kï ixrlaIKhg ,eos wm i;= ld¾hh jkqfha mgqk
wmf.a uQ,sl Wreuhla jQ fuu ffcj úúO;ajh yels;dla ÿrg msgq wxlh
ixrlaIKh lr .eksuh' fuys,d Y%S ,xldj i;= ffcj úúO;ajh mßirh 1
ms,sL|j ±kqj;a ùu w;sYhska jeo.;a lreKls' ixúOdk uÜgï 2
mdßißl msróv 5
ffcj úúO;aj iN w,s ixrlaIK Ndrh Y%S ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;ajh wdydr odu 6
ixrlaIKh ms,sn|j Y%S ,xldfõ mqrjeishka úfYaIfhkau mdie,a wdydr cd, 7
is s i q is s i q ú hka ±kq j ;a ls Í u i|yd úYd, mßY% u hla ork ,o pl%SlrKh 7
wdh;khls' Y%S ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;ajh ms,sn|j m,jk fuu
Y%S ,xldj 11
.%ka:h Tjqka úiska lrf.k hkq ,nk fuu uyÕ= iudc i;aldrfhyss
N+f.da,sh idOl 12
;j;a tla mshjrla f,i uu olsñ' Y%S ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;ajh
ck.ykh 14
ms,sn|j ld,sk f;dr;=re iys; mq¨,a ú.%yhla wvx.= fuu .%ka:h
N+ñ mßfNdackh 15
tu úIh wjfndaO lr.eksu i|yd Y%S ,dxflah mdGlhdg m%n, foaY.=Kh 17
w;aje,la jk nj udf.a úYajdihhs' jkdka;r yd jkÔúka 18
c, iïm; 36
fjr< wdY%s; iïm;a 40
uNdpd¾h foajl ùrfldaka fldr,amr 46
i;a;aj úoHd wxYh" fld<U úYajúoHd,h" fld<U 3
Y%S ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;ajh 50
úfYaI úúO;ajh 50
cdk úúO;ajh 52
mßir moaO;s úúO;ajh 53
Ôú f,dalfha m%Odk rdcOdks 54
j¾.SlrKh iy kdulrKh 54
wdfõksl;ajh 57
ffcj úúOd;aul WKqiqï l,dm 58
ffcj úúO;ajfha Wmfhda. yd jákdlï 59
wka;rdhg ,la jQ úfYaI 61
ffcj úúO;ajh úkdY ùu 62
wdl%uKsl úfYaI 64
mdßißl .eg¿ 66
lDIs l¾udka;h 70
ixpdrl jHdmdrh 73
le<s li, wdY%s; .eg¿ 75
ffcj úúO;aj ixrCIKh 79
Y%S ,xldj wjg uqyqfoa yuqjk leianE úfYaI 81
Y%S ,xldfõ W.%úI i¾mhska 82
uqyqÿ khs $ jd,lalä 83

weuqKqï 84
iuqø CISrmdhSka 84
lfvd,dk Ydl 85
Y%S ,xldfõ wdfõKsl mlaISka 86
Y%S ,xldfõ CISrmdhs kdudj,sh 88
Y%S ,xldfõ ñßÈh u;aiHhkaf.a kdudj,sh 94
mßYS,k 101
ia;+;sh 102
mßirh

wm wjg we;s ish¿ foa mßirh f,i ir<j i|yka l, yel'

tfy;a wm wjg we;s foa ms<sn|j wOHkh lsÍfï§ tys ffcj ix>gl
fndfydauhla mj;sk nj;a wm fkdokakd fndfyda l%shdj,Ska t;=<
isÿjk nj;a wmg ±l.; yel' tneúka mßirh hkq wm wjg we;s
ffcj yd wffcj ix>gl;a ta yd ne÷Kq Ôj ridhks l
l%shdldÍ;ajhla mj;sk m%foaYhla f,i ye¢kaúh yel' mßirh
Ôúkag ^Ydl$i;=ka& j¾Okhg wjldY i<ihs' mßirfha mj;sk
wffcj ix>gl jk c,h" jd;h" mi" iQ¾hdf,dalh wd§ jq ix>gl
Ôúkaf.a mßjD;a;Sh l%shd i|yd w;HdjYHu idOlfhda fj;s'

mßirh ms<sn| yeoEÍu mßir úoHdj (Ecology) kï fõ' tu.ska

wmf.a mßirfha fndfyda l%shdldrlï ms<sn|j;a tys l%shdj,Ska isÿjk
wdldrh ms<sn|j;a ukd wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yels fõ'

mßirh ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍfï§ tys uQ,sl ixl,am ms<sn| wmf.a

wjOdkh fhduqúh hq;=h' tys wdrïNhla ,nd .ekSu Wfoid zzffcj
ixúOdk uÜgïZZ ms<sn|j o< jegySula ,nd .ksuq'

1
ixúOdk uÜgï
1' taffll cSúhd (Individual Organism)
hïlsis úfYaIhlg wh;a ;ks Ôúhl= taffll Ôúhl= f,i
ye¢kafõ'
taffll Ôúfhl=g mßirh ;=< yqol,dj Ôj;aùug fkdyel'
Tjqka ;u úfYaIfha wfkl=;a Ôùka iuÕ yd fjk;a úfYaIj,
Ôùka iu.;a wffcj mßirh iu.;a wka;¾ ls%hd olajhs'
taffll Ôùka ;u mßjD;a;Sh ls%hd ^iajik" m%ckk" wdydr.ekSu
wdÈh& Wfoid úúO øjH mßirfhka ,nd.ks;s' tfiau Tjqka úúO
øjH mßirhg uqod yß;s' fï ksid mßirfha fN!;sl fyda
ridhksl ;;ajh fjkia ùug th fya;=fjhs' fïjd mßirhg
ys;lr fyda wys;lr f,i n,mE yel'
Wod(- ñksid mßirhg le<s li, fmd,s;skA wdÈh neyer lsÍu
ksid mßirh ¥IKh fõ'
2' úfYaI (Species)
úfYaIhla hkq wka;¾ wNsckkfhka ire cks;hska ìysl, yels
tl iudk ,CIK ork Ôú LdKavhls'
fuys ir, f;areu jkafka uj iy mshdg odj WmÈk megjd
mrïmrdfõ fmr i;=kag iudk ,CIK fmkaúh hq;= w;ru tu
megjdg kej; wka;¾ wNsckkh yryd megjl= ìyslsÍfï
yelshdj i;= úh hq;= njh' tjeks i;aj fyda Ydl LdKavhla
tla úfYaIhla f,i ye¢kafõ'
Wod (- uqjd kï jQ i;aj úfYaIh
wU kï jQ Ydl úfYaIh
2'1 Wm úfYaI
úfYaIhla y÷kajd§fï tla ks¾Kdhlhla jkafka Tjqkag id¾:l
2 3
f,i tu úfYaIfhau wfkl=;a idudðlhka iuÕ wka;¾ wNsckkhg
we;s yelshdjhs flfia fj;;a fjkia m%foaYj, Ôj;ajk tlu
úfYaIhg wh;a Ôúka ;=, we;eïúg tlsfkldg fjkia ,laIK
y÷kd .; yels wjia : d jd¾;d ù we;' tu ks i d úoHd;a u l
kdulrKfha § Tjqka Wm úfYaI f,i y÷kd .ekSug ;=kajk kula
Ndú;d flfrhs ' Wm úfYa I foll ðúka fofofkl= g wka ; ¾
wNsckkh uÕska ire cks;hska ìysl, yelsh' tfia jkafka Tjqka
tla m%Odk úfYaIhlg whs;sjk ksidh'
3' .ykh (Population)
hï m%foaYhla ;=," ksYaÑ; ld<hl§ Ôj;ajk tlu úfYaIhlg
wh;a tlsfkld iu. wka;¾ ls%hd olajk Ôùka iuQyhla .ykhla
f,i ye¢kafõ'
.ykhla ye¢kaùfï§ tu .ykh Ôj;ajk m%foaYh yd ld<h
i|yka lsÍu w;HjYH fõ'
Wod(- 2010 § ú,am;a;= jfkdaoHdkfha Ôj;a jQ jk w,s .ykh
3'1 .yk >K;ajh (Population density)
.yk >K;ajh hkq hï tall wjldYhla ;=< Ôj;ajk .ykhg
wh;a ðùka ixLHjhs' .yk >K;ajh m%ldY lrkqfha tall
mßudjl isák Ôùka ixLHdj jYfhks'
4' m%cdj (Community)
hïls i s m% f oa Y hl Ôj;a j ka k djQ meyeÈ,s ffcj úoHd;a u l
l%shdj,Ska yryd tlsfkld w;r wka;¾ iïnkaO;d mj;ajkakdjQ
.yk ish,af,a tl;=j m%cdjls' fuys§ mshú weig fmfkk i;aj
yd Ydl .yk fukau mshú weig fkdfmfkk CIqø Ôúka .yko
m%cdjg we;=,;a fõ' wka;¾ in|;d iuyrúg tla úfYaIhla
flfrys wys;lr f,i n,mE yels jqj;a wfkla úfYaIhg
jdisodhl fõ'
Wod(- uqjka yd Èúhka w;r we;s wka;¾ in|;djh" fuys§ uqjd
f.dÿr njg m;aù ñhhhs' kuq;a Èúhd bka wdydr ,nd.kS'
 iuyr wjia:dj, fuu
in|;d fomd¾Yjhg
jdis o dhl úhyel'
fuh iyfNdÔ;djh
(Symbiosis) f,i
y÷kajhs'
Wod(- uqyqÿ mßirfha
Ôj;ajk uqyqÿ weksuks
yd ;dmi ll=¿jd w;r
we;s wka;r in|;djh
i|ykal, yel'
uqyqÿ weksuks yd ;dmi ll=¿jd
mdßißl msróv
mßir moaO;shl fyda m%cdjl úúO fmdaIS uÜgï yd tajd w;r we;s
iïnkaO;djh ksÍCIhg;a mßir moaO;sfha ;;a;ajh ms<sn| woyila
,nd.ekSug;a mdßißl msróv WmldÍ fõ'
1' ixLHd msróv
2' ffcj ialkaO msróv
3' Yla;s msróv
by; msróv ;=fkysu mdoia:h m%d:ñl ksYamdolhska jk w;r
m%d:ñl mßfNdacl" oaú;sl mßfNdacl f,i by,g .uka lrhs'

uqyqÿ weksuks ;dmi ll=¿jdf.a ljph u; jefvk w;r uqyqÿ ixLHd msróv
weksuks w,a,d.kakd wdydr j,ska bj;,k fldgia ll=¿jdg fuu msróvfhka oelafjkafka tla tla fmdaIS uÜgfï isák Ôùka
wdydr imhhs' ;dmi ll=¿jd uqyqÿ weksukshg ixOdr mDIaGhla ixLHdjhs'
imhk w;r th ;ekska ;ekg /f.k hdugo WmldÍ fõ' m%d:ñl mßfNdaclhska
39
5' mßir moaO;s (Ecosystem)
60 oaú;sl mßfNdaclhska
hï m%foaYhl Ôj;ajk Ôúka ^i;aj$Ydl& fukau Tjqka Ôj;ajk
mßirfha we;s ffcj ix>gl ^c,h" jd;h" N+ñh& yd Tjqka w;r m%d:ñl ksIamdolhska
we;sjk wka;¾ in|;d mj;sk l%shdldÍ tallh mßir moaO;shla 100
kï fõ' fïjd fN!ñl mßir moaO;s yd c,c$c,dYs%; mßir moaO;s
f,i fldgia follg fjkal, yel' mßir moaO;shlg Yla;sh
,efnk wdldr wkq j o fldgia follg fjka l , yel' mßir ffcj ialkaO msróv
moaO;shlg Yla;sh ,efnk m%Odk;u m%Njh jkafka iQ¾hHdh' ffcj ialkaO msróvfhka ta ta fmdaIS uÜgfï we;s Ôù øjH m%udKh
±lafõ' fndafydaúg fï i|yd fhdod.kqfha Ôùkaf.a úh<s nrhs' ffcj
c,P mßir moa O ;s h lg WodyrK f,i id.r$fldr,a wdÈh ialkaOh j¾. ógrhg .%Eï j,ska olajkq ,efí
fmkajdÈh yel' fN!ñl mßir moaO;shlg WodyrK f,i isxyrdc
jkdka;rh fmkajdÈh yel'
1
6' ffcj f.da,h (Biosphere) 3
mDÓúfha ish¿u Ôùkq;a Tjqka iuÕ wka;¾ ls%hd olajk wffcj 14
mßirh;a tlaj .;aúg ;efkk w;s úYd, ls%hdldÍ moaO;sh
ffcj f.da,hhs' 90

4 5
Yla;s msróv wdydr cd,

fuu.ska tla tla fmdaIS uÜgu ;=< Yla;sh ;srlr.kq ,nk iS.%;djh wdydr odu lSmhla tlsfklg iïnkaO ùfuka wdydr cd,hla iEfoa'
^ksYamdok;djh& i|yka lrhs' fuys§ iuyr úg tlu Ôúhd Yla;s uÜgï lSmhlÈ ±lsh yel'

30

300 lDñNCIl mCIshd

3000

m<.eáhd
wdydr odu
f.ïnd

mßir moaO;shl m%d:ñl ksYamdol uÜgfï isg Ôúka lKavdhï

Tiafia Yla;sh .,dhdu fmkajk igyk wdydr oduh f,i ye¢kafõ'

fndfydaúg wdydr oduhl wdrïNl mqrel jkafka yß; Ydl ^m%d:ñl

ksYamdolhska& fõ'
;DK óhd khd rdcd,shd

;Kfld, ydjd Èúhd ydjd

^m%d:ñl ksYamdolhd& ^m%d:ñl mßfNdaclhd& ^oaú;Sl mßfNdaclhd&
pl%SlrKh

1' ldnka pl%h

ffcj f.da,h ;=, ldnka úúOdldrfhka mj;S' jdhqf.da,fha ldnka

vfhdlaihsâ (CO2) jdhqj f,i;a lrÈfhys yd ñßÈfhys øjKh jQ
nhsldnfkaÜ yd ldnfkaÜ whk f,i;a" mdIdK ;=< ldnfkaÜ LKsc
f,i;a Ôúka ;=< úúO ldnksl øjH f,i;a ldnka wvx.= fõ'
6 7
by; l=uk wdldrhg mej;=ko jdhqf.da,h ;=< ldnka pl%SlrKh fïjd ffcj f.da,h ;=< plS%lrKh fjñka mj;sk w;r tys rEm
fjñka mj;S' igykla my; ±lafõ'

jdhqf.da,fha ldnka vfhdlaihsâ jeäjQ úg yß;d.dr wdprKh we;s

fõ' ldnka pl%h my; olajd we;'

jeis c,fha we;s jdhqf.da,fha

iQ¾h Yla;h
s khsgc% kSh khsg%cka jdhqj
ixfhda.

Ôùka

wiajekak fk,Su l¾udka;Yd,d

CO2 u.ska ;sr lsÍu ffcjf.da,h S
khsgc
% ka Tlaihsâ
khsgc
% ka
khsg%cka jdhqj

wdydr ksIamdokh

CO2
fi,shf
q ,daia
tkaffiu u.ska fi,shfq ,daia
iSks njg m;alsÍu khsgc% ka Ydl u.ska ,nd .ekSu
;srlrK ldnksl
CO2 nelaàßhd u< øjH khsg%cka yrlrK
Ôj bkaOk nelaàßhd
iSks lDIsridhk
fh§u
CO2 wefudakshd
khsg%cka ;srlrk
nelaàßhd
2
CO
khsfÜ%Ü
CIqø uQ, ldkaÿùu
t;fkda,a njg

2' khsg%cka pl%h 3' Tlaiscka pl%h

ffcj f.da , fha m% O dk;u khs g % c ka ixÑ;h jdhq f .da , hhs ' Ôùka f .a ia k dhq mS v khg w;HjYH idOlhls Tla i s c ka ' fïjd
jdhqf.da,fhka 79] muK we;af;a khsg%ckah' óg wu;rj úúO jdhqf.dacfha O2 f,i;a ´fidaka úhfka O3 f,i;a c,fha H2O f,i;a
ixfhda. ðúka ;=,;a" Lksc f,i mdIdk ;=<;a" wfudakshï yd khsfÜ%Ü mj;S' Ydl m%Ndixiaf,aYkfha§ CO2 ^ldnka vfhdlaihsâ& ,ndf.k
f,i c,fha;a khsg%cka we;' w;=reM,hla f,i O2 ^Tlaiscka& msglrhs' Tlaiscka jdhqf.da,h ;=,
8 9
plS%lrKh fjñka mj;sk w;r tu j.=jla my; ±lafõ'

jdhqf.da,h
S jdhqf.da,h
S
j¾Idj
CO2 CO2

W;aif
a õokh
ld<.=Kh wkqj Ydl u.ska CO2
msgjk l%shd Wrd .ekSu
Ydl u.ska c,h
Wrd .ekSu

i;ajhska u.ska isÿjk

iajik l%h
s dj,sh
ld<.=Kh
bkaOk ixfhda.
ffcj f.da,Sh
ixfhda. u, Ô¾Kh
i;=ka

4' c, pl%h

mDÓúfha jeä fldgila c,h u.ska wdjrKh ù we;' fïjdhska

fldgila W;alr O%ejfha yd oCIsK O%ejfha whsia l÷ ^.a,eish¾& Y%S ,xldfõ pkaøsld PdhdrEmhla
f,i mj;S'
Y%S ,xldj
j<dl=¿

iQ¾hhd
Y%S ,xldj bkaoshka id.rfha msysá ÿm;la jk w;r th W;=re
wlaIdxY 5Ÿ55Z iy 9Ÿ 51Z o kef.kysr foaYdxY 79Ÿ 41Z yd 81Ÿ 54Z o
W;aif
a õokh w;r msysgd we;' tys N+ñ m%udKh j¾. lsf,dañg¾ 65"610 (Km2)'
ysu jeiai
óg wjqreÿ ñ,shk .kKlg fmr tkï ufhdaiSk hq.fhaoS Y%S ,xldj
bka§h f.dvìu iu. iïnkaO ù ;sì miqj bka fjkaj ÿm;la f,i
Èhwe<s ia:dmkh ù we;' Y%S ,xldfõ N+ñ ,laIK ie,l+ úg" m%Odk uOH
l÷lr m% f oa Y hls k a o " th jgd me;s r eKq mq ¿ ,a ks ï k iys ;
l÷
;eks;,djlskao hqla;h'
jdIaml
S rKh

id.rh tu ;eks;,d m%foaYfha ;ekska ;ek fYaI l÷ fyda fYaI l÷ jeá

olakg ,efí'
Wod( iS.sßh fYaI lkao
ßá., fYaI l÷jeáh
10 11
N+f.da,sh idOl Y%S ,xldfõ WÉp;ajh ±lafjk is;shu
WÉp;ajh ógr
Y%S ,xldfõ úúO jQ N+f.da,Sh ,CIK ±l.; yel' l÷" ksïk" 2500
nEjqï wdÈfhka úúO jQ ksid fïjd N+ úIu;djh f,i ye¢kafõ' 2000
1500
1000
Y%S ,xldfõ Wia l÷ uqÿka lsysmhla my; j.=fõ olajd we;' 500
100
0

Y%S ,xldfõ Wiska jeäu l÷ uqÿka

l÷ jeáh Wi ^ógr& l÷ jeáh Wi ^ógr&

msÿre;,d., 2524 y.a., 2170
lsß.,afmd;a; 2395 fldksl,a 2166
f;dgfmd,lkao 2357 iska.,a á% yS,a 2100
l=vd y.a., 2320 uyd l=vd ., 2100
Y%S mdoh 2243 fjdg¾f*da,a fmdhskaÜ 2074
lsls<sudk 2240 kuqKlq ,= 2036
f.%aÜ fjiag¾ka 2216 f.dkañ,s lkao 2034

iuk< lkao

uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg we;s WÉp;ajh f,i ye¢kafõ' uqyqÿ uÜgfï§

WÉp;ajh ìxÿj ^O& jk w;r by, l÷lrhg hkúg WÉp;ajh
by, w.hla .kS'
12 13
ck.ykh N+ñ mßfNdackh

Y%S ,xldfõ j¾:udk Y%S ,xldfõ iajNdúl iïm;a w;=frka jvd jeo.;au iïm;la f,i
ck.ykh ñ,s h k N+ñh ye|skaúh yel' ck.ykfhka ishhg 40] la muK Tjqkaf.a
20'1 la muK jk wjYH;d i|yd N+ñh flakaø lr.;a l%shdldrlï j, fhoS isá' j¾.
w;r ck.ykh lsf,dañg¾ 65"610 Km2 jq uq¿ N+ñ m%udKfhka j¾. lsf,dañg¾ 2905
j¾Ok fõ.h ishhg Km2 la muK rg wNHka;rfha we;s ñksid úiska ks¾udKh lrk
1'1 la fõ' weia;fïka;= ,o c,dY j,ska iukaú; fjhs'
j,g wkqj 2031 jk
úg th ñ,shk 23'1 ck.yk >k;ajh ie,l= úg f;;a l,dmfha mj;sk niakdysr" uOHu"
muK fõ hehs ol=Kq yd inr.uqj hk m,d;aj, wvq N+ñ m%udKhla yd by,
.Kka n ,d we;' ck.yk >k;ajhla oelsh yelsh' tfiau úh<s l,dmfha úYd, N+ñ
ck.yk >K;a j h m%udKhla yd idfmalaIj wvq ck.yk >k;ajhla we;'
ie,l+ úg j¾. j¾Okh jk ck.ykh;a iu. m%fhdackhg .; yels N+ñ m%udKh
lsf,da ñg¾ tlla ;=, jeishka 328 la fjfik w;r fï wkqj N+ñ iS>%fhka wvq fjñka mj;s' tla mqoa.,fhl=g N+ñ m%udKh wkqmd;hla
m%udKh yd iei§fïÈ Y%S ,xldj f,dalfha jeäu ck.ykhla we;s f,i (Land : man) .;a úg tys fjkia úu my; mßos fõ'
rgj,a j,ska tlls'
1880 os tal mqoa., N+ñ m%udKh fylaghdr 2'25
ck.yk jHdma;sh taldldr fkdjk w;r jeä msßila rfÜ jvd;au 2000 os tal mqoa., N+ñ m%udKh fylaghdr 0'38
ixj¾ê;" m%foaYh jk f;;a l,dmhg iuQykh ù we;' m%;sY;hla 2007 os tal mqoa., N+ñ m%udKh fylaghdr 0'37
f,i th 60] la muK fjhs' tfiau ck.ykfhka 72] lg jvd jeä
N+ñ mßfNdack rgdj ie,l+ úg f;;a l,dmh" lDIsl¾udka;h"
msßila .%dñh m%foaY j, ðj;a fjhs' 40] la muK ck.ykh iDcqju
kd.ßl ixj¾Ok lghq;= wdosh i|yd fhdodf.k we;' úh<s l,dmh
iajNdúl mßirh u; mokï jQ lDIs l¾udka;fha kshe,s isà' fufia
fndfydaúg jkdka;r i|yd;a" lDIsl¾uh i|yd;a fhdod f.k we;'
jeä jk ck.ykh;a iu. N+ñh i|yd we;s b,a¨uo by, hk
w;r tuksid jkdka;r m%udKh iS.%fhka my, nisñka mj;s' Y%S ,xldfõ N+ñfhka jeä m%udKhla ljr wdldrhl fyda rcfha
md,kh hgf;a mj;S'
ck.ykh yd jk jeiau
N+ñ iïm;a u; fhos we;s m%d:ñl mSvkh jkafka f;;a l,dmfha
wjqreoao ck.ykh wjqreoao jkdka;r iys; N+ñ
mj;sk by< ck.yk >k;ajhhs' oaú;shsl f,i we;sjk mSvkhka
^ñ,shk& m%udKh ^]&
jkafka lDIsl¾udka;fhaos isÿlrk wl%uj;a N+ñ mßfNdackh $ ÿ¾j,
1871 2'4
l<uKdlrkh yd b;d ÿ¾j, uÜgfï mdxY= ixrlaIKh ksid isÿjk
1881 2'7 1881 82]
N+ñ ydhkhhs' (Land degradation)
1971 12'7 1890 70]
1981 15'0 1956 44]
N+ñ ydhkfha m%Odk idOlhla f,i c,h u.ska isÿjk mdxY= Ldokh
1991 17'3 1983 27]
oelaúh yelsh' mdxY= Ldok (Soil erosion) fõ.h N+ñ mßfNdack
1997 18'3 1992 24]
rgdjka yd lDIs mdßißl m%foaY (Agro – ecological regions) wkqj
2010 20'1 2010 23]

14 15
fjkiajk w;r wojk úg uq¿ N+ñ m%udKfhka ishhg 46] la muK
c,h u.ska isÿjk Ldokhg ,la ù we;s nj ;lafiare lr we;'
nEjqï iys; l÷ uqÿka j, l%uj;a N+ñ l<uKdlrkhla iys;j
jq j o hï uÜgul mdxY= Ldokh is ÿ fjhs ' l÷lr m% f oa Y j,
j¾:udkfha isÿlrk ìï ieliSfï l%uhka lDIsl¾udka; lghq;=
i|yd fnfyúka ia:djr wdldrfhka ^.,a jeá ±óu" ifudaÉP ldKq
wdÈh& isÿ lrkq ,efí'
úh<s l,dmfha mj;sk fylaghdr ñ,shkhla muK jQ m%:ñl yd
oaú;shsl jkdka;r úúO l%shdldrlï fya;=fjka wvqfjñka mj;s'
^j.dlkak folla w;r j.d fkdlrk ld,h& fufia mqrka ld<hla
wjYH jkqfha j.dfjka miq bj;a jQ mfia fmdaIl kej; we;sùu
i|ydh'&fya k a f.dú;eka lghq ; = j,os w;S ; fha § fuka wjYH
m% u dKhg mq r ka ld,hla fkd;s ì u;a jkdka ; r ixrla I K l% u
kshudldrj wkq.ukh fkdlsßu;a fuhg fya;= fõ'
.fvd,a yd W¿ l¾udka;h" ueKsla .eÍu yd úúO LKsc j¾. ,nd
.ekSu Wfoid rfÜ úúO m%foaY j, N+ñh úYd, f,i mßfNdackh
lsßu jeks fya;= ksido rfÜ m%fhdackhg .; yels N+ñ m%udKh
iS>%fhka my; nisñka mj;S'
wfkl=;a rgj,g idfmaCIj Y%S ,xldfõ kd.Ílrk fõ.h wvq jqjo
.%dñh iudch kd.ßl iudchg mßj¾:kh úu isÿ fjñka mj;S'
iuyr kd.ßl yd mdßißl m% Y a k .% d ñh m% f oa Y j, úúO
m%udKhkaf.ka ±l.; yelsh' tkï >k wmøjH neyer lsÍu"
lDñkdYl Ndú;h" jk úkdYh wdoshhs'
bvï ysÕ .%dñh ck;dj ;u lDIsl¾udka;h yd ksjdi bÈlsÍï
lghq;= i|yd mdßißlj ixfõos ìï fldgia lsisÿ ie<iqulska
f;drj" wkjirfhka w;am;a lr .ksñka isà' tfiau lDIsl¾udka;fha
fhfok uyd mßudK fjf<kaokao by, ñ,la ,nd .ekSu i|yd
úúO fNda. ^Wod ( w¾;dm,a" ÿïfld< wdÈh& j.d lsÍug mdßißlj
ixfõos ìï fldgia fhdod .kS'
;jo .x.d wdYs%;j wl%uj;aj yd iSud rys;j isÿjk je,s f.dv
oeñu ksid c,h wvq ld,j,os my;a ìï ;=,g lrosh .,d tau (Salt–
water intrusion) isÿ fjhs'
úfYaIfhkau fld<U m%foaYh wdY%s;j uyd mßudKfhka isÿ jk
my;a ìï f.dv lsßu fya;=fjka w¨;ska c,h /iafjk m%foaY (Water
logged areas) ìys fjñka mj;S'
foaY.=Kh
YS% ,xldj ksj¾;k l,dmSh foaY.=Khla iys; osjhskla jk kuq;a
WIaK;ajfha fjkialï oelsh yelsh' jd¾Isl uOHkh WIaK;ajh
ie,l+ úg fjr<nv ;Srfha th fikaáf.%aâ 26Ÿ muk jk w;r uOH
l÷lrfha th fikaáf.%aâ 15Ÿ isg 19Ÿ olajd mrdihl mj;s'
j¾Idm;kfha fjkia lï wkqj m%Odk iD;= folla we;' tkï ksß;
os. fudaiï jeis yd Bidk os. fudaiï jeish' fuu iD;= j,os wêl
j¾Idm;khla ,efnhs' ;jo fuu iD;= fol w;ros wka;¾ fudaiï
jeiso (Inter–monsoonal rains) ,efnhs'
uOHkHh jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh ie,l+ úg th ñ,sñg¾ 1000 ^Y=Ial
l,dmfha ksß;os. yd jhU m%foaYj,& isg ñ,sñg¾ 5000 ^uOHu
l÷lrfha ksß; os. fldgfia& olajd fjkia fõ'
j¾Idm;kh wkqj osjhsk m%Odk foaY.=ksl l,dm 3 la yd Wm
l<dmhlg fnod we;' tkï"
17
foaY.=ksl l,dm
• f;;a l,dmh ^2500mm lg jeä jd¾Isl j¾Idm;khla iys;&
• w;rueos l,dmh ^jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 1500 - 2500mm w;r&
• úh<s l,dmh ^jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 1500mm g wvq&

Wm l,dmh
• w¾O Y=Ial l,dmh ^jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 750mm g wvq&
úh,s l,dmfha wvqu j¾Idjla ,nk yïnkaf;dg fjr< wdikak
m%foaYh yd ukakdru isg mq;a;,u olajd jQ fjr< wdY%s; m%foaY w¾O
Y= I a l l,dm f,i ye¢ka f õ' kuq ; a j¾;udkfha § is ÿ jk úúO
ld<.=Ksl úm¾hHdi fya;=fjka f,dalfha wfkl=;a m%foaY j,g fukau
Y%S ,xldjgo jeis ,efnk ld,jljdkq wdÈh ie<lsh hq;= f,i fjkia
ù we;'

jkdka;r yd jkÔúka
Y%S ,xldfõ N+ñ m%udKfhka ishhg 23] l muK jkdka;r jHdma;j
we;s w;r thg f;;a l,dmh yd úh<s l,dmh we;=,;ah'
j¾Idm;kfhys" WÉp;ajfhys ^uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg we;s Wi& yd mfiys
we;s fjkialï ksid we;s jQ jkdka;r úúO;ajhla Y%S ,xldfõ we;'
jkdka;r my; mßos j¾. l, yelsh'
ksj¾:k f;;a my;rg iodyß; jkdka;r ^uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg Wi
ñgr 0 - 1000 w;r&" f;;a Wm l÷lr jkdka;r ^f;;a l,dmfha
ñgr 1000 - 1500 w;r&" f;;a l÷lr jkdka;r ^ñgr 1500 - 2500
olajd&" my;rg úh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r" .x.d wdY%s;j .x
bjqre wdosfhys jefjk jDlaI,;d" .x.dYs%; w;rueos l,dmfhys
we;s ksj¾:k iodyß; jkdka;r iy Y=Ial m%foaYj, we;s lgq
m÷re iys; jk ,eyeí'

isxyrdc jkdka;rh iEu iajNdúl jkdka;rhlau rdcH wdh;k u.ska md,kh lrkq
,efí' tkï jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j (Forest Department)
yd jkÔù ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=jhs' (Department of Wildlife
Conservation)' fuu jkdka;r rlaIs; m%foaY (Protected Area System)
43 lg wh;a fõ' fuh uq¿ N+ñ m%udKfhka ishhg 11'9] ls'

ish¿u m%foaY i;aj yd Ydl wdrlaIK wd{d mk; (Fauna and Flora
Protection Ordinance.) hg;g .efkk w;r fï i|yd fylaghdr
415"000 m%udKhlao 75] l cd;sl WoHdk o (National Parks) wh;a
fjhs'

jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j jkdka;r j¾.SlrKh lr olajd

we;' tkï iajNdúl jkdka;r" >k Wvq úhkla iys; iajNdúl
14 19
jkdka;r" ixrlaIs; jkdka;r" fhdað; ixrlaIs; jkdka;r yd
wfkl=;a jkdka;rhs' fï wkqj jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j i;=
uq ¿ jkdka ; r m% u dKh fyla g hdr 1"421"954 fõ' jkixrCIK
fomd¾;fïka ; = j g jdKs c lghq ; = i|yd ±j jeùu" lemS u g"
úl=Kqug kS;Hdkql+, n,;, mj;S' ta wkqj jeùu" lemSu" úlsKSug
fyla g hdr 93"000 muK N+ ñ m% u dKhl jk j.djka (Forest
Plantation) jHdma;j mj;sk w;r fïjdfha f;alal (Teak)” uefyda.ks
(Mahogany)” hqle,smagia (Eucalyptus)” weflaIshd (Acacia)” mhskia
(Pinus)” WK (Bamboo) jeks Ydl úfYaI oelsh yel'
wdfõksl i;=ka w;r Ceratophora tennenti ^m;% wx lgqiaid& hk
lgqiq úfYaIh kla,aia l÷lrfha óg¾ 800 lg jvd by, m%foaYj,
muKla Ôj;ajk njg idlaIs ,eî we;s w;r Cophotis zeylanica
^l÷;r l=re lgqiaid& hk úfYaIh l÷lr jkdka;rj, ñg¾ 1300
g jvd by< m%foaYj, muKla fidhd f.k we;' fuu jkdka;rj,
±kg fidhd f.k we;s i;=ka w;r 50] m%udKhla wdfõksl i;=ka
f,i i|yka fõ'
my;rg ksj¾;k jeis jkdka;r

jk ixrCIK my;rg jeis jkdka;r j, Ydl úúO Wi uÜgï j,ska hqla;h'

fomd¾;fïka;=jg wh;a fuu ,CIKh ia:ÍNjkh f,i y÷kajk w;r tys ia:r myls'
jk j.d uq¿ N+ñ m%udKfha Wiska jeäu fkreia:rfha Ydl óg¾ 45 muK Wig jefvk w;r
fkre ia;rh
4] la jk muK úis Í jkdka ; rj, ;ek ;ek fuu fkre ia : rh ±ls h yel' fkre
mj;S' ia:rhg my,ska jefvk Ydl ia:rh úiska ia:rh f,i ye¢kafõ'
úhka ia;rh
tys Wi óg¾ 30 muK fõ' tu Ydl <Õ ,Õ msysgd we;' thska
b;d ire Ydl wdjrkhla ia : rhg my,s k a Wiúhka ia : rho we;' ks r la I h fomi ks h ;
mj;skqfha f;;a ksr; È. Wm úhka ia;rh WIaK;ajhla j¾Ih mqrdu jHdma; jQ by, j¾Idm;khla yd ire
m% f oa Y fhys yd uOHu mila we;s m%foaYj, j¾Id jkdka;r ±lsh yel' fuu jkdka;r
l÷lr m% f oa Y fhys h '
m÷re ia;rh isxyrdc jkdka;rh
fïjd c, fmdaIl m%foaY há frdamKh
f,i jeo.;a lula
j¾Id jkdka;rhl ia:ÍNjkh
Wiq , hs ' my; rg
m%foaYfhys Wi óg¾ 900 la muK olajd jQ ia:dkhkays ksj¾;k
j¾Id jkdka;rj, W;al¾I m%cdjka olakg ,efí' m%uqL Ydlhkaf.a
lsre< úiska idokq ,nk jeiqKq úhk ia:rh óg¾ 25 - 30 la Wiska
mj;s k w;r fkre Ydl óg¾ 45 la ola j d Èfjhs ' fuu
jkdka ; rhka f .a ;= k S há frda m khl we;s w;r wms Ydl yd
ldIaGdfrdayl úYd, jYfhka olakg we;'

ffcj úúO;ajh iy wdfõkslNdjh w;ska fuu jkdka;r by<

;ekla .kS' fuu jkdka;rj, ±kg fidhd f.k we;s ldIaÀh Ydl
w;r 37] - 64] la muK kso¾Yl 1 lska fyda 2 lska muKla hqla;
ùu jeo.;a ,la I khls ' WodyrK f,i is x yrdc jkdka ; rfha
Stemonoporus moonii úfYaIh j;=rdj m%foaYfha muKla olakg
,efnk w;r Stemonoporus affinis úfYaIfhka kl,aia l÷lrfha
we;eï m%foaYj, muKla fidhd f.k we;'
20
 Y%S ,xldfõ jkdka;r o¾Y Y%S ,xldfõ jkÔú rlaIs;

l÷lr l=re jkdka;r ±ä iajNdj rlaIs;

Wm l÷lr jkdka;r
cd;sl jfkdaoHdk
my;rg jeis jkdka;r
f;;a fudaiï jkdka;r iajNdj rlaIs;
úh<s fudaiï jkdka;r
wNh N+ñ
.x.dY%s; úh<s jkdka;r
lfvd,dk
újD; jkdka;r
fla;=Or jkdka;r
hqle,smg
a ia
f;alal
uefyda.kS

22 23

f;;a jeis jkdka;rhl o¾Ykhla - isxyrdch
nyq,j ±lsh yels niakdysr m<df;a jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh ñ'ó' 2500-
5000 olajd jk w;r fuh j¾Ih mqrdu jHdma; ù we;' m%Odk
jYfhka j¾Idj ,efnkafka ksß; È. iy Bidk È. fudaiï j¾Idfjks'
jd¾Isl WIaK;ajh 27OC - 30OC iys; m%foaYj, we;af;a my;rg
ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;rhs' Wi óg¾ 1000 isg 2500 w;r mj;akd
uOHu l÷lrfha l÷lr j¾Id jkd;a;r yuqfõ' fuys jd¾Isl
WIaK;ajh 16-17OC olajd mj;S' jd;fha w¾ø;djh wêlh' tkï
75] muK fõ'
ffcj úúO;ajh yd wdfõKsl nfjka b;d by< ia:dkhla fuu jeis
jkdka;r mßir moaO;s j,g ysñfõ' Y%S ,xldjg wdfõKsl >K 25
la yd úfYAI 830 w;ßka 60] lau my;rg j¾Id jkdka;r olakg
,efí' bka 40] fuu jeis jkdka;rj, muKla olakg ,efí'
24
ialkaO mqmamSh;djh" tkï u,a
yd M, m%Odk l¢ka yg .ekSu
;j;a úfYaI ,laIKhla jk
w;r i;=ka u.ska mrd.kh ùu
myiq j k wdldrhg we;s
wkq j ¾;khla f,i fuh
ye¢kaúh yel'
ffcj úúO;ajh w;ska wkQk
fuu jkdka ; r j, úfYa I
.yK >K;ajh b;d jeäh'
f;;a jeis jkdka;rhl o¾Ykhla -
osh mdrla
j¾Id jkdka;rj, jeo.;alu
j¾Id jkdka;rj, jákdlu b;d by<h' bka b;du;a m%uqL ;ekla
.kafka .x.d W;amdokh jk c, fmdaIl m%foaY f,i ld,.=K kS¾Kh
lsÍu iïnkaOj lrk wdrlaIl ld¾hhs'
jkdka;rfha olakg ,efnk wêl iaÒrNjkh ksid mi u;=mg s mj;sk
fld< frdvq uq,a moaO;sh yd ysHquia iys; u;=msg mia ;Ügqj c,h
jir mqrd l%udkql+,j .xÕd we< fod< j,g uqod yeÍug;a bjy,a
fõ' tu ksidu .xÕd we< fod<j, c, m%udKh md,kh lsÍug fuu
jkdka;r u.ska bgqjkafka uyÕ= fiajhls';jo fuu jkdka;rj,
WIaK;ajh wvqùu;a jdhqf.da,Sh wd¾ø;djh jeäùu;a u.ska jvd;a
hym;a ld,.=Khla jkh ;=< we;s lrhs' m%Ndixiaf,aIKh ;=<ska
iuia: jdhqf.da,fha CO2 m%udKh wvq lsÍug jkdka;rh w.kd fiajhla
bgq lrhs' ixrlaIK ld¾hhg wu;rj fuu jkdka;r ±j m%Njhla
f,i cd;s l wd¾Ólhg jeo.;a odhl;a j hla ,nd foa ' tkuq ; a
md,kfhka f;drjQ jk ixydrh fya;=fjka Y%S ,xldfõ ±kg mj;akd
jkdka;r jeä m%udkhla úkdYhg ,la ù we;'
±j iemhS u g wu;rj" ck;djg fuu jkdka ; r keröfuka
úfkdaodiajdohla yd udkisl iqjhla ,nd .ekSug yels fõ'
25
l÷lr jkdka;r úh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r

Y% S ,xldfõ l÷lr jkdka ; r ks ß ; È. mj;s k my;a l÷lr Y% S ,xldfõ mfyka

jkdka;rj, isg b;d Wi m%foaYhkays ^óg¾ 2500& mj;sk f;;a ;=kla muK fmfoil
iodyß; l÷lr jkdka;r olajd l%ufhka fjkiaù we;' fuys § úys f ok my;rg
±lsh yels m%Odk;u fjkialu jkafka m%uqL jDlaI,;d j, Wi úh,s l,dmfha m%uqL
l%u l%ufhka wvqù hduhs' fuu jkdka;rj, Ydl m%cdfõ úfYaI Ydl m% c dj jkq f ha
,laIK w;r wêl iq<x m%jdy j,g wkqj¾;khla f,i Wiska wvq úh,s ñY% iodyß;
weUrekq Ydl l|ka fndfyda úg ,hslk" n%fhda*sgd Ydl iy wmsYdl jkdka ; rh fyj;a
j,ska jeiS mj;S' fyda¾gka ;ekak" lsls<shdudk" kl,aia l÷lrfha fudaiï jkdka;rhhs'
we;eï fldgia" msÿre;,d., yd Y%Smdo wvúh we;=¿ m%foaYj, fujka w;S;fha úfYaIfhkau ,fla .,
jkdka;r iq,Nj ±lsh yelsh' ksr;È. iy Bidk È. fudaiï j¾Id 8 jeks iy 14 jeks
folskau jeis ,efnk fuu m%foaYfha wd¾ø;djh b;d by<h' ishjia w;r§ my;rg úh,s l,dmSh jkdka;r uq¿ukskau mdfya
jßka jr lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd fy<s fmfy<s flßKs' fuu
fuu jkdka;r fyd¢ka c,h nei hk r;= ly fmdâfid,Sla ldKavhg ld,h ;=<§ lDIs ld¾ñl jHdmdr iy ffoksl wjYH;d i|yd c,h
wh;a milska iukaú; jk w;r ldnksl øjH jeämqr tl;=ùu ksid iemhSug .ïudk j,g kqÿßka jdßud¾. c,dY oyia .Kka ;kjk
;o j¾Khlska hqla; fõ' jkdka;r ;=< ;o ÿUqre l¿ mila yuqfõ' ,§' lDIs ld¾ñl lghq;= fï wkaoñka È.gu isÿjqKs kï we;eï úg
óg fya;= jYfhka olajkafka mfia yshquiaj, mj;sk ix>glhka uq¿ úh<s l,dmhu iajdNdúl jDlaI,;djkaf.ka f;drùugo bv
jk Humic acid j, wvq jeä ùuhs' ;snqKs' tfy;a wd§ ckdjdi msßySu;a iu.u j.d w;ayer ±ñks'
fufia w;ayßk ,o ìïj, ika;;s l%ufhka jDlaI,;dÈh kej;;a
kl,aia l÷jeáh
mek ke.S wjidkfha§ iajdNdúl úh,s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;rhg
yereKs' fï ld,j, bÈflreKq jdßud¾. yd jdiia:dkj, kgUqka
±kg;a jkdka;r ;=< fYaI ù ;sîu tod ta fmfoiays ckdjdi msysá
njg idlaIs fohs'

úh<s l,dmfha foaY.=Kfhys wdfõKsl jQ ,laIKhla kï uehs isg

iema;eïn¾ olajd mj;sk §¾> kshx iuhhs' fuys cQks isg wf.daia;=
olajd ld,h ±ä kshx ld,hla mj;S' fuu udi ;=fkaÈ j¾Idm;k
ñ' ó' 150 lg;a jvd wvqh' jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh Y=Ial l,dmhg
wdikakj ñ'ó'120 isg wka;¾ l,dmhg wdikakj ñ' ó' 190 f;la jQ
mrdihl mj;S'

ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;rj, we;s meyeÈ,s nyqia;rNdjh;a úfYaI

nyq, úu;a úh,s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;rfha olakg fkd,efí'
iodyß; yd m;kYS,s jDlaI fuys we;' jeä f;;ukhla iys;
fmfoiaj, msysá m%uqL úfYaIj, Wi óg¾ 20 muK jqjo Y=Ial
l,dmhg wdikak fmfoiaj, jefvk .iaj, Wi ñka wvla muK
27
úh yels h ' m% u q L úfYa I
w;ßka m%Odk jkafka ùr
(Drypetes sepiaria) nqre;
(Chloroxylon swietenia)
m¨ (Manilkara hexandra)
y,a ñ,a , (Berrya
cordifolia) jEjrK
( A l s e o d a p h n e
semecarpifolia) l¨jr
(Diospyros ebenum) fj,x
(Pterospermum canescens) lgqm÷re iy jk,eyen
ñ,a , (Vitex pinnata)
fldf,dx (Haldina cordifolia) fldka (Schleichera oleosa) wdÈ Ydl
fõ' fï úfYaI jkdka;rfha taldldÍj me;sÍ ke;' tfiau tajdfha
ixLHd o tl iudk fkdfõ' l,dmh mqrdu .x bjqrej," we, fod<
bjq r ej, l= U q l a (Terminalia arjuna) jeã we;' m¨ (Manikara
hexandra) úh,s l,dmfha yeu ;eklau jdf.a me;sß we;s kuq;a
jeäfhkau m%uqL jkafka úh,s fmfoia j,h' úh,s ñY% iodyß;
jkdka;r uq¿ukskau i<lk úg tys nyq,;u jQ;a tys m%n,;ujq;a
fnfyúkau me;sÍ we;a;djQ;a jDlaI úfYaI jkqfha o ùr (Drypetes
sepiaria) Ydlh fõ'
úh,s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;rj, m%uqL úfYaI yd j¾Id jkdka;r j,
m%uqL úfYaI ieiÿ úg fuys we;af;a iDcqj jefvk uy l|ka ke;s"
fnfyúka Ydld orK" oDv m;% iys; jDlaI fõ' fïjdfha .eg iys;
weUreKq r¿ loka we;' ùr .i fuu fmfofia nyq,;u úfYaIh
jk kuq;a brd .ekSug we;s wmyiqlu ksid th ±j i|yd Ndú;hg
fkd.efka' tys ±juh jákdlula ke;s jqj;a ùr .fia m;% iy M,
j,a W!rka" w,s we;=ka" j÷rka" uqjka wd§kag wdydr jk neúka úh,s
ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r mßir moaO;sfhys th jeo.;a ia:dkhla
.kS' tys M, mlaISkago wydrhla fõ'
m%uqL úhkg my,ska l=vd jDlaI yd m÷re ia:rhla we;' fuu ia:rfha
we;s úfYa I iuyrla kï Diospyros ovalifolia ^l= K q ue,a , &
Dimorphocalyx glabellus, Glycosmis pentaphylla, Mallotus spp. fõ'
tys jeä jYfhka ;DK úfYaI mj;S' lDIaGdfrdayl we;=¿j wdfrdayl
Ydl úfYaIo fndfyda úg yuqfõ'
28
tla w;lska ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;rj, jDlaI,;d j,g;a" wksla
w;ska úh,s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;rfha jDlaI,;d j,g;a fmdÿ jQ
we;eï ,laIK my;rg iy ueorg wka;¾ l,dmSh jkdka;r j,
olakg ,efí' W;al¾I m%cd w;rueÈj msysá fujekss Ydl m%cdjg
ixl%uK l,dmSh m%cdj hehs lshkq ,efí'
by; jeo.;a o¾Y fofla jefvk úfYaI lSmhla wka;¾ l,dmSh
iodyß; jkdka;rfhao olakg ,efí' fufia jqjo w;eï úfYaI hdno
o¾Y foflys ;sfnk m%udKhg jvd fnfyúka jeä nyq,;djhlska
hqla;h' ñka iuyrla kï ¨Kq ñfo,a, (Melia dubia) msysôh (Filicium
decipiens) fldÜg mq ¿ ka " (Bombas celba) yq , xys l a (Chukrasia
tabularis) fõ'
fï jkdka;r .ek úia;r lsÍfï§ Y%S ,xldfõ W;=reueo l,dmfha
oUq,a, yd wkqrdOmqrh w;r msysá Wi l÷YsLr lsysmhlska iukaú;
jQ ßá., .ek i|yka ls Í u w;HdjYHh' jkÔú ixrla I K
fomd¾;fïka;=jg wh;a jk ±ä iajNdj rlaIs;hla jk fuh" Y%S
,xldfõ f;;a l,dmfha isg úh,s l,dmh olajd fndfyda foaY.=Ksl
l,dmhka ksfhdackh lrk jk ìï m%cdjka ixlSrKhlska iukaú;
iajdNdúl cd;sl Wreuhls' lkafoa mduq, isg nEjqï Tiafia uqÿkg
úh,s l,dmfha isg f;;a l,dmh olajd foaY.=Ksl wkql%uKhla yd
Bg iudka;r jQ WoaNos wkqlu
% Khla olakg ,efí' l÷ mduq, wdjrKh
jkafka úh,s l,dmfha m¨ ùr" nqre; l¿jr" l¿ueÈß hkd§ úfYAI
j,ska iukaú; úh,s l,dmSh my;rg jkdka;r j,sks' lkafoa ;rula
Wiska w;rueÈ l,dmhg wdikak mßirhkays úh,s yd f;;a l,dm
j,g iqúfYaIs ñY%Khlska iukaú; jk jkdka;r olakg ,efí'
WodyrK Lycopodium phlegmaria, Strobilanthes stenodon, Vernonia
hookeriana, Walsura gardneri etc.
fuu rCIs;fha Ydl úfYAI ms<sn| wdpd¾h ta' tÉ' tï' chiQßh
1984 § l< iólaIKhlg wkqj fuu rlaIs;fha Ydl úfYaI 469 la
muK y÷kdf.k we;s w;r" Y%S ,xldfõ wdfõKsl úfYaI lsysmhla
o fï iu. we;' ta w;r wdfõKsl" ÿ¾,N" j| ù hdfï ;¾ckhg
,la jQ úfYaI o .Kkdjla we;' Y%S ,xldfõ wdfõKsl wjD; îcl
Ydl úfYaI 54 lska 30 la fuys mj;sk w;r" Strobilanthes stenodon,
Anodendrom rhinosporum, Ipomoea wightii,Cleidion nitidum,
Painteria nitida, Acampe regidus, Cheirostylis parviflora, Cottonia
29
peduneulata, Christesonia thwaitesii iy Peperomai pseudorhombea
ta w;r ±laúh yel' fuu rlaIs;hg muKla wdfõKsl úfYaI
w;r ßá., jk ó (Madhuea clavata Coleus clongatus, ßá.,
;ïn¾ðhd Thunbergia fragrans var parviflora hk úfYaIo fuu
rlaIs;fha olakg we;'
<÷ le,E$Y=Ial jkdka;r
Y%S ,xldfõ Y=Ial l,dmhg iSud ù we;s fuu jkdka;r jhU yd
.sksfldK m%foaYj, olakg ,efí' wêl iQ¾h;dmh" wêl WIaK;ajh
^30OC wdikakj& iu.u b;d wvq jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh ñ,s óg¾
1000 la muK jk w;r uehs isg iema;eïn¾ olajd Èfjk §¾>
bfvdarh fya;= fldg f.k ixjD; jkdka;r m%cdjla fkdjq Y=Ial
rEm ,laIK we;s lgq orK <÷ idok úfYaI j,ska fuys jDlaI,;d
iukaú; fõ' yïnkaf;dg" hd," l;r.u" ukakdru yd mq;a;,u
hkd§ m%foaYj, fuu Y=Ial l,dmSh jk ìï olakg we;' fuu
jkdka ; rj, nyq , j ola k g ,efnk Ydl úfYa I w;r m¨"
ll=reudka" (Randia dumetorum), wkaor" (Dichrostachys cinerea),
u,s;a;ka" (Salvadora persica), Èjq,a (Feronia innonia), yd fldfydU
(Azadirachta indica) i|yka l< yel' fuu Ydl úfYaI óg¾ 10 la
muK Wig jefvk w;r úh,s l,dmfha yuqjk tu úfYaIj, Wig
jvd Wiska wvqh' fuu jkdka;rj, irejg jeã we;s m÷re ia:rfha
oGl l=,hg wh;a o¿l (Euphorbia antiquorum), yd kjykaÈ"
trñKshd (Zizphus rugosa) yd lrU (Carissa spinarum) o m%uqL
;ekla .kS' rKjrd (Cassia auriculata) fldaudßld yd yd;djdßh"
hkd§ l=vd m÷reo fï jk ìïj, olakg ,efnk wksl=;a idudðlfhda
fj;s'
f;;a m;ka ìï
Wi óg¾ 2000 lg by, m%uqL ksj¾;k l÷lr jkdka;r mj;sk
m% f oa Y j, fïjd ola k g we;' fïjd fyla g hdr 5500 la muK
m%udKhl muKla úisÍ mj;sk w;r fyda¾gka ;ekak" t,ala ;ekak"
udka ;ekak" is;d t<sh" n.jka;,dj yd fndam;a;,dj hk m%foaYj,
jHdma; ù we;' fïjd jkdka;r yd hdnoj mj;sk w;r idudkHfhka
jkdka;r yd ;K ìï w;r meyeÈ,s iSudjla fmfka'
ukdj jHdma; jq wêl j¾Idm;kh iys; f;;a m;k" uq¿ j¾Ih
;=<§u f;;a iy j.=re iys; fõ' ;DK úfYaI m÷re iys; jk w;r
isyska r¿ oDv iajNdjhla .kS' úh,s m;k fmfoia j, fuka fkdj
fuu f;;a m;ka j, ;ks ;ksj jefvk .ia o we;' fï .ia j,ska
jeä m%udKhla ^uyr;au,a& Rhododendron zeylancium úfYaIfha
.ia fõ' tu .iaj, l|ka l=rej weUreKq iajNdjhla .kakd w;r
tys m%Odk l| iy w;= b;d >kj jefvk ,hslkfhka jeis ;sfí'
f;;a m;k ìï j,g ,dlaIKsl jQ ;DK úfYaI jk Chrysopogon
zeylanieus iy Chrysopogon iu. jefvk fjk;a ;DK jkqfha
Arudinella, pollinia, Ischacmum iy Themeda h' úh,s m;k j,
fukafkdj ;DK yer wdldYaG Ydl lsysmhlao fuys we;' Exacum,Sp.
Ranuneulus iy Aristea o Cyperaccac l=,hg wh;a jk Fimbristylis
fydagka ;ekak cd;sl jfkdaoHdkh

;K ìï

Y%S ,xldfõ N+ñ m%udKfhka ^j' ls' ñ' 65"610& j¾. lsf,daóg¾ 12000
la muK m%foaYhl úisÍ mj;sk ;K ìï olakg we;' Ydl jeiaula
ke;s ìï m%foaYj, mi ixrlaIKfhys,d fïjd uy;a fiajhla bgq
lrhs' fuu ;DK N+ñ f;;a l÷lrfha olakg ,efnk f;;a m;K"
úh,s l÷lrfha olakg ,efnk úh,s m;k" úh,ss l,dmfha olakg
,efnk ouk" iejkd iy ú,a¨ jYfhka ldKav lr we;'

30
iy Carex ta i|yd ksoiqka fõ' idudkHfhka úh,s fmfoiaj, jefvk
m¾Kd.hla jk Pteridium aquilinum o fuys olakg ,efí'
úh,s m;ka ìï
f;;a m;kg jvd úYd, f,i jHdma; ù we;s úh,s m;k fylaghdr
75"000 la muK uqq¿ m%udKhlska hqla; fõ' úh,s m;k ms<sn|
meyeÈ,s ksoiqk je,suv idkqjhs' fuu idkqfõ úYd, fmfoil we;s
úh,s m;k" ñáhdj;a j,;a l÷j, mdoia: nEjqïj,;a we;s l=vd
jkdka;r fmfoia ys yer iïmQ¾Kfhkau jDlaI rys; fõ' fujeks
;DK ìï we;s fjk;a fmfoia kl,aia l÷lrfha;a fokshdh - rlajdk
l÷lrfha;a olakg ,efí' fuu fmfoia j, /,s ìï iy ljdldr
l÷uq ÿ ka iys ; h' úh,s m;kg úfYa I jQ ;DK j¾.h kï
Cymbopogon nardus ^me.sß udkd& h' fuu úfYaIh iu. we;s
iu.dó ;DK úfYa I h jkq f ha Arudinella villosa, Pollinia iy
Ischaemum h' Pteridiumaquailinum kï m¾Kdx.ho fuys olakg
,efí' f;;ukh iys; .eUqre mi we;s fmfoiays o my;a nEjqï
j,o fï ;DK o¾Y ire f,i jefâ' tfy;a l÷ uqÿkaj, th ksireh'
yrl=kaf.a f.dapr ìï f,i m%fhdackhg .kq ,nk fuys we;s ;DKj,
,d o¿ j,g muKla yrl=ka jeä leue;a;la olajk neúkao" j¾Idjg
miqj w¨;a o¿ meK k.sk neúkao .eñhka jßka jr m;k .sKs
;n;s'
f;a j.dj werUqk ld,fhaÈ úh<s m;fka fndfyda fmfoiao ta i|yd
fhdod .kakd ,§' 1930 .Kka j, isg fuu m<d;aj, jk frdamK
jHdmD;s l%shd;aul úh' iuyr fmfoia ys f;a j;= w;ayer ouk ,o
ìïj," m;k kej; mek ke.S we;'
my;rg ;K ìï
my;rg olakg ,efnk ;K ìï tajd wh;a jk foaY.=Ksl l,dmh
wkqj ;,dj yd ouk f,i fjka lr .; yelsh' ;,dj hk moh
my;rg f;;a m%foaYj, we;s ;K ìï j,g jHjydr jk w;r úh,s
l,dmfha ;K ìï ouk f,i ye¢kafõ' fï folu fyaka f.dú;ek
ks i d yg .efKk neúka fïjdg fmdÿ iïNjhla we;' fya k a
f.dú;eka l< miq mfia iY%Sl nj wvqùu ksid;a w;yer ±uq ìïj,
31
ks;r we;s jk .sKs ksid;a kej; jkdka;r ìysùfï l%shdj,sh wvd,
ùfuka ;DK N+ñhla njg m;a fõ'
;,dj
;,dj ;Kìï l¿;r .d,a, iy ud;r Èia;%slalj, olakg ,efí'
fïjdfha we;af;a ,egrhsÜ mils' fndfyda úg mdxY= Ldokh fya;=fjka
Wvqmi fia§ f.dia we;s ksid mi fndr¿ iys; b;d ksire ;;ajhl
mj;S ' ;,dj m% f oa Y j, jefjk ;DK úfYa I iuyrla kï
Chrysopogon sp., Cynodon dactylon, Ischaemum rugosum, Themeda
tremula iy Cymbopogon nardus h' m÷re iy wldYaÀh úfYaIo
fuys we;s w;r tajd jeä jYfhkau olakg ,efnkafka jir lsysmhla
.sksfkka fíß we;s N+ñ j,h' we;a; jYfhkau fuu m÷re yd
wdldYaÀh me,Eá' Ydl ix;Óhl m%drïNh w.jhs' m÷re iuyrla
kï Osbekia aspera ^ySkafndúáhd&" Hedyotis fruiticosa ^jerKsh&"
Sysygium spp., Ochlandra stridula ^ng& iy Dicranopteris linearis
^lels,a,& h' lDñ NlaIl Ydlhla jk Nepenthes sp. ^nd÷rd& iuyr
ia:dkj, jefâ' ñksia n,mEulg yiq fkdù mej;=Kq úg" ix;Óh
È.gu isÿùfuka Wia jQ m÷re iy <÷ le,E njg;a wjidk f,i
jkdka;r njg;a fï m%foaY l%ufhka mßj¾:kh fõ'
ouk ;K ìï
;,dj ;K ìï l,dmfha fkdfhl=;a ;ekaj, olakg ,efnk w;r
úYd, jYfhka kef.kysr m<df;a olakg ,efí' ^Wod( È.duvq,a,
yd uvl,mqj& m%uqL ;DK úfYaIh Imperata cylindrica ^b¨la& h'
Bg wu;rj Cymbopogon nardus iy Chrysopogon aciculatus
wdÈh ±l .; yel' fï ;Kìïj, Cynodon dactylon, Echinocloa,
Eragrostis tenella, Sporobolus diandrus, hkdÈ úfYaI nyq,j olakg
,efí' ;jo" wia j eka k " lr,a yen" jrd" rKjrd" yd;djdßh"
W÷ms h ,s h yd wdl% u Ks l Ydl úfYa I hla jk .|mdk o fuu
;Kìïj, ±lsh yelsh' fuu l,dmfha jkdka;r m%cdj f,i we;s
úh,s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r yd iiok úg" ouk ;K ìfï mfia
ldnka yd khsg%ck idkaøKh uola wvqh' ue.akSishï$le,aishï
wkqmd;h jeäh'
32
ú,a¨ ;K ìï jkdka;rjeiau bj;alsÍug n,mdkakdjQ idOl

w;yer ouk ,o merKs jeõ" úYd, ú,a yd .x bjqre jeks ksr;=reju ie,iqï lrk ,o jkdka;r ydhkh
f;;ukh iys; fmfoiaj, ú,a¨ iys; ;K ìï olakg ,efí' ysHquia
nyq, mi ireh' mfia ldnka khsg%cka fmdiamria yd fmdgEishï uyd mßudk f,i isÿ
idkaøKh jeäh' úh,s ld,fha§ mjd mfia f;;ukh mj;S' fuu lrk ,o jdßud¾.
;K ìï m%cdfõ olakg ,efnk ia:dhs-;djhg fya;=j f,i ie,lsh fhdckd l%u u.ska úYd,
yelafla fujeks jdiia:dkj, ioygu we;s f;;ukhhs' udÿre Th" jkdka ; r m% u dKhla
fmdf,dkakrej" ;ukalvqj" ukïmsáh jeks uyje,s .x.d msgdr lDIs l d¾ñl ìï njg
;ekafka úYd, ú,a¨ we;' fuu fmfofia È.gu f;;ukh iys; mßj¾:kh lrk ,os '
jk neúka jefjk ;DK udxi," ìu ÿjk" f;;ukhg reÑ úfYaI WodyrK f,i .,aTh
fõ' fuys we;s úfYaI iuyrla kï Paspalidium" Cynodon ;DK iy uyje,s ixj¾Ok
iy mka úfYaIhla jk Fimbristyhs fõ' fhdackd l%uh oelaúh
yelsh'
iejdkd ;K ìï
tfiau uy mßudk lDIsld¾ñl fhdackd l%u u.skao jkdka;r m%udKh
my;rg yd ueo rg wka;¾ l,dmfhao" úh,s l,dmfhao fldgia fnfyúka my< nei we;' tkï me,j;a ; yd fijk., iS k s
we;=¿j uqyqÿ uÜgñka óg¾ 100 - 500 olajd Wi ;rula úYd, l¾udka;h wdY%s;j mj;sk Wlaj.d jHdmD;s wdoshhs' tfiau iuyr
m%foaY j, fuu iejdkd ;K ìï úisÍ we;' fuys úfYaI ,laIK jkdka;r m%foaY úYd, c,dY boslsßu Wfoid fhdod .kakd ,os' tkï
kï ;K ìï iy ;ek ;ek úisreKq jDlaI,;dhs' idudkHfhka úh,s .,a Th" rkafoks., iy udÿre Th jHdmD;s wdÈh' fuu jHdmD;s
l,dmSh jkdka;r jQ úh,s iodyß; jkdka;r ksr;=rej t<s fmfy<s fya;=fjka 1983 isg 1992 olajd ld,fhaos wju jYfhka jkdka;r
fldg .sKs ;eîfï m%;sM,hla f,i iejdkd ;K ìï yg.;a njg j,ska ishhg 37] la muK wysñ ù we;'
u;hla we;' ksr;=rej .skakg f.dÿre ùu ksid fndfyda .ia úkdY
ù .skakg Tfrd;a;= fok Ydl iy ;DK j¾. muKla fuu mßirfhys kS;s úfrdaê oej cdjdru
b;sß ù we;'
jdKsc yd .DydY%s; lghq;= i|yd kS;s úfrdaê f,i jkdka;r úkdY
;DK j,ska hq;a háfrdamkhlskao w;ßka m;r yqfol,dj jefvk lsÍfukao mßir moaO;shg ydks isÿ ù we;' ±j ,nd.; yels
.ia j,skao iejdkd jk ,eyen hqla; fõ' jDlaI úfYaI jkqfha m%udKfha úYd, .ia we;s ùug §¾> ld,hla .; fõ' tjeks Ydl
Terminalia chebular ^wr¿&" Terminalia belerica ^nq¿&" Phyllanthus lmd bj;a lrk úg kej; l=vd Ydl y÷kajd§ula isÿ fkdfõ'
emblica ^fk,a,s&" Careya arborea ^lyg&" Diospyros melanoxylon tfiau úYd, .ia lmd bj;a lsÍfï§ ta wjg we;s Ydl ;e,S fmdä ù
^l=vqïfíßh&" Pterocarpus marsupium ^.ïud¨& iy Anogeissus hdfuka úkdY fõ'
laufolia ^odjq& h' ;rula l=vd m%udKfha isg uOHia: m%udKhla olajd
jefvk jDlaI fyd¢ka w;= fn§ we;s w;r .eg iys; weUreKq bkaOk i|yd oej tl;= lsßu
l|ka j,ska hqla;h' fï .iaj, .skakg Tfrd;a;= fok >k fmd;a;la
we;' .ia iïmQ¾K úhkla fkdidohs' újD; îclhla jk Cycas .%dóh ck;djf.a bjqï msyqï lghq;= j,os m%Odk bkaOk j¾.h ù
circinalis ^uvq& Ydlho fuys olakg ,efí' we;af;a oejh' jkdka;r udhsï j, Ôj;a jk ck;dj wdrlaIs;

33 34
jkdka;r m%foaYj,ska ;ukaf.a bkaOk wjYH;djhka i|yd oej ,nd
.kS ' l= v d le,E frdo u.s k a W,a m ;a c,h wdrla I dúug uy;a
msájy,la ,efnk w;r fuf,i jkdka;r úkdY ùfuka rg mqrd
we;s W,am;a c,h isoS hd yel'
fyaka f.dú;eka
fyaka f.dú;eka i|yd fhdod .kakd 15] l muK jQ N+ñh w;yer
ouk w;r fuu N+ñj, iajdNdúlj kej; jkdka;r we;s úula isÿ
fkdfõ' kuq;a ld,hla iuÕ fïjdfha oaù;sl jkdka;r we;s úh
yels w;r tu Ydl jk w,skaf.a wdydr fõ' tu ksid w;S;fha§
we;ayer ouk ,o fyaka w,s we;=ka ks;r .ejfik ia:dk njg
m;aúh' kuq;a ±ka tu fyaka ks;r j.d lsÍu ksid w,s we;=kag tys
.ejiSug ld,hla fkd,efí'fuh w,s ñksia .egqï jeäùugo fya;=jla
ù we;'
lDIsl¾udka;h
tfiau l÷lrfha jkdka;r úYd, m%udKhla lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=
i|yd t<s fmfy<s lr we;'
Wod (- w¾;dm,a j.dj i|yd
.sks .ekSï
úfYaIfhka rg uOHfha mj;sk jkdka;r j, we;sjk .sks .ekSï
jkdka ; r yd ffcj úúO;a j hg úYd, ;¾ckhla ú we;'
fndfyduhla .sks .ekSï fkdie,ls,su;a Ndjh ksid ñksiqka u.ska
isÿjk w;r wfkl=;a tajd mgq wruqKq iys;j ñksiqka úiska isÿlrk
tajdh' Y%S ,xldfõ iajdNdúl we;s jQ ,eõ.sks fï jkf;la jd¾;d ù
ke;'
m¾fhaIK lghq;=
úoHd;aul lghq;= i|yd foaYSh Ydl yd i;=ka m%udKh blaujd /ia
lsßu miq.sh ld,h mqrdjg olakg ,eìKs' T!Iëh jákdlula iys;
Ydl j¾.o wêl f,i /ia lsßu isÿ jk w;r —fld;, ysUqgq˜
fuhg losu ksoiqkls'
c, iïm;
N+ñfha iEu j¾. lsf,da ñgrhlg fylaghdr ;=k ne.ska wNHka;r
.,d fkdnisk (Inland lentic waters) c, m%Nj mj;S' Y%S ,xldfõ
w;S; YsIaGdpdrhka j,os j¾Id c,h fnfyúka m%fhdackhg f.k
we;' úh<s l,dmh ;=, ñksia Y%ufhka ;kk ,o jeõ 12"000 la
muK we;' jif¾ úh<s ld,.= K hla iys ; jljdkq j ,È
lDIsl¾udka;hg yd wfkl=;a ld¾hhka i|yd wjYH c,h ,nd .ekSu
i|yd fudaiï jeis u.ska ,efnk c,h jeõ j, /ia lrf.k we;'
wNHka;r ú,a" jeõ" fmdl=Kq" we< ud¾. wdosh Y%s ,xldfõ úh<s
l,dmfha jeä m%udKhla mj;s'
c,h m%Odk jYfhka jdßud¾." c, úÿ,s l¾udka;h" wfkl=;a
l¾udka; yd .Dyia: lghq;= i|yd fhdod .kS' c, iïm;a j,ska
75] la muK jdßud¾. lghq;= i|yd fhdod f.k we;' c, mßfNdack
wdldr ie,l+ úg kd.ßl ckhdf.ka 75] la muK k< c,h Ndú;d
lrk w;r .%dñh ck.ykfhka k, c,h fhdod .kqfha 14] muKs'
tla mqoa.,fhl=f.a ffoksl c, wjYH;djh ,Sgr 65 la muK jk
w;r th mdkSh lghq;=" ikSmdrlaIl lghq;=" iakdkh yd bjqï
msyqï lghq;= i|yd fhdod .kS' ixj¾ê; rgj, ld¾ñlrKh iys;
k.rj, Ôj;a jk mqoa.,fhl=f.a fuu ffoksl c, wjYH;djh
by; m%udKhg jvd fndfyda jeä fõ' 2025 oS f,dal ck.ykfhka
66] la muK uQ,sl c, wjYH;d imhd .ekSfï .eg¿ j,g uqyqK
oSug isÿjk njg wkdjels m,ù we;' fujeks w¾nqohlg ,lafjk
rgj,a w;=ßka Y%S ,xldjo tla rgla f,i ie,fla'
36
wêl f,i jHdma; jk lDIsld¾ñl lafIa;%h;a ld¾ñlrKh yd osh we<s
kd.ÍlrKh;a fya;=fjka c, iïm; i|yd we;s b,a¨u by, f.dia
we;' fuu b,a¨u iemhSu i|yd mßfNdackhg t;rï kqiqÿiq c,h Y%S ,xldfõ osh we,s 381 muK we;s w;r Wiu we,a, f,i nUrlkao
mjd fhdod .ekSug isÿùu ksid fï c,fha we;s .=Kd;aul Ndjh wvq osh we,a, ye|ska fõ' tys Wi ñgr 241 ls' wfkl=;a m%isoaO osh we,s
ùugo bvlv mj;S' f,i osh¨u" ÿkayso" fvfjdaka" rïfndv we,a, yd fikaÜ laf,hd¾
wdÈ Èhwe,s yeoskaúh yelsh'
.x.djka
m%isoaO osh we,s
Y%S ,xldfõ .x.d moaO;sh m%Odk uOHu l÷lrfha isg .,d nisk
´¨ we,a,
.x.d 103 lska iukaú; fõ' fuhska .x.d 80 la muK úh<s l,dmh
osh we,a, Wi
yryd wêl iD;=uh fjkiaúulg wkqj .,dhk w;r .x.d 23 la
^ñgr j,ska&
f;;a yd w;rueos l,dmh yryd .,d niS' lsf,dañgr 335 la os.
uyje,s .x.dj foaY.Ksl l,dm ;=ku yryd .,d hk w;r N+ñfhka
nUr lkao 241
16] l m%udKhla jid mj;S' osh¿u 220
l=re÷ Th 206
Y%S ,xldfõ os.u .xÕd y|mdk 200
´¨ 200
.xÕdfõ ku os. ^lsf,da ógr& .xÕdfõ ku os. ^lsf,da ógr&
udmdkk 148
,laImdk 129
uyje,s .Õ 335 uy Th 134
wrú wdre$u,aj;= Th 164 l¿ .Õ 129 uyl÷r 120
l,dTh 148 lsß|s Th 117

uq,dY%h ( Arjuna’s Atlas)

le<Ks .Õ 145 l=Uqlalka Th 116 lsßos 110
hdka Th 142 ueKsla .Õ 114 rïfndv 109
oeÿre Th 142 .sx .Õ 113 r;ak 109
j,fõ .Õ 138 ó Th 109 .,afod, 100
udÿre Th 135 .,a Th 108 fklaldúg 100
.erç 100
mQv¿ Th 100
wen¾äka 98
fvfjdaka 97
ÿkay| s 63
fikaÜ laf,hd¾ 80
w¨fmd, 60
uq,dY%h ( Arjuna’s Atlas)

35
11
c, m%jdy
.x.d" we, fod< hkdÈ .,d hk Èh oyßka imsß c,c mßir j,
ú,a jeõ yd fmdl=Kq jeks fkd.,k c,dY j,g jvd fjkia jQ Ydl
úfYaI olakg we;' ks;r c,h .,df.k hk fïjdfha m%jdx. úr,h'
l=vd we, yd fod< hkdÈfha fkd.eUqre m;=f,a uv olakg ,efnk
ia:dk j, flláh" ^Aponegeton cripus&" u,aflláh ^Potamegeton
roxburgianus&" Èhyjßh ^Blyxa sp.,&" hkdÈh fmdÿ idudðlfhda fj;s'
ksn|j .,d hk Èh myrg wkqj¾;k jYfhka fï úfYaI nyq;rhl
úÉfþÈ; fyda oaù;shsl >k;ajh wvq ffi, j,ska iukaú; mS;a; má
jeks m;% olakg ,efí' Èhmyßka tmsgg we, lKaäfha úáka úg
c,fhka hgjk WNh Ôú fmfofia Crinuni latifolium, Colocasia
esculentn, Cerbera manghax hkd§ úfYaI irejg jefâ' w;a;slald
l=Uqla yd rUqla ^Eranthus arundinaceus& Ydl bjqf¾ iuyr úg
olakg ,efí'
ñßÈh c,dY m%cd iy ñßÈh j.=re m%cd
rg wNHka;r m%foaYj, msysá ú,a fmdl=Kq iy we, fod< wdÈfha fï
ldKavhg wh;a mßir moaO;shla ìysù we;' ñßÈh c,c iïm;a
jeämqru olakg ,efnkafka úh,s l,dmfhah' fuh idudkHfhka
ldKav 3 lg fjka l< yel' ^Lake communities& ú,a Ydl m%cd
^Flowing water communities& m%jdy Ydl m%cd ^Fresh water marshes&
j.=re m%cd' iajdNdúl jYfhka mj;akd ú,a fmdl=Kq iy jdß
ixj¾Ok Wfoid bÈflreKq jeõ o wdY%s; ñßÈh c,dYj, olakg
,efnk m%cdj ú,a m%cdj f,i ie,fla'
ñßÈh j.=re
ks;r f;;a jQ miska iukaú; .x.d ksïk wdY%s; my;a ìïj, mj;sk
j.=re mßirh c,dnqc;djh yd jd;k W!k;djo ksid we;s jQ
wkqj¾;khka f.ka imsß c,c Ydl olakg ,efí' fuu mßirfha
nyq,j olakg ,efnkafka WNh Ôú wkqj¾;k iys; .y," yUr,"
flg," fldys," cnr yd ld,ÿre l=,hg wh;a mka" álshd" l=vueÜg"
;=keiai" ;=kaysßhd" lSlsßÈh" ójk hkd§ úfYaI ix.Khls'
39
ú,a m%cd
ú,aj, ueo .eUqre Èfha mdfjk Wiia Ydl yd we,a.S ma,jdx. ±lsh
fïjd Ydl c,jdx. f,i ye¢kafõ' Wiia Ydl w;=ßka Lemna
perpusilla, Wiffia sp., Hydrilla verticillata, Elodea sp., Pistia sp.
hkdÈh m%uqLfhda fj;s' Azolla keue;s mdfjk m¾Kdx.ho we;eï
úg nyq,j jefâ' fï iajdNdúl úfYaI j,g w;rj" fndfya jeõ"
ú,a yd fmdl= K q " cmka cnr ^Eichonrnia crassipes& ie,a ú ks h d
^Salvinia molesta& hk fmdÿ c,Pj,a me,Eá j,ska msÍ mj;S'
we,a . S c,jdx. w;ßka Cladophora, Spirogyra, Oedogonium,
Scenidesmus, Closterium, Cosmerium, hkd§ yß; we,a.S iy Ana-
baena, Nostoc, Oscillatoria, Lynbya jeks kS, yß; we,a.S m%uqL
ia:dkhla .kS' fï ish¨ Ydl ú,a m%cdjkaf.a m%d:ñl ksIamdolfhda
fj;s' fïjdfha meje;au ñßÈh ëjr iïm;aj, ksIamdol;dj i|yd
jeo.;a fõ'
fjr< wdY%s; iïm;a
lsf,da óg¾ 31"000 l uydoaùmsl ;glhlska jg jQ" Y%S ,xldfõ ;u
wdêm;Hhg wh;a id.r jmißh lsf,da óg¾ 1680 la muK Èla jQ
fjr< ;Srfha uqyqÿ nv mßirh jYfhka ie,lsh yels m%foaYh ;ekska
;ekg fjkia fõ' fjr< ixrCIK yd fjr< iïm;a l<uKdlrK
fomd¾;fïka;=j (Coast Coservation and Coastal Resource Manage-
ment Department) hg;g Woï c, uÜgfï isg óg¾ 300 rg
wNHka;rhg yd r< uÜgfï isg ls'ñ' 2 la uqyqo olajd wh;a jk
w;r tys md,kh yd ixrCIKh j.lSuo orhs' fjr<nv l,dmh
iajNdúl iïm;a fukau ñksia l%shdldrlï fya;=fjka o jeo.;a
fjhs' fjr< m%foaYh f.dvìï m%foaYfhka 24] la muK wdjrKh
lrñka mj;sk w;r uq¿ ck.ykfhka 30] la muKo fï wdY%s;j
Ôj;a fjhs'
fuu m%foaY ffcj úúO;ajh w;ska b;d fmdfydi;a mßir moaO;shla
jk w;r ëjr l¾udka;h" fldr,a mr yd lsjq,a osh f;;a ìï wdosh
i|yd fnfyúka jeo.;a fjhs' fjr< ;Srfha fylaghdr 160"000 la
muK lfvd,dk j,ska .yk jQ .x fudah yd l,mq j,ska iukaú;
fjhs'
40
iuyr ndOl fjr< tla wka;hlska ksoyiaj mj;ska je,s ;=vq ^Spits& Y= I a l rEms ,la I K
;;hs' ndOl fjr< ksß; È. yd ol=Kq uqyqÿ lrfha jeämqr yuqfõ' we;s m÷re iy l=vd
je,s jeá m%uqL jkafka ngysr yd ol=Kq fjr< ;Srfhah' jDla I fjr<g
;rula ÿßka we;'
.,amr" iajdNdúl jrdh jeks úúO jdiia:dk ixlS¾Khlska iukaú; Agave sp., Opuntia
jk uqyqÿ fjr< wdY%s; úfYaIs; m%cd o¾Y 3 la y÷kd.; yelsh' sp., Crotolaria
tajd kï retusa varmaritima,
• fjr<nr jDlaI,d; Seaevola scricea, Clerodendrom inerm iy Pandanus ^jegflhshd&
• lfvd,dk jDlaI,;d fuys we;s Ydl j,ska iuyrls' Pandanus l| iDcqj ;nd .ekSug
• ,jk-j.=re jDlaI,;d Wmfhda . S jk úfYa I s ; jQ lhs r euq , a Bg we;' fjrf,ka uola
wNHka;rhg hk úg l=vd fjr<nv le,E yuqfõ' fuys Barringronia
fjr<nv jDlaI,;d racemosa ^os h uq o s , a , &, Thespesia populnea ^.xiQ ß h&, iy
Calphyllum inophyllum ^fodU& jeks úfYaI jefâ' Èjhsfka ksß;È.
lsf,daóg¾ 1680 la muK È. fjr< ;Srfha úh,s mßirfha olakg fjrf,a fuu fjr<nv le,E ÿ,N jkafka tu fmfoia ys fmd,a j.d
,efnk úfYaI ,laIK jk je,s iys; nqre,ami" c,h wvqlu" wêl lr we;s ksidh'
,jk;dj ksid c, wjfYdaIkhg ndOd meñK ùu ^mdßfNda.sl
ksreol;ajh& wê iQ¾h;dmh" iq<f.a ±älu hkdÈhg wkqj¾;k lfvd,dk jDlaI,;d
iys ; j we;s ù ;s f nk Ydl m% c djka fjrf<a ia : dhs ; djh /l mq;;
a ,u" l,amá
s h m%foaYj, ^Portugal
.ekSfuys,d uyÕ= fiajhla bgq lrhs' & Dutch Bays& ys ire lfvd,dk
m%cdjla oelsh yel'
fuu úfYaI mßirhg wkqj¾;kh jk mßÈ we;s jQ Y=Ial rEmS
,laIK lsysmhla u fjr<nv Ydlj, olakg ,efí' fï Ydlj, wka;¾ Woï l,dmh uq,a fldg f.k
>k m;% we;' fuu >k m;% c,h /ialsÍug Wmfhda.s jk neúka .xfuda h yd l,mq j, l= v d ¥m;a
udxi, iajdNdjhlskao hqla;h' ^Wod( f,i ^uqyqÿ ìï;Uqre& Ipo- wdY% s ; j ola k g ,efnk mßir
moea pes-caprae, Emilia baldwinii, Phyla nodiflora, Hydrophylax moa O ;s h ls ' fuu mßir moa ; s f ha
martima& m;%j, >k WÉp¾u we;' mQáld ks;ru mDIaGfhys .s,aù muKla olakg ,efnk Ydl úfYaI i;H lfvd,dk Ydl f,i
we;' nyqia;Íh bksffi, mglhla iuyr úfYaIj, olakg ,efí' y÷kajk w;r lfvd,dk Ydl mßirfha fukau bka Ndysrj wfkla
>k jQ;a mgq jQ;a f¾Çh m;% ;DK úfYaIj, ,laIKhls' ^Wod( Spinife&" ia:dk j,;a ±lsh yels Ydl lfvd,dk wdY%s; Ydl f,i y÷kajhs'
je;sÍ jefvk ú,dih we;s fndfyda úfYaI je,s mfia u;=msg me;sÍ fjr,dikakfha fndfyda ;ekaj, olakg ,efnk fuu jDlaI,;d o¾Y
we;' yeu w;gu úys§ hk uq,a moaO;shls' l|ka yS .eg j,skao uq,a hdmkh" uq , ;s õ " ;% s l = K du,h" uvl,mq j " mq ; a ; ,u" ó.uq j "
yg .kS ' ^WodyrK Ipomea, Launea& fyd¢ka úlikh jQ uq , a wïn,kaf.dv iy .sxf;dg jeks fmfoiaj, jeä jYfhka ;sfí'
moaO;sh" mi tlg n|jd .ekSug;a c,h wjfYdaIKhg;a wdOdr
fõ' fjr< nv Ydl úfYaI jeä ixLHdjl M," jd;h u.ska jHdma; ,jk-j.=re jDlaI,;d
ùu i|yd wkqj¾;k olajhs' Emilia jeks Compositae Ydlj,
fjr<nv l,dmfha iy .xÕd fudah lgj,a wdY%s;j we;s j.=re ìï
ismafi,d iy Spinifex littoreus ^uydrdjkd /jq,& M,h Bg ksoiqka
j, mj;s' uqyqÿ uÜgfï we;sjk fjkialï ksid fïjdg úáka úg
fõ'
lrosh tla úu isÿfõ'
41 42
 lfvd,dk Ydl ,sys,a Wmia;rj,
jefvk fyhska tajd Yla;su;aj
mig iúùu i|yd Yla ; s h la
,ndfok lhs r euq , a lfoka yg
.kS ' ^Wod( Rhizopora& fuu
Ydlfha w;= j,ska lre uq,a yg
.kS'
lreuq,a iy lhsreuq,a
b;d fyd¢ka j¾Okh jQ ;sria uQ,
moaO;shla iuyr úfYaIj, we;'
^Rhizopora úfYaI" Avicennia úfYaI" Bruguiera úfYaI" Xylicarpus
úfYaI&
,jk .%kaÓ we;' ,jk fldgia Ydlfhka msgfõ' ^Wod( Ceriops,
Bruguiera, Rhizopora& Heritiera littoralis ^wegq k & iy Nipa
fuuticans ^.sx fmd,a& jeks Ydlj, c,h c,dnqc;djfhka f;drh'
kuq;a c,h u.ska jHdma; ùug wkqj¾;kh ù we;' lfvd,dk
mßirfha jDlaI,;d wdY%s;j mlaISka u;aiH úfYaI" l%iafÜishdjka
iy fudf,dialdjka jeks i;aj úfYaI ±lsh yel'
Y%S ,xldfõ fjr< f,dalfha fi!kao¾hd;aul w.hka we;s ia:dkj,ska
m%Odk ;ekla .kakd w;ru fuh úúO wuqøjH j,ska fmdfydi;a
ia:dkhla o fjhs' Wodyrk f,i je,s iy b,aukhsÜ oelaúh yelsh'
;jo rfÜ wmøjH tla lr .kakd m%Odk ia:dkhla f,io fjr,
l,dmh l%shd lrhs'

b;d .eUqrg j¾Okh jQ uQ, moaO;shla ^Rhizopora úfYaI" Sonneratia
úfYaI" Avicennia úfYaIj,& olakg ,efí' Bruguiera úfYaIj,
.=re;ajdj¾;S uq,a" mia uÜgñka by<ska mqvqjla iEfok fia uq,dYh
keù h,s mi;=,g jefâ' fïjd oKysia jdhqOr uq,a fõ' Xylicarpus
úfYaIj, fuu jdhqOr uq,a má f,i Èia fõ'
lfvd,dk mßirfha wêl ,jk iys; lsjq,a c,fhka ñßÈh ,nd
.ekSug olajk wkqj¾;k Avicennia, Acanthus jeks úfYaIj, mj;S'
lsjq,a c,h wjfYdaIkh lr ñßÈh fjka lr Ndú;d lsÍug tajdfha
fjr< Ldokh yd ¥IKh fjr< l,dmfha oelsh yels m%Odk .eg¿
2 la jk w;r fuh niakdysr fjr< ;Srfha nyq,j isÿfõ'
fjr< iïm; i|yd n,mdk .eg¿ my; mßos oelaúh yelsh'
a) fjr<nv l,dmfha m%Odk .eg¿jla f,i fldr,a mr lvd
bj;a lsßu oelsh yel' fjr< ;Srfha we;s fldr,a j,ska
l¾udka; yd boslsßï lafIa;%hg wjYH w¿yqKq imhkq ,nhs'
fuh w¿yqKq wjYH;djfhka ishhg 90] la muK fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ

lfvd,dk Ydl m%cdj

 wïn,xf.dv isg oslaje,a, olajd jQ uqyqÿ ;Srfha fldr,amr f) lDIsl¾udka;fha§ fhdod .kakd lDIs ridhksl øjH jeis c,h
wêl f,i ydhkhg ,laù we;af;a fuu fya;=j ksidhs' iuÕ fidaod f.dia .xÕd" fudah yd l,mqj,g tl;= ù wjidkfha
• fldr,a mr leãu yd vhskuhsÜ Ndú;fhka uiqka we,a,Su id.rfha ;ekam;a ùu isÿfõ' ;jo" ëjr fndaÜgq" keõ" yd
ksid fjr<dY%s; mßirhg isÿjk ydks jdyk fiajd ia:dk wdÈfhka bj;ajk wmsßisÿ f;,a" fjr<nv
• udkj ls%hdldrlï j, m%;sM,hla jYfhka fldr,a mr l,dmh ¥IKh lsÍug odhl fõ'
úkdY ù hdu'
• ye,sóvd jeks yß; we,a.djka f.a j¾Okh ksid Ôù fldr,a uqyqÿ fjr< wdY%s; kdjql msrjqï y,a 100la muK o" úYd, fk!ld
mr j¾Okh wvd, ùu' fukau hdka;%sl fndaÜgq j,ska bj;,k bkaOk o fjr<dY%s; mßir
• l%õka T*a f;da¾kaia jeks ;drld uiqka fldr,a mr u; ¥IKhg odhl fõ'
hems tajd mßydkshg ,la lsÍu'
fldr,amr
b) c,Ôú j.dj yd wfkl=;a lghq;= i|yd uyd mßudKfhka
fjr<dY%s; Ydl m%cdj bj;a lsßu'
osjhsk jgd msysá uqyqÿ ;Srfha fndfyduhla m%foaYj, fldr,a oelsh
c) fjr< ;Srfhka yd .x.d uÕska je,s f.dvoeóu ksid fjr< yel' >k yd uDÿ jYfhka m%Odk fldr,a j¾. 2 ls'
Ldokh isÿfõ'
>k fldr,a ie,l= úg fuys le,aishï ldnfkaÜ (CaCo3) j,ska iEÿkq
• fjr< Ldokh" fõ,s lvd oeóu" je,s f.dv oeóu" fldr,a
>k Ndysr iels,a,la we;s w;r fuu fldr,a ñh .sh miq fuu
mr bj;a lsÍu yd fjr<dY%s; Ydl bj;a lsÍu fuu mßir
iels,a, b;sß fjhs' Ôú fldr,a nqyqudjkaf.a .%dysld (Tentacles) 6
ydksh jeä lsÍug odhl fõ'
la oelsh yelsh'
d) fj<| wdh;k" fm!oa.,sl ksjdi yd ixpdrl fydag,a wd§
bÈlsÍï i|yd fjr< nv ;Srh fhdod .ekSu' uDÿ fldr,a ie,l+ úg tys nqyqndjka .%dysld 8 lska hqla; jk w;r
wNHka;r isyska le,aishï iels,a,la YÍrh ;=< ±l.; yel' fïjd
e) wm øjH neyer lsÍu" .DydY%s; u, wm øjH" wmsßisÿ f;,a" r< myr;a iuÕ meoafoñka Ôj;a fõ'
>k wm øjH wdÈh ñksid iDcqju uqyqog fyda .xÕdj,g neyer
lsÍu isÿ lrhs'
Wod (1991 § fld<U m%foaYfha msßmyÿ fkdl, u, wmøjH >k
ógr 90"000 la muK Èkm;d le<Ks .Õg uqod yeÍu'
• hdka;%sl ëjr l¾udka; Wml%u u.ska u;aiH m%cdj iS>%fhka
wvqùu'
• ixpdrl l¾udka;h" kd.ÍlrKh" wmøjH neyer lsÍfï
hdka;%k" ëjr l¾udka;h" m%jdykh yd fjr<dY%s; n,d.dr
j, neyer lsÍï fjr<dY%s; mßir ¥IKhg n,mdk idOl
fõ'
• >k wmøjH Rcqju fjr<g neyer lsÍu fyda tajd .x.d
u.ska uqyqog f.k tau iy fjr< ksfla;k wdY%s;j wmøjH
neyer lsÍu ksid tajd b;du wm%ikak ia:dk njg m;a
fõ'

45
>k fldr,a >kdjdi rdYshla tl;= úfuka fldr,a mrhla iEfoa' m% N jhla f,io
fldr,a m r jeo.;a
fuf,i we;sjk fldr,amr m%Odk wdldr 3 lg j¾. l, yel' ld¾hhla bgq lrkq
tkï" (i) jeámr ,nhs'
(ii) ndOl mr
(iii) w;=,a mr wo jk úg foa Y s h
fldr,a .K (Genus) 68
fldr,a mr" ffcj úúO;ajfhka fmdfydi;a jk w;r tajd Ydl yd lg wh;a úfYaI 183 la
i;a;aj Ôúka i|yd jdiN+ñ f,i jeo.;a fjhs' we;s nj jd¾:d fõ'
cd;s l c,c iïm;a
m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok
úrxckh jQ fldr,a ckdjdihla ks f hda ð ; wdh;kh
(National Aquatic
Resources Research and Development Agency. (NARA)) isÿ lrk
,o m¾fhaIk u.ska fuu m%udKhka y÷kd f.k we;' f,dalfha oekg
fldr,a úfYaI 10"800 la muK y÷kdf.k we;'
Star Coral Sea Anemone Star Coral
id.ßl m%foaY .Kkdjla wdrlaIdj ,eìh hq;= m%foaY f,i y÷kd
fldr,a m r wdY% s ; j Ôj;a jk i;= k a w;r ll= ¿ jka " bia i ka " f.k we;s kuq;a fï jk úg id.ßl wNh N+ñ f,i m%ldYhg
fmdlsßiaika yd u;aih úfYaI jeo.;a fjhs' m;alr we;af;a m%foaY 2 la muKs' 1979 oS m%ldYhg m;al, yslalvqj
id.ßl wNh N+ñh Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u id.ßl wNh N+ñhhs' th
u;aiH úfYaI w;=ßka fldr,amr fudard" fldiaid (Grouper)" wdÞ (Eels) ol= K q fjr< ;S r fha ms y s g d we;' f,da l fha fndfyduhla
.srd u;aiHhd (Parrot Fish) ó jeáhd" ´rdjd" fvÜgd" mkdjd iy ixpdrlhskaf.a wdl¾Ykhg f.dÿre jQ ia:dkhla ùu ksid yslalvqj
lsÉpd wdoska ±l.; yelsh' tfiau leianEjka" uqyqÿ i¾mhska" ixpdrl lghq;= i|ydo m%isoaO;ajhla Wiq,hs' tfukau l,amsáh
fn,a,ka j¾." nQj,a,ka j¾.o fuys Ôj;a fjhs' w¾Ooaùmfha ngysrg jkakg we;s mq;a;,ï l,mqj wi, msysá
—jeá mrh˜ (Bar Reef) 1992 oS id.ßl wNh N+ñhla f,i m%ldYhg
uq y q ÿ c,fha os h ú we;s ldnka m;aúh' tys j¾. m%udKh 306'7 Km2 muK fõ'
vfhdla i hs â (Co 2) ljph ;= ,
rojd ;nd .ksñka fldr,a mßir ukqIH l%shdldrlï fya;=fjka fjr<dikak fldr,a mr b;d is>%fhka
moa O ;s f ha iu;= , s ; Ndjh /l úkdY fjñka mj;S' tfiau wiSñ; f,i iÔú fldr,a mr tl;=
.ekSu Wfoid m%Odk ld¾hhla isÿ lsßu" ëjr l¾udka;fhaos Ndú;dlrk úúO ydkslr øjH yd iuqø
lrk w;r fï u.ska uqyqÿ c,fha ¥IKh wdosh ksido fldr,amr ;¾ckhlg uqyqK md we;'
ldnka vfhdlaihsâ hdukh lsßug
odhl fjhs' f.dvìï m% f oa Y j, is ÿ jk mdxY= Ldokh wdos h ks i d;a
lDIsl¾udka;fhaos Ndú;d flfrk ridhksl øjH" f;,a j¾. yd
tfiau r< myr ksid isÿjk fjr< wfkl=;a ¥Il øjHo fldr,amr wdY%s; mßir moaO;sh úkdY lsÍug
Brain Coral Ldokh je,ela ù fï m% O dk fya;= ù we;'
48
47
ëjr lghq ; = j,oS
fhdod .ka k d
wdïmka k u.s k a o
kex.= r ï wdos f hka o
fldr,amr wêl f,i
úkdY fõ' tfia u
keõ u.s k a is ÿ jk
wmú;% f;,a ldkaÿj
ks i do" fnda Ü gq j,
Ndú;d lrk úúO
;Ska; j¾. (Tributyl
Tin) ksido ;jÿrg;a
islk,d$Skink
fuu fldr,a m r
wdY% s ; mßirh Y%S ,xldfõ ffcj úúO;ajh
ÿIKh jk w;r fï m;=f,a iú lrk ±,a
jk úg yslalvqj" je,s.u yd ó.uqj l,mqj wdY%s; m%foaY w;sYhskau ffcj úoHd;aul úúO;ajh fyda ffcj úúO;ajh hkq Ydl" i;=ka
ÿIKh ù we;' iy CIqø Ôúka we;=¿j ish¨u ðúkaf.a we;s fjkialï iy Tjqka
úúO wffcùh fldgia iy mßir moaO;s iuÕ mj;ajk wka;¾
j¾:udkfha y÷kajd oS we;s b;d ld¾HlaIu oe,a wdïmkakhla jk iïnkaO;d f,i w¾: oelaúh yel'
m;=f,a iúlrk oe,a (Bottom set nets) u.ska fldr,amr j,g b;d
úYd, ydkshla isÿ lrhs' ;jo uiqka ueßu i|yd fhdod.kakd úúO úfYaI úúO;ajh" mßir moaO;s úúO;ajh yd cdk úúO;ajh hkq
msmqreï øjHo" l=vd isÿre iys; oe,a fhdod .ekSu ksid b;d l=vd ffcj úúO;ajfha uÜgï fõ'
uiqkao úkdY úu;a fldr,amr mßir moaO;s úkdYhg odhl ú
we;' tfiau fg%da,sx (Trolling) ^fndaÜgq u.ska oe,a weof.k hk l%uh& úfYaI úúO;ajh
ksido fldr,amr wêl f,i úkdYhg n÷ka fjhs'
úfYaI úúO;ajh hkq tla tla Ôú úfYaI w;r" we;s fjkialï h'
yqKq.,a l¾udka;h i|yd fldr,amr wêl f,i lvd tl;= lsßu ^Ydl" i;=ka" È,Sr" CIqø ðúka& WodyrK f,i" fmd,a .ia" uqjka fyda
m%Odk ;¾ckhla jk w;r 2004 j¾Ifhaos isÿjq iqkdñ jHikfhka yQkka wdÈh oelaúh yel'
miqj oekg th ;rula ÿrg md,kh lsßula isÿfjñka mj;s'
;ks ;ks Ôú iuqy j, fyda mßir moaO;sj, Ôj;a jk ðúkaf.a we;s
iajNdúl fya;= ksido fldr,amr leã úkdY ù hdu isÿ fjhs' tkï úúO;ajh f,i úfYaI úúO;ajh y÷kajd Èh yel' ffcj úúO;ajh
iqkdñ ;;aj" iq<s iq<x ;;aj yd m%pkav r< myrj,a (hurricanes / uekSfï fmdÿ ñïu jkqfha fok ,o N+ñ m%udKhl y÷kd.; yels
typhoons) wdoshhs' úfYaI .Kkh' fuh úfYaI nyq,;djh kï fõ'

mDÓúh ie,l+ úg tla tla úfYaI y÷kd.; yelafla tla tla m%foaY
wdY%s;jh' Ôú jHdma;sh iy Tjqkaf.a nyq,;djfha iajNdjh ks¾Kh
jkafka mßkduh" mdßißl idOl yd ñksia l%shdldrlï u;h' tla

49 50
úfYa I hla ;u meje;a u Wfoid cdk úúO;ajh
fjk;a úfYa I iuÕ iïnka O ;d
mj;ajhs' fufia tlsfklg iudk cdk úúO;ajh hkq" Ydl" i;=ka" È,Sr yd CIqø Ôúkaf.a we;s cdkj,
wka ; ¾ iïnka O ;d mj;a j k y÷kd.; yels fjkialï h' fuh úfYaIhla ;=, fukau úfYaI
tls f klg fjkia úfYa I tla j w;ro we;súh yel' WodyrKhla f,i fmdufkaßhka" cßuka fIm¾â
ie,l+úg th Ôú iuQyhla jYfhka yd f.da,avka frÜßj¾ hk ish,a,kau iqkL úfYaI jk kuq;a Tjqka
w¾: olajkq ,efí' fmkqfuka wiudk fjhs'

Y%s ,xldj wdY%s;j úfYaI úúO;ajh cdk hkq tla mrïmrdjl is g ;j;a mrïmrdjlg ,la I K
ie,l+ ú g imq I a m Ydl úfYa I iïfm% a I Kh ls Í ug jeo.;a jk ta l lhls ' WodyrKhla f,i
wdikak jYfhka 4000 ^foaYhS 3154&" orefjl=g ish mshdf.a weiaj, mdg iy ish ujf.a kdifha
ñßÈh u;aiH úfYaI 129" WNh Ôú
úfYaI 119" Wr. úfYaI 211" mlaIs yevyqrelu ,eìh yel' fuhg fya;=j Tyqg fyda wehg ,efnk
úfYaI 453" CISrmdhs úfYaI 125 yd wdfõKsl cdk uÕska ;u fouõmshkaf.a ,laIK /f.k tauhs'
wmDIa G jxYS k a oyia .Kkla
y÷kd.; yel' cdk úúO;ajh ukskq ,nkafka tu úfYaIfha tla tla ðúhdf.a tlu
cdkhla i,ld n,d tys we;s fjkialï u;h' WodyrKhla jYfhka
wdis h d;s l rgj,a w;ßka imq I a m .;aúg ish¿u ñksiqka wh;a jkafka Homo sapiens kï úfYaIhgh'
Ydl" WNh ðúka " Wr.hs k a iy kuq;a" wm%sldkqjka wdishd;slhka yd wefußldkqjka tlsfkldf.ka
la I S r mdhS k a f .a jeäu úfYa I fjkia jkafka Tjqkaf.a we;s cdk úúO;ajh fya;=fjks' mßKdufha
>k;a j hla y÷kd.; yela f la moku jk neúka cdk úúO;ajh ffcj úúO;ajh we;sùu i|yd
Y% S ,xldfõh' úfYa I >k;a j h hkq j¾. ls f ,da ó gr 10"000 l w;HdjYH fõ'
y÷kd.; yels úfYaI .Kkhs'
WodyrK( my; ±lafjk ish¿u i;=ka iqkLhska jQj;a cdk úúO;ajh
Y%S ,xldfõ Ôú úfYaI yd wdfõKsl ixLHdj fya;=fjka Tjqka tlska tldf.ka ^rEmShj& fjkia fõ'

ldKavh úfYaI .Kk wdfõKsl

úfYaI .Kk
laISrmdhSka 123 21
WNh ðúka 119 103
Wr.hska 211 124
mlaISka 453 33
ñßÈh uiqka 129+ 53
ñßÈh ll=¿jka 51 50
imqIam Ydl ^foaYSh$Native& 3154 926

51 52
mßir moaO;s úúO;ajh
hïlsis ksYaÑ; m%foaYhl Ôj;ajk Ôù úfYaI;a" Tjqka mßyrKh
lrkq ,nk mßirh;a tu mßirh yd Ôùka w;r we;s ish¿u wka;¾
iïnkaO;d;a tlaj .;al, th mßir moaO;shla kï fjhs' hï ksYÑ
a ;
m%foaYhla ie,l+ úg" fuh tu m%foaYfha ffcj yd wffcj ix>gl
tlsfklg iïnkaO lsÍug jeo.;ajk Pd,hla f,i l%shd lrhs'
ffcj ix>gl hkq mßirhla ;=, y÷kd .; yels Ôjhla mj;sk
foaj,a jk w;r" wffcj ix>gl hkq tf,i ðjhla fkdue;s foaj,ah'
wffcj ix>gl f,i mi" jd;h" c,h jeks foa oelaúh yel'
mßir moaO;s úúO;ajh f,i y÷kajkafka oekg y÷kd.; yels
tlsfklg fjkia ish¿u jdiia:dk yd ia:dkhs' WodyrK f,i
ksj¾;k yd fi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;r" WKqiqï yd iS; ldka;dr"
j.=re ìï" .xÕd" l÷jeá" fldr,amr wdÈh y÷kajdÈh yel' fuu
mßir moaO;s Ydl yd i;=ka jeks ffcj ix>gl iu.;a" ysre t<sh"
jd;h" c,h" LKsc ,jK" yd fmdaIl øjH jeks wffcj ix>gl
iu.;a iïnkaO;d mj;ajhs'
;jo iajNdúl yd ñksid úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o ^lD;Su& tajd
jYfhkao mßir moaO;s fldgia 2 ls'
iajNdúl c,c mßir moaO;sj,g WodyrK f,i" j.=re ìï" we,
fod, yd .xÕd" fudah" l,mq" fjr<nv ;Sr" uqyqÿ ;DK ìï" uv
j.=re" lfvd,dk" ,jK j.=re" fldr,a mr" .,amr" yd ú,a¨ oelaúh
yel' ñksid úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o c,c mßir moaO;s jkafka
jeõ yd c,dY" we, ud¾." fmdl=Kq yd ú,a hkdÈhhs'
iajNdúlj we;s jQ fN!ñl mßir moaO;s f,ig ksj¾;k iodyß;
jeis jkdka;r" ksj¾;k Wm l÷lr jkdka;r iy l÷lr ñY%
iodyß; jkdka;r" ;DK ìï" ,ÿ le,E" iejdkd jkdka;r" je,s mr
yd uqyqÿ fjr< y÷kajd Èh yels w;r" ñksid úiska idokq ,nk
fN!ñl mßir moaO;s jkafka f.j;=" lDIs ld¾ñlìï" WoaNso WoHdk"
tal fnda. j.djka yd nyq fNda. j.djkah'
53
Ôù f,dalfha m%Odk rdcOdks
ish¿u Ôùka rdcOdks mylg j¾.lr we;'
(1959 - Robert Whittaker)
1. Monera/Prokaryotes - tal ffi,Shhs' úúO fmdaIK rgd we;'
m%d.a kHYaálhska fõ'
2. Protista - tal ffi,Shhs' úúO fmdaIK rgd we;'
iQkHYaálhska fõ'
3' Fungi - nyq ffi,Shhs' úIu fmdaISka fõ'
wjfYdaIKh lrhs'
4' Plantae - nyq ffi,Shhs' iajhxfmdaIS fõ'
5' Animalia - nyq ffi,Shhs' úIu fmdaISka wê.%yKh
lrhs'
j¾.SlrKh iy kdulrKh Classification and Nomenclature
j¾.SlrK wjYH;djh
jir ñ,shk 30 lg wdikak Ôú wdldr ish,a,u fjka fjkaj wOHkh
lsÍug;a úia;r lsÍug;a wmyiqh' tneúka iudk ,CIK iys; Ôùka
tlg ldKav lr ±laùu wOHhkhg myiq fõ' tuksid j¾.SlrKfha
uQ,sl mrud¾:h Ôúka hï hï fmdÿ ,CIK wkqj fukau Tjqka olajk
úúO;ajh wkqj ldKav lsÍuhs' u;=msáka fmfkk ,CIK muKla
fhdod f.k ldKa v ls Í fuka we;eï Ôú ldKa v w;r nka O q ; d
y÷kd.; fkdyels wjia:d we;' j¾.SlrKh m%:u jrg isÿl<
;eke;a;d f,i Y%Sl od¾Yksl weßiafgdag,a y÷kajd Èh yelsh' kj
j¾.SlrK l%ufõoh yd oaúmdo kdulrKh y÷kajd fokq ,enqfõ
iaúia cd;sl Carolus Linnaeus ^lefrda,ia ,sfkahia& úisks'
oaúmo kdulrKfha uQ,O¾u lSmhls
² tla tla Ôúhdg fldgia follska hq;a kula we;' WmúfYaI
kduhla we;akï fldgia ;=klska iukaú; úh yel'
² tys uq,a fldgi tu Ôúhdg fnfyúka iudk fjk;a Ôúka wdldr
we;=,;ajk >K kduh (Genus name) o fojkqj fhdok fldgi
úfYaI kduh (Species name) f,i;a ye¢kafõ'
54
² fuu kï ,;ska fyda bx.%Sis wCIr j,ska ,shkq ,efí' Y%S ,xldfõ mDIaÀjxYS i;=ka lrÈhjdiS i;=ka
² .K kduh Capital bx.%Sis wl=rlska wdrïN lrk w;r úfYaI ldKavh úfYaI .Kk ldKavh úfYaI .Kk
kduh Simple bx.S%is wl=re j,ska muKla ,shkq ,efí'
ñßÈh uiqka 129+ ^55& tlhsfkdvfïgdjka 213
² .K kduh m%:ufhkao úfYaI kduh fojkqjo ,shhs'
WNh Ôúka 111 +8 ^103& fud¨ialdjka 227
² uqøKfha§ we, bx.%Sis wl=ßka (Italic) uqøKh lrk w;r w;ska
Wr.hska 211 ^124& fudareka 61
,sùfïÈ úoHd;aul kdufha jpk fol háka fjk fjku brla
we| ,l=Kq l< hq;=hs' mlaISka 453 ^33& uvqjka 31
² nyq,j yuqjk i;=ka yd Ydl lsysmhl úoHd;aul kï lsysmhla laISrmdhSka 95 ^21& laISrmdhSka ^iuqø& 28
bÈßm;a lrñka fuh meyeÈ,s l< yel'
1' Homo sapien sapien - ñksid fï jkúg f,dalfhys Ôú úfYaI ^i;aj yd Ydl& ñ,shk 1'75 la
2' Cocos nucifera - fmd,a y÷kdf.k we;' kuq;a úoHd{hskaf.a .kkh lsÍï j,g wkqj
2' Elephas maximus maximus - wdishdkq w,shd f,dalfhys Ôú úfYaI ñ,shk 30 la muK Ôj;a jk njg úYajdi
2' Gallus lafayetti - j<s l=l=<d flf¾' oekg y÷kdf.k we;s ish¿u Ôúkag úoHd;aul kula ,nd
§ we;' fuh ´kEu m%foaYhl§ jqjo tu úfYaIh y÷kd .ekSug
Y%S ,xldfõ wmDIaÀjxYs i;=ka jeo.;a fjhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka .;a úg ,xldfõ yuqjk ;s;a
uqjdf.a úoHd;aul kduh jkqfha Axis axis h' kuq;a" fuu Ôúhdg
ldKavh úfYaI .Kk ^wdfõKsl&
úúO m%foaY j, fmdÿ kï lSmhla Ndú;d fõ' bkaÈhdfõ § fuu
ó ueiaika 130 i;a;ajhd y÷kajkafka Ñgd,a (Chital) f,ih' kuq;a" tu i;df.a
n;a l+rka ^´fvdfkagdjka& 118 ^47&
úoHd;aul kduh iudk kï" Ñgd,a fyda ;s;a uqjd f,i wm y÷kajkafka
lSvEjka 84 ^2&
Axis axis nj wm oksuq' úoHd;aul kduh lsis úfgl m%foaYh fyda
l=yqUqjka 194 ^33&
ld,h wkqj fjkia fkdjk kuq;a" fmdÿ kduh tfia fjkiaúh yel'
iuk¨ka 245 ^26&
WodyrK f,i l,ska fldKav Wl=iaid f,i ye¢ka jq i;a;ajhd oeka
lsks;=,a,ka 27
ul=¿jka 501 ^256&
y÷kajkq ,nkafka fmr<s fldKav Wl=iaid f,igh' fuh merKs yd
ñßÈh ll=¿jka 51 ^50& kj mdrïmrdfõ iajNdj úoHd{hka w;r" u;fNao we;sùug fya;=
f.dvf.d¿fn,a,ka 253 ^205& úh yel'

mßkdñl l%shdj,h yiqrejk uQ,sl l%shdj,Ska y;rls' ta kï

² úfYAIKh - kj úfYaI we;sùu (speciation)

² kIaGùu tfia;a ke;fyd;a j|ù hdu' (extinction)
² m¾hgkh (migration)
² ñksidf.a n,mEu (human influence)

kj úfYaI we;s jkafka úfYaIhlg wh;a Ôúka hï lsis wdldrhlska

yqol,d ùulg (isolation) ,laùu ;=<h' fuh N+f.da,h
S fyda p¾hd;aul
fyda hdka;%slj isÿ úh yelsh' fuf,i .ykhla yqol,d jQ úg Wm-
.yk w;r cdk yqjudre fkdùu fya;= fldg f.k tu Wm-.yk
56
;=< yg.kakd úlD;s ñY% ùulg Ndck fkdfõ' ld,hla .; jk wdfõKsl úfYaIj, m%;sY;h
úg úlD;s tla /iaùu fya;=fjka iajrEmho fjkiaùulg ,laúh
yelsh' fï wkqj ld,hla .; jk úg tla úfYaIhla fjk;a úfYaIhla Y%s ,xldjg wdfõKsl tla tla Ôù úfYaIj, m%;sY;h ie,l+úg
njg fyda úfYaI lSmhlg mßj¾;kh úh yelsh'
u;aiHka - 41] f.dv f.d¿fn,a,ka - 80]
j|ùu fyda kIaGùu f,i y÷kajkafka hï lsis Ôù úfYaIlhg WNh Ôúka - 65] ñßÈh ll=¿jka - 98]
wh;a ish¨u Ôúka urKhg m;aùuhs' ´kEu mSú úfYaIhl ksh; mlaISka - 10] imqIam Ydl - 28]
wdhqld,hla we;' tneúka iEu Ôù úfYaIhlau hï Èkl j|ùug laIsrmdhska - 5] Wr.hska - 52]
,lafõ' mDÒú b;sydih foi n,k l< Ôúka fuf,i j|ù .sh
njg idlaIs ,eî we;' fujka hq. uyd kIaGùï f,i y÷kajkq
,efí' mDÓú b;sydih ;=< fujka uyd kIaGùu 20 la muK isÿ ù
we;' ñka myla b;d úYd, kIaGùï f,i ms<s.efka'

wdfõksl;ajh

úfYaIhla" wdfõKsl" foaYSh fyda y÷kajdÿka úfYaIhla úh yel'

foa Y S h hkq tu m% f oa Y fha ia j Ndúlj y÷kd.; yels úfYa I hs '
fudjqkaf.ka hï ksYaÑ; m%foaYhlg muKla iSud jq úfYaI wdfõKsl
úfYaI kï fjhs' Y%s ,xldjg wdY%s;j fujeks wdfõKsl úfYaI
rdYshla y÷kd .; yel' fuhska woyia jkafka tu wdfõKsl úfYaI w¿ lE±;a;d j; r;= u,a fldyd
y÷kd .; yelafla Y%s ,xldfõ muKla nj;a" fjk lsisu rgl fyda
m%foaYhl Tjqka olakg fkdyels nj;a h' hï rgla ie,l+ úg tu wdfõKsl mlaIs úfYaI w;ßka úYd,;uhd iy jeäu jHdma;shla
rfÜ ksYaÑ; m%foaYj,g muKla wdfõKsl úfYaIo y÷kd .; yel' olajk úfYaIh jkafka j<sl=l=<dh' (Sri Lanka Junglefowl) tfukau
we;eï úg hï mßir moaO;s j,g muKla wdfõKsl úfYaIo yuqfõ Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl mlaIshd f,i ie,flkqfha j<sl=l=,dh'
flfia fj;;a fuu wdfõKsl úfYaI tu m%foaYfhka j| ù .sh
fyd;a uq¿ f,dalfhkau kIaGù .sh úfYaIhla njg m;afjhs' tfia wdfõKsl mlaISkaf.ka l=vdu mlaIs úfYaIh jkafka u,s;a;d (Legge's
jkafka Tjqka f,dalfha lsisu ;ekl kej; we;s fkdjk ksidh' Flowerpecker) mlaIshdh' lsisfia;a msheöug fkdyels mlaISka Y%S
,xldfjka jd¾;d jkafka ke;'
hï Ôú úfYaIhla N+f.da,Shj tlu ia:dkhl muKla olakg ,efí
kï tu úfYaIh zzia:dkSh wdfõKslZZ (Point endemic) f,i ye¢kafõ' ffcj úúOd;aul WKqiqï ia:dk - Hot Spots
tys jeo.;au ldrKh jkafka tu i;aj fyda Ydl úfYaIh uq¿
f,dalfhkau tu ia:dkfha muKla olakg ,eîuhs' ffcj úúOd;aul WKqiqï l,dm

WodyrK ( Y%S ,xldfõ Ôj;ajk ñßÈh u;aiHfhl= jk nkaÿ, fm;shd
yuqjkafka lE.,a, Èia;%slalhg wh;a jrldfmd, m%foaYfha .,msguv
wdikakfha tla ia:dkhl muKs'
57
bkaoshdfõ ngysr .dÜia m%foaYh yd Y%S ,xldj tlaj ie,l+ úgos
f,dalfha ffcj úúO;ajh ms<sn| WKqiqï l,dm (Biodiversity Hot
spots) 34 ka tllg whs;s fjhs' ffcj úúO;ajh ms<sn|j WKqiqï
l,dmhla hkq ffcj úúO;ajfhka b;du fmdfydi;a jq;a tfukau
58
tu ffcj úúO;ajhg úYd, jYfhka ;¾ckhg ,lajQ;a m%foaY fjhs'
Ydl j, úúO;ajh ie,l= úg b;d by, úúO;ajhla fmkajkafka
imqIam Ydl fõ' oekg imqIam Ydl úfYaI 480 la muK joúfï
;¾ckhg ,laù we;s njg .Kka n,d we;' lDIsld¾ñl jYfhka
b;d by, úúO;a j hla y÷kd.ekS u g yela f la iy,a wdY% s ; jh'
T!Iêh Ydl ie,l= úg úfYaI 1414 muK y÷kd f.k we;' fïjdhska
úfYaI 50 la muK b;d by, f,i Ndú;hg .kakd w;r úfYaI
208 muK idudkHfhka Ndú;d flfrhs' fuhska 79 la ;¾ckhg
,lajq úfYaIhs' we;' fïjd kï" wdydr fnfy;a øjH" or$oej" frÈms<s" úfõlia:dk
f,i Ndú;d lsÍï" ffcj úoHd;aul md,k f,i fhdod .ekSu fukau
ðúka l¾udka; wdÈh i|yd Ndú; lsÍu oelaúh yel' Y%s ,xldfõ
ffcj úúO;ajh ie,l+ úg" tuÕska ñksidg iDcq jákdlï fukau
jl% jYfhka ,efnk jákdlïo we;'

iDcq jákdlï (Direct values)

iDcq jákdlï we;s j ka f ka

ffcj úúO;a j h fl,s k a u
^wuq ø jH f,i& Ndú;h;a
iuÕuh' fuhska m%Odk jkafka
wdydr jk w;r" wdydr f,i
ia j Ndúlj we;s jq wdydr
ffcj úúO;ajfha Wmfhda. yd jákdlï fukau cdk ;dlaIKh uÕska
we;s lrk ,o wdydro wh;a
ffcj úúO;ajh úoHd;aul jeo.;alï muKla fkdj fjk;a úúO fjhs ' tfuka u fndfyda Ydl
jákdlï j,ska o hq;=h' úfYaI T!IO ksYamdokh i|yd
fhdod .kS'
ffcj úúO;ajh ixrlaIKh lsßu jeo.;a jkafka th;a iu.u
wd¾Óluh" úoHd;a u l" fi!ka o ¾hd;a u l" fuka u iodpdrd;a u l furg or yd oej wjYH;djh imqrd .kq ,nkafka jkd;a;r j,ska
jákdlïo noaO ù we;s ksidh' tf,iu wkd.; mrïmrdjgo fuu fyda oej i|ydu j.dlrkq ,nk Ydl j,sks' fndfyda fros-ms,s
iajNdj fi!kao¾h w;a ú£ug fukau tys M, fk,d.ekSug wejeis ksmoùu i|yd fhdod.kq ,nkafka iajdNdúl fl¢j¾.h' WoHdk"
ùuo ffcj úúO;ajh ixrlaIKh lsÍug n,mdk ;j;a fya;+ka WoaNso WoHdk" ixrlaIs; m%foaY" Ydl yd i;=ka iq,Nj y÷kd.;
fjhs' yels wfkl=;a m%foaY úfõlia:dk f,io Ndú;d lrhs'

wmf.a iajNdúl iïm;a m%Odk jYfhka wmg ,efnkafka ffcj

úúO;ajh ksidh' fuys iDcqju ,efnk wd¾Ól jákdlï lsysmhlau
59 60
jl%uh jákdlï (Indirect values)
ffcj úúO;a j h ks i d ñks i d ,nk jl% u h jákdlï ixLHdj
w;suy;ah' jl%uh jákdlï we;sjkafka ffcj úúO;ajh ksid
ñksidg jeo.;alula we;s jk fya;= ksid jk w;r fuys§ fl,skau
iïm;a mßfNdackh wjYH fkdfõ' fïjdg c,fha iajNdúl .=K
mj;a j df.k hdu" fmda I l øjH m% ; s p l% S l rKh ls Í u" mdxY=
ixrlaIKh" c,dOdr l,uKdlrKh" foaY.=Kh mj;ajdf.k hdu"
ldnka pl%sh lrKh" mrd.Kh fukau úoHd;aul jákdlï o wh;a
fjhs'
yd i;aj úfYaI j, f.da,Sh ixrlaIKh ms<sn| f,dalfha jvd;au
iïmQ¾K f;dr;=re iys; ,ehsia;=j fjhs'
tfukau f,dal ixrlaIK ix.uh (IUCN) hkq úfYaI ixrlaIKh
ms<sn|j msysgqjd we;s f,dalfha m%Odk wdh;khhs' (IUCN) r;= o;a;
jd¾:dj u.ska úfYaI yd Wm úfYaI oyia .Kkl kIaGùfï
keUqre;djh ksrEmkh lrk ksjerÈ fya;=ka iuQyhla fmkajd fohs'
tys idudðl rgj,a i;=j Tjqkaf.a rgj,g wod, ,ehsia;= ilid
we;' tuÕska tu rgj, cd;sl ixrCIKh ls%hdoduhg uy;a jQ
msájy,la ,efí'

wkd.;fha§ jeo.;aúh yels jl%dldr jákdlï o fï w;r y÷kd.; ffcj úúO;ajh úkdY ùu
yel' ffcj úúO;ajfhka wkQk jQ jeis jkdka;r ;=, ieÕj we;s
±kg y÷kdfkd.;a Ydl úfYaI u.ska" Nhdkl f,v frda. iqj ñks i q k a f .a .yK >k;a j h yd me;s ß u ffcj úúO;a j hg b;d
lsÍug yels T!IO j¾. wkd.;fha § fidhd.eksug yels ùug ;¾ckd;aulj n,md we;' mßir moaO;s l=vd fldgia j,g leä
mq¿jk' hduo ffcj úúO;a j h wvq ù u i|yd n,md we;s ;j;a m% O dk
;¾ckhls'
wka;rdhg ,lajQ úfYaI (Endangered Species)
ffcj úúO;ajhg n,mdk wfkl=;a ;¾ck w;r" mdxY=Ldokfha
Y%S ,xldj yd f,dalfha m%;sM,hla f,i .,dhk c,fha we;s mia f;;a ìï yd j.=re ìï
wfkl=;a rgj,a ie,l+ wdY%s;j ;ekam;aúu' fuu m%foaY wdY%s;j Ôj;a jk fndfyda foaYsh
úg jeä jYfhka u yd ixpdrl mlaIs úfYaI j,g fuh b;d wys;lr f,i n,mEï
wka;rdhg ,lajQ úfYaI t,a, lr we;' y÷kajd fokq ,nk úfYaI u.ska we;sjk ;¾ck o
f,i y÷kdf.k óg n,mE yel'
we;a f ;a mla I S k a "
la I S r mdhs k a yd WNh ffcj úúO;ajh úkdY ùug ;j;a fya;= rdYshla n,mdhs' my;
Ôùka h ' ñks i df.a olajd we;af;a tjeks jQ fya;+ka lsysmhls'
l% s h dldrlï ks i d ln,a,Ejd$ wEhd
fuka u ovhï ls Í u
ksid fudjqka mßirfhka bj;aùu isÿfjhs' ±kg fndfyda Ôùka
kIaGùu foig ;,a¨fjñka mj;S' úoHd{hskf
a .a u;hg wkqj fndfyda
Ôú úfYaI y÷kd.ekSug;a fmr kIaG ù we;s njg úYajdi flf¾'

1963 § f,dal ixrlaIK ix.uh (IUCN) úiska ;¾ckhg ,lajQ

úfYaI ms<sn|j jQ r;= o;a; fmd; ks¾udKh lrk ,§' fuh Ydl

61
(a) jdiia:dk ke;sùu yd úkdY ù hdu (Habitat Loss)

lDIsld¾ñl yd i;a;aj md,k lghq;= fndfyda úfYaI j,g jdiia:dk

ke;sùu i|yd n,md we;' fuhg wu;rj my;a ìï f.dv lsÍu"
udkj ckdjdi" jkdka;r .sks ;eîu" jdiia:dk wdl%uKh" oej
i|yd .ia lemSu yd jdßud¾. jHdmD;Skao fuhg fya;= fjhs'

Ôù jdiia:dkj, iajNdjh ke;sù hdu fukau jdiia:dk úkdY ù

hdu i|yd wksif
s ,i isÿjk ixpdrl jHdmdrh" f.dvìu c,h fukau
jd;h ¥IKh" lDñkdYl yd fmdfydr Ndú;h" fldr,amr leãu"
ueKsla yd LKsc j¾. .eÍu" úfoaYSh Ôù úfYaI yd wdl%uKYS,s
úfYaI y÷kajd §uo n,mdhs'

l¾udka; j,§ we;sjk wmøjH c,dY j,g uqod yeÍu ksid f.dvìu
;=, we;s c,dYj, c,fha iajNdjh fjkia fjhs' c,dYj, we,a.S
WvquKaä we;sùu yd ud¿kaf.a ñhhEugo fïjd fya;= fõ' fld;auf,a
c,dYfha uykqjr jej wdY%s;j;a fujeks ;;aj jd¾;d fõ' lDñ
kdYlj, n,mEu we;s jkafka jl%dldrfhks' fïjd wdydrodu Tiafia
tla /iaùu uÕska ffcj úúO;ajhg wys;lr f,i n,mEï t,a,
lrhs' fyda¾gka ;ekak wdY%s;j jd¾;d jq wï, jeiso Ôúkaf.a
jiia:dk j,g wys;lr f,i n,mEï t,a,lr we;' wï, jeis
we;s j ka f ka jdhq f .da , S h ÿIKfha m% ; s M ,hla f,igh' n,d.dr"
l¾udka; Yd,d fukau jdyko" bkaOk oykh lrk w;r" ÿIs; jdhq
j¾. ksmojhs' fïjdfha we;s we;eï jdhq" úfYaIfhkau khsá%cka
Tlaihsâ yd i,a*¾ vfhdlaihsâ b;d l=vd c, ì¢;s iuÕ m%;sl%shd
lr i,a*shqßla wï,h yd khsá%la wï,h idokq ,nhs' fujeks j,dl=¿
j,ska we;sjk jeis zwï, jeisZ f,i y÷kajhs'
ksmoùu" úis;=re uiqka wmkhkh" úis;=re NdKav f,i i;=kaf.a
foay fldgia fhdod .ekSu ðúka m%udKh blaujd Ndú;d jk wjia:d
f,i f.kyer oelaúh yel'
jdKscuh lghq;= i|yd j,a o¾Y (wild species) tl;= lsÍuo" nyq,j
isÿfõ' WodyrK f,i úis;=re u;aiH l¾udka;fha § uiqka yd úis;=re
me,Eá tl;= lsÍu" Wvjeähd" ójk jeks úis;=re me,Eá tl;=
lsÍu" lDIs l¾udka;fha § yd T!IO ksIamdokfha§ Ydlj, j,a o¾Y
tl;= ls Í u oela ú h yel' ^flláh Ydlh úis ; = r e u;a i H
l¾udka;fha § yd fld;, ysUqgq Ydlh T!IO ksmoùfï§& wdfõKsl
u;aiH úfYaI 21 muK jQ foaYSh uiqka m%udKhla úlsKSu i|yd
wfma rfÜ c,dY j,ska tl;= lrkq ,efí'

(b) m%udKh blaujd Ndú;d lsÍu ^wê Ndú;h& (Over Exploitation) wdl%uKsl úfYaI

iajNdúl iïm;a m%udKh blaujd Ndú;d l,fyd;a tajd l%ufhka
ke;s ù hhs' fufia iïm;a zzwêNdú;hZZ hïlsis úfYaIhla kIaG
ùug fyda talfoaYsl kIaG ùug fuh n,mE yel' hï úfYaIhla
wjYH;djhka i|yd Wmfhda.S lr .kakd úg Tjqkag m%ckkh lsßu
uÕska fyda mqk¾j¾Okh uÕska ;u .ykh j¾Okh lr .ekSug
wjia:dj ie,iSfuka tu úfYaIh ta Wmfhda.S;dj fya;=fjka ke;sù
hdug we;s bvlv wvqfjhs' wdydr yd T!IO j¾. i|yd" oej
63
wdl%uKldÍ úfYaI m%Odk j¾. 2 g fnÈh yel' tla j¾.hl
wdl%uKldÍ úfYaIhla jkafka hï m%foaYhlg fjk;a rglska fyda
m%foaYhlska f.kú;a y÷kajd fokq ,nk úfYaI fjhs' wfkla j¾.h
jkqfha mßirfha isÿjk fjkia ùula ksid tu úfYaI md,kh jQ
;;aj ke;sùhdu ;=<ska wfkla úfYaI j,g wka;rdldÍ f,i j¾Okh
ùuhs' fuu wdl%uKldÍ úfYaI mßirfha we;s ish¿u jdiia:dk
64
mdfya wdl%uKh lrñka me;sfrhs' we;eï wdl%uKldÍ i;aj úfYaI"
foaYSh úfYaI wdydrh i|yd .kakd wjia:d o we;' mdßißl idOl
j, isÿjq fjkiaúula u; fyda fjk;a lreKla fya;=fjka foaYsh
Ydl fyda i;aj úfYaIhla ;u .ykh b;d fõ.fhka j¾Okh lr
.ksñka wfkl=;a Ôú úfYaIhkag ydks lrhs kï th foaYsh wdl%uKsl
úfYaI f,i ye|skafjhs' lsishï Ôú úfYaIhla hïlsis m%foaYhlg
fyda jdiia:dkhlg ys;du;du fyda wyïfnka fyda y÷kajdoSfuka
fhdaO ksÈl=ïnd (Mimosa Pigra) ,ka ; dkd$.|mdk (Lantana Camara)
ukakhd (Chitala Oranata)
mf;dla (Opunti deleni)
lgl¿ fndaúáhd (Cldemia nirta)
65
miq wfkl=;a úfYaI j,g ydkslr f,i j¾Okh fõ kï tajd úfoaYsh
wdl%uKsl úfYaI f,i ye|skafjhs'
wdl%uKsl úfYaI fõ.fhka j¾Okh úu" jkdka;r l<uKdlrk
lghq;= j,os nrm;, .eg¿jla njg m;aj we;'
Ydl yd i;a;aj wdl%uKsl úfYaI fndfyduhla wdrlaIs; m%foaYj,g
;¾ckhla ù we;' WodyrK f,i nqkao, cd;sl WoHdkfha we;s
l,mq wkaor (Proposis juliflora) ye|skaúh yelsh' tys we;s mf;dla
(Opuntia deleni) Ydlho wdl%uKsl úfYaIhls'
tfiau Wvj,j cd;sl jfkdaoHdkfha we;s .|mdk (Lantana camara)
Ydlho wdl%uKsl úfYaIhla jk w;r fuh îc j¾. wdydrhg
.kakd l=re,a,ka u.ska fõ.fhka jHdma; fjñka mj;s'
fuu wdl% u Ks l úfYa I úkdY ls ß ug yd bj;a ls ß ug jkðù
ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;j = yd fjk;a wdh;k uy;a mßY%uhla orñka
isák w;r th myiq lghq;a;la fkdfõ'
tfia u fyda g ka ; eka f ka we;s Ulex europeus Ydlho wdl% u Ks l
úfYaIhla jk w;r fuh wfkl=;a Ydl wNsnjd j¾Okh fjñka
mj;s' fuu mßirfha Ôj;a jk wdfõksl lgqiq úfYaIhla jk
Cophotis Zeylanica ^l÷lr wx lgqiaid& fuu m÷re wdY%s;j jeä
jYfhka Ôj;a fjhs ' fuh úfYa I s ; ;;a j hls ' ;jo Bambusa
bamboos hk WK úfYaIh ñkafkaßh" úlafgdaßhd - rkafoKs.,
hk cd;sl jfkdaoHdk j, úYd, m%Yakhla njg m;aj we;s wdl%uKsl
Ydl úfYaIhls'
mdßißl .eg¿
¥IKh
c, uq,dY% j, m%udKhg yd
.= K d;a u l Ndjhg n,mdk
m% d :ñl idOlhla f,i
ck.ykh jeäúu oela ú h
yel' ñks i q k a f .a Ôjk
66
;;ajh;a" ck.yk j¾Okh;a iu.u mdkSh c,h i|yd we;s ù
;sfnk b,a¨u by, hhs'
c, uq,dY% j,g we;s m%Odk n,mEï f,i"
1' msgdr ;eks;,d wvqùu
2' f;;a ìï mßir moaO;s ÿIKh ùu
3' u;=msg yd N+.; c,h ÿIKh ùu
4' fkdfhl= ; a wdldr lDñka " uÿrejka fnda ú h yels fuka u
fi!LHhg n,mEï we;s l , yels wys ; lr mßir moa O ;s
ks¾udKh ùu' l¾udka;Yd,d u.ska neyerfjk wmøjH c,h
¥IKh lsßug n,mdk wfkla m%Odk fya;=jls' le<Ks .f.a
my, m%foaYh" fíf¾ jej" fnd,af.dv jej fuf,i ÿIKhg
,laj we;s c,dY lSmhls' fndfyda l¾udka;Yd,d ie,l+ úg
tajd wdY%s;j wmøjH l<uKdlrkh lsßfï myiqlï ke;'
fuksid Tjqkag wmøjH l<uKdlrkh lsßfï yelshdjla ke;s
w;r Tjqka ;u wmøjH fl,skau hï m%foaYhlg f.kf.dia
oeñu fyda c,dYhka wdY%s;j neyer lsßu isÿlrhs' N+.; c,h
ÿIKh jkafka fufia neyer lrk wmøjH u.ska fmdf,djg
ldkaÿ jk øj yd jeisls,s j,j,a wdY%s;j fmd,jg ldKaÿ jk
øj ksidh'
5' ck.yk j¾Okh úu yd mdkSh c,h i|yd we;s b,a¨u by,
hdu'
6' ld¾ñl wxYh flfrys we;sjk keUqre;djfha jeäùu ksid
we;sjk wmøjH' ^fuu wmøjH osklg >k ñgr ñ,shk 3 muK
fõ&
tl ;ek r|d mj;sk c,h ^j;=r j,j,a" ldKq wdos& fndfyda
f,v frda. we;s lrúug fya;= fjhs' fïjd wdY%s;j uef,aßhdj"
fvx.=" fudf,a uef,aßhdj ^fudf,a WK& ly WK jeks f,vfrda.
fnda lsßug fya;=jk uÿrejkag b;d fydoska fnda úh yel'
7' úI øjH yd fkdfhl=;a wm øjH iys; c,h" mßirhg uqod
yeßu u.ska isÿjk c, ÿIKh'
8' kd.ÍlrKh yd ta iu.u we;s jk wmøjH'
rg ;=, we;s fndfyda k.r .;a úg tajd wdY%s;j wmøjH ksisf,i
l<uKdlrkh lsßfï uOHia:dk msysgd ke;' wmøjH ksoe,af,a
neyer lsÍfuka fïjdfha mj;sk øj fldgia mi ;=,g ldkaÿ ù
67
f.dia N+ . ; c,h
iu. tl;= ù u ks i d
N+ . ; c, uQ , dY%
ÿIKh fõ' niakdysr
m<d; ie,l+ úg tys
we;s kd.ßl yd Wm
kd.ßl m% f oa Y
wdY% s ; j we;s wfkla
úYd,u .eg¿j c,h
u, øjH u.ska ÿIKh
úuhs'
by, m%foaY j, j.d lghq;= j,g Ndú;d lrk fkdfhl=;a fmdfydr
j¾. fidaod f.k tau ksid my;a m%foaY j, we;s c,dY j, iqfmdaIKh
(Eutrophication) isÿúh yel' fuh wNHka;r c,dY j,g b;d wys;lr
f,i n,mEï we;s lrhs' lDIsld¾ñl m%foaY wdY%s;j we;s ,sx j,
c,fha khsfÜ%g idkaøkh jeä úug fuu ridhksl fmdfydr j¾.
fya;=fjhs'
lDIsld¾ñlj Ndú;d lrk ridhk øjH ^Wod (- fmdfydr j¾." j,a
kdYl" m,sfndaO kdYl jeks foa& u;=msg yd N+.; c,fha iajNdjh
fjkia lsßug m%Odk jYfhka n,mdhs'
hdmk w¾Ooaúmh .;a úg tys we;af;a fkd.eUqre uÜgul we;s
N+.; c,hhs' fuu N+.; c, uq,dY% wdY%s;j khsfÜ%g idkaøKh
200mg/l ^,Sgrhg ñ,s .a?ï 200& jvd jd¾:d ù we;'
le<Ks .Õ u.ska fmdaIKh jk fld<U k.rhg c,h fnod yßk
wU;f,a c,dYhgo m%Odk ;¾ckh ù we;af;a ,jK c,h we;=,a
úuhs' .x.d wdY%s;j isÿjk je,s f.dv oeófuka .x.d m;=f,a .eUqr
jeä ùu ksid ,jK c,h .x.d j,g we;=¿ fõ'
wNHka;r c,dY ÿIKh ñksidf.a fi!LHhg b;du;a wys;lr n,mEï
t,a, lrhs' c,h wdY%s;j we;sjk f,v frda. fuhg fya;=jk w;r
;jo fuu ÿIK ;;ajhka u;aiHhka" l=re,a,ka yd wfkl=;a Ôúkago
wys; lr f,i n,mdhs'
68
fhdackd
• lDIsl¾udka; lghq;= i|yd ridhk øjH Ndú;d lsßu yd
ridhks l fmdfydr j¾. Ndú;d ls ß u wju ls ß u;a
wdfoaYlhla jYfhka ldnksl øjH Ndú;d lsßu ^fldïfmdiaÜ
fmdfydr& m,sfndaO md,khg ffcj md,k l%u fhdod .ekSu'
• le<s li, yd úI øjH c,dY j,g tl;= fkdúug j. n,d
.ekSu
• wm øjH iys; c,h .,d nei hk osh myrj,a wjysr úu
j,ld,Su
• iqfmdaIKh je,elaúu i|yd c, fmdaIl m%foaY ukd f,i
l<uKdlrkh'
• kd.ßl m% f oa Y wdY% s ; j wmøjH neyer ls ß fï l% u j;a
l%shdud¾. ieliSu'
• b;d úYd, jYfhka ¥IK øjH ks m ojk l¾udka ; Yd,d
ld¾ñl m%foaY wdY%s;j msysgqúu yd tajd wdY%s;j wm c,h
yd wm øjH m%;spl%slrKh lsßu i|yd l%ufõo ieliSu'
tajd l%udKql+,j isÿjkjd±hs mßlaId lsßu'
• jvd iqÿiq mdßißl l<uKdlrk l%u Ndú;h'
jdhq ¥IKh
• f.dvke.s , s " m% ; s u d" lDIs l ¾udka ; h" i;a ; a j md,kh"
ixialD;sluh jYfhka jákdlula we;s øjH j,g wys;lr
f,i n,mEu'
wêl f,i is ÿ lrk lDIs l ¾udka ; lghq ; = " Yla ; s ks Y a m dokh"
l¾udka;Yd,d" jeks ñksia l%shdldrlï jeäúu jdhq ÿIKhg b;d
úYd, f,i n,md we;' by; i|yka wdldr j,ska msgjk jdhq j¾.
yd øj wmøjH md,kh lsßfuka" tajd u.ska ñksidg we;sjk n,mEï
o wju l, yel'
lDIs l¾udka;h
YS% ,xldfõ wE; w;S;fha mgkau lDIsl¾uh u; mokï jQ wd¾Ól
rgdjla meje;s w;r ì%;dkH md,k ld,fha§ f;a" rn¾ iy fmd,a
j.djka wdrïN lrk ,È' uq,a ld,fha§ fldams yd iskf
a ldakd (cinchona)
j.d l< kuq;a tu j.djka wid¾:l ù we;' fndfyda ld,hl isg
f;a" rn¾ iy fmd,a uyd mßudKfhka j.d lrk w;r fuh úfoaY
úksuh bmehSfï m%Odk ud¾.h njgo m;aj we;' wlalr 210"621 l
f;a j.djo" wlalr 114"681 l rn¾o wlalr 394"836 l fmd,a j.djo
rg;=, isÿflf¾'

ld¾ólrKh;a" ud._ wdY%s;j r: jdyk ixLHdj jeäúu;a iu.u

jdhq ¥IKh by< hñka mj;s ' fuh kd.ßl m% f oa Y wdY% s ; j
úfYaIfhka niakdysr m,d; ;=, olakg ,efí' fkdfhl=;a jdhq j¾."
ÿú,s" ÿu jeks ndysr øjH ñksidf.a fi!LHhg wys;lr f,i n,mdk
w;r jdhq ¥IKh i|ydo tajd fya;= fõ'

m%Odk jdhq ¥Il j¾. jkqfha khsg%cka jdhqfõ Tlaihsâ (No2, No3)
iy i,a*¾ jdhqfõ Tlaihâ (So4)" ldnka fudfkdlaihsâ (Co3)" yhsfv%d
ldnka j¾." úI f,day yd fjk;a úI iys; wxY= j¾.hka fõ'

jdhq ÿIKh ksid m%Odk m%Yak lsysmhla we;sfõ'

• <uhskaf.a iy jeäysáhkaf.a fi!LH ;;ajhg ;¾ck t,a,
úu'

69
 me,Eá kdYl yd lDñ kdYl j¾Id c,hg uqiqj c,dY j,g tl;=
ùuo isÿfjhs'

j.dìï ieliSfï§ tu N+ñfha we;s ish¿u .ia" m÷re iy je,a

wdÈh úkdY ls Í u fya ; = f jka mßir moa O ;s h ;= < Ôj;a j k
fndfydauhla Ôú úfYaIj, jdiia:dk wysñ ùu isÿfjhs' fï fya;f
= jka
tu m%foaYj, ffcj úúO;ajh iS.%fhka my< nisk w;r" Ôú úfYaI
lsysmhla muKla ia:dms; fõ' rn¾ j.djkays há frdamkfha ffcj
úúO;ajh" f;a j.dfõ ffcj úúO;ajhg jvd by< w.hla .kS'
;jo" Wlaj.d ìï wdY%s;jo wvq ffcj úúO;ajhla we;s jqjo tys
óhka isák neúka Tjqka wdydrhg .kak i¾mhska o tys Ôj;a fõ'
f.dhï tla/ia lr we;s ia:dkj,go óhka meñKSu ksid tu ia:dk
j,go i¾mhska meñfKa'

ù j.dj i|yd c,h wjYH jk w;r" fndfydauhla f.dùka wjYH

m%udKhg jvd jeämqr c," mßfNdackh lrk neúka wfkl=;a ù
f.dùkag wjYH c, m%udKh imhd .ekSu wmyiq ù we;' fuu c,
wjYH;djh iDcqju j¾Id c,fhka fyda .nvd fldg we;s j¾Id
c,fhka ^jeõ& imqrd .ks'
rfÜ lDIsld¾ñl ìï ieleiau m%Odk jYfhka ù j.dfjka iukaú;
w;r" tu j.d ìï m%udKh wlalr 600"000 la muK fõ' wjqreoafoa
úh<s l,dmfha f.dùka ;u f.dú;eka lghq;= i|yd ó .jhska fhdod
j¾Idm;kh ,eîfï rgdj wkqj jirlg fojrla ù j.dj isÿ flf¾'
.kakd w;r" lsß M<fokqkf
a .ka lsß ,nd .kS' ó lsß ksIm
a dok lsÍfuka
^h, lkakfha § yd uy lkakfha§& w;S;fha Y%s ,xldj iy,ska iajhx
fuu f.dùka wu;r wodhula ,nd .ks' f.dùka ;u .j rxpq" rd;%S
fmdaIs;j ;snq kuq;a" jeäjk ck.ykh iuÕ iy,a wjYH;djh
ld,fhaÈ uv f.dfydre iys; m%foaYj, .d,alr ;nk w;r" fuh
imqrd .ekSug wmyiq ù we;'
tu i;a;ajhskago mßirhgo ys;lr fkdfõ' ;jo" fuu .jhska
wfkl=;a f.dùkag o f.j;=j,go ydks lrk w;r" rxpq jYfhka
l÷rg f;a bvï yd t<j¿ j.djka j, whym;a l<uKdlrkh
wdrlaIs; jk WoHdkj,g we;=,aùu fya;=fjka jk i;=kag we;s c,h
fya;=fjka mdxY= Ldokh yd N+ñfha msßySu isÿfjhs' ìï ieliSfï§
yd wdydr wvq ùuo isÿfõ' f.dú;eka lghq;= j,§ we;sjk wys;lr
fhdod .kakd iuyr WmlrK fya;=fjka u;=msg mia ;Ügqj úkdY
;;a;ajhka f,i fïjd ie,lsh yelsh'
jk w;r" j¾Id c,h iuÕ fuu mia fidaod f.dia c,dYj, ;ekam;a
ùu ksid c,dYj, .eUqr wvq ùuo isÿfjhs' j¾Idj ld<fhaÈ .xÕdj,
lDIs l¾udka;fha§ we;sjk mdßißl .eg¿
.,dhk c,h ÿUqre meye ùu u.ska mdxY= Ldokh fmkakqï flf¾'
• mdxY= Ldokh ksid isÿjk N+ñ ydhkh
wêl f,i lDIs ridhk fh§u fya;=fjka ftkaøSh øjHhka fkdue;s
iEu wjqreoaolu ñ,s óg¾ 5 - 10 la muK u;=msg mia
ùu ksid iuyr m%foaYj, miaj,ska mdxY= Ôúka iïmq¾Kfhkau jdf.a
;Ügqj úkdY ùu isÿfõ'
j|ù f.dia we;' tys m%;sM,hla f,i tu mfia i;aj úúO;ajfha
• fyaka f.dú;eka lghq;= ^uq¿ N+ñ m%udKfhka 15] la muK&
wiu;=,s;;djhla we;s ù ;sfí' tfiau wêl f,i Ndú;d lrk j,a
• È<s÷lu
71 72
ixpdrl jHdmdrh • ma,diaála $ fmd<s;k
S a yd fnda;,a wdÈh iajdNdúl mßirhg
tl;= ùu'
miq.sh wjqreÿ 40 l ld,h ;=< ixpdrl jHdmdrfha jeä m%.;shla • c, moaO;s ¥IKh úu'
we;s jq w;r fuys mj;sk fm!rdKsl kgUqka keröug yd ukrï • jk Ôúkag yd wfkl=;a ixpdrlhskag wjysr;d we;s ùu'
fjr< ;Srhg ixpdrlhska jeä we,aula olajhs' • WoHdk ;=< jdyk ;onohla we;sùu'

j¾;udkfha bÈlsÍï m%foaY (Built/environment)

mßirh wdY% s ;
ixpdrl jHdmdrfha jeäjk ck.ykh
(Ecotourism) jeä yd Tjq k a f .a ðjk
m% . ;s h la oels h ;;a ; a j h by<
yel' jkdka;r yd kexùfï m% h ;a k
jk ðúka iuÕ rfÜ
keröugo .eUq r e f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍï
yd fkd.eUq r e m%udKho by< f.dia
uq y q f oa ls ñ ÿï we;' fld<U k.rfha
i|ydo Tjqka jeä ie,l+ úg j¾.
leue;a;la olajhs' ie;mqï 75 l muK
m% f oa Y hl ^uq ¿ N+ ñ
ixpdrl jHdmdrfha§ mßir ixrCIKh ms<sn| ie,ls,a, fhduq m%udKfhka ishhg 0'1 la& bÈlsßñ isÿ fjñka mj;s' fujeks m%foaYj,
fkdjqkfyd;a iajNdúl mßirhg ydkslr ;;aj we;súh yelsh' isÿjk m%Odk mdßißl m%Yakh jkafka >K wmøjH neyer lsÍuhs'
Bg wu;rj jdhq ÿIKh yd c, ÿIKho isÿfõ' kd.ßl m%foaYj,
miq.sh oYl fol we;=<; jkÔú WoHdk" jkdka;r yd wfkl=;a we;s nrm;,u ;;a;ajh jkafka îug wjYH msßisÿ c,h ysÕ ùuhs'
iajNdúl mßir moaO;sj,g ixpdrlhskaf.a meñKSu by< f.dia
we;' ;jo" mdi,a úIh ud,djg iajNdúl mßirh wdY%s; lreKq wmøjH tla/ia lsÍfï yd l<uKdlrkh lsÍfï ÿ¾j,;d iy
we;=,;a lsßu ksid mdi,a isiqkaf.a meñKSu úYd, jYfhka isÿfõ' kd.ßl m%foaYj, Ôj;ajkakkaf.a fkdyslauqKq l%shdjka fya;=jka
fufia ixpdrlhska f.a meñKSu fya;=fjka le,s li, tla/ia ùu" fndfydauhla m%foaYj, >k wmøjH tl;= ùu isÿ fjhs' wmøjH
jdykj, ÿï mßirhg tla ùu yd Yío ÿIKh wdÈh l%ufhka neyer lsÍfï§ we;sjk .eg¿" w¾O kd.ßl m%foaYj, yd .%dóh
by< f.dia we;' m%foaYj, idfmaCIj wvq uÜgul mj;S'

ixpdrl jHdmdrh wdY%s; .eg¿ bÈlsÍï m%foaY u; we;sjk m%Odk mSvk ;;a;ajhla kï"

• ÿïjeá $ is.rÜ Ndú;h ksid isÿjk le,E .sks .ekSï • wl%uj;a$kqiqÿiq f,i N+ñ mßfNdackh'
• Wvjeähd j¾." u,a j¾. yd Ydl wdÈh tl;= lsÍu yd • by< hk b,a¨ug iß,k f,i wjYH;d fkdiemhSu'
i;aj fldgia tl;= lsÍu ksid isÿjk ydksh' ^Wod ( uxudj;a" mdkSh c, wjYH;dj&
• i;=kag ydks lsÍu' • wêl ck.yk >k;ajh'

73 74
 • kd.ßl m%foaYj,g ck;dj talrdYS úu' le,s li, fya;=fjka we;sjk wys;lr ;;ajh
• kd.ßl m%foaYj, jeä jYfhka l¾udka; Yd,d talrdYS ùu
yd jHdma; ùu' a) úúO frda. jHdma; ùu ksid nrm;, fi!LH .eg¿ we;sùu'
• my;a îï" f;;a ì ï yd wfkl= ; a újD; ia : dk keje; b) f;;a jq l=Kq li, j,ska ÿ¾.kaOhla ksl=;a ùu'
f.dvke.Sï uÕska m%fhdackhg .ekSu' c) frda. we;s lrk CIqø Ôúkaf.a j¾Okhg yd meje;Sug ys;lr
mßir ;;ajhla we;sùu'
le<s li, wdY%s; .eg¿ d) >k wmøjH w;m; .Eu fya;=fjka úúO wdldrfha wdidÈ;
frda. we;s ùu'
kd.ßl m%foaYj, le,s li, neyer lsÍu iïnkaOj nrm;, .eg¿ e) c,dY wdY%s;j wmøjH f.dv.eiSu fya;=fjka u;=msg c,h yd
we;s ù ;sfí' jeäjk ck.ykhla iuÕ mßirhg úYd, jYfhka N+.; c,h wmú;%ùu'
f) wmøjH iDcqj c,dYj,g neyer lsÍu fya;=fjka úI øjH ner
f,day wdÈh c,hg tla/ia jk w;r fïjd wdydr odu Tiafia
Ydl yd i;=ka ;=< tla/ia fõ'
g) l<uKdlrKh fkdlrk ,o ±j oykhka u.ska jdhq ¥IKh
isÿ fõ'
h) úúOdldr my;aìï f.dvlsÍï l%u fya;=fjka frda. jHdma;
lrk lDóka yd óhka wd§ i;=ka fndaùu isÿfõ'

le,s li, .eg¿jg úiÿula f,i tajd ms,siaiSu l< fkdyelsh'

ukao fuysoS jdhq" N+ñ yd c, ¥IKh isÿúh yelsh' tfiau jdhq
¥IKh fya;=fjka ´fidaka ia;rhg ydks isÿúh yels w;r fï ksid
mD;=úh wêl f,i WKqiqï ùfï l%shdj,shg odhl;ajhla iemfha'
bkamiq isÿjk foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdi fya;=fjka úúO .eg¿ we;súh
yel'

le<sli, .eg¿ wju lsÍu i|yd

tl;= jk l=Kq li, wod< rdcH fyda wfkl=;a wdh;kj,g myiqfjka • fmd,s;ska nE.a Ndú;h kqiqÿiq
neyer lsÍug fyda md,kh lsÍug fkdyels ù we;' tfiau fï jk njg ck;dj ±kqj;a l, hq;=hs'
úg fuu ;;a;ajh .%dóh m%foaYj,go jHdma; fjñka mj;s' • fj<|m,g hdfï§ ;ukaf.au
u,a,la /f.k hdu'
ffoksl lghq;= j,§ m%fhdackhg .; fkdyels wkjYH øjH bj;a • fmd,s;ska ojgk fjkqjg lvodis
lrk w;r" fïjd l=Kq li, f,i mßirhg tl;= fõ' WodyrK ojgk Ndú;d lsÍu'
f,i fndfydauhla k.r wdY%s;j bj;,k fmd,s;Ska" ma,diaála yd
ldnksl øjH oelaúh yelsh' tajd uÕska ñksid we;=¿ Ôúkag wys;lr
n,mEï we;sfõ'

75 76
kej; mdúÉÑ lsÍu iq¿ mßudKfhka fuh
isÿl, yels w;r" fï
• tlu øjH úúO Ndú;hka i|yd fhdod .ekSu' i|yd ñksia u, øjH"
• mrK ma,diaála fnda;,a" u¨ yd mrK frÈ kej; kej; i;a j u< øjH" Ydl
Ndú;h' fldgia " t<j¿"
• tla fmd,s;ska u,a,la fojrla j;a Ndú;d lsÍu' m,;=re wdÈfha bj;,k
fldgia yd
m%;spl%SlrKh ;=,ska l¾udka;j,§ bj;,k
øjH wdÈh fhdod .;
• wuqøjH fhoùu wju lsÍug yelsfõ' yelsh'
• wmøjH neyerlsÍu ksid we;sjk mdßißl .eg¿ wju fõ'
• jg msgdj msßisÿj yd fi!LH iïmkak f,i mj;ajd .ekSug
yels fõ' fldïfmdaiaÜ iE§u
• mßirh wdrCId fõ'
• uqo,a b;sß fõ' fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr uÕska
• w¨;ska øjH ksIamdokh lsÍug jehjk Yla;sh wvq lsÍug Ydlj,g w;HdjYH uQ,øjH
yels fõ' imhk w;r" fï uÕska mi
idrj;a lrkq ,efí' ;jo"
>k wmøjH neyer lsÍfï l%u ridhks l fmdfydr j¾.
Ndú;fhka we;s j k
• t<suyfka wmøjH neyer lsÍu (Open dumps) CIdÍh;djh yd wdï,sl;djh
• w¾O f,i md,kh lrk ,o f.dv lsÍï j, (Semi controlled wdÈho wju jk w;r" mdxY=
landfills) Ldokho je,efla'
• l% u j;a j md,kh lrk ,o f.dvls Í ï j, (Engineered
Controlled landfills)
• fi!LHdrCIs; f.dvlsÍïj, (Sanitary landfills)
isÿjk ydks wju lsÍu i|yd ish¿u ;dCIKsl l%shdud¾.
iuÕ lrkq ,nk l%u fõohls'

>k wmøjH neyer lsÍfï§ m%fhdackj;a m%dfhda.sl l%u 2 la we;'

tkï Ôj jdhq W;amdokh yd fldñfmdaiaÜ ksmoùuhs'

ðj jdhq W;amdokh

ldnksl øjHj, isÿjk ks¾jdhq Yajikfha m%;sM,hla f,i W;amdokh

jk jdhQka Yla;s m%Njhla f,i fhdod .; yelsh' .%dóh m%foaYj,

77 78
 mßNdysr ixrCIKh i;a;aj WoHdk" WoaNso WoHdk" T!Iëh Ydl
Whka" cdk nexl=" .%dyl ;;a;aj hgf;a wNsckkh lsÍu" mgl
fldgia yd cdk c,diaud ixrlaIKh" îc nexl= msysgqùu uÕska l<
yel'

wksis f,i Ndú;d lsßu yd úkdY ù hdu ksis f,i l<ukdlrKh

ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIKh
ixrla I Kh hkq f jka ye¢ka f jka f ka wkd.; mrïmrdjg;a "
m%fhdackhg .; yels jk mßoafoka ffcjf.da,fha we;s iïm;a
;sridr f,i Ndú;d lsÍu;a" l<ukdlrKh lsßu;ah' fuh m%Odk
fldgia follg fjka l, yel'
lsßu uÕska Ôúka ixrlaIKh l,yel' úfYaI ixrlaIKh l,
yelafla Tjqkaf.a jdiia:dk yd Tjqkaf.a cdk úúO;ajh ixrlaIKh
lsÍu uÕsks' fï i|yd oekg rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk lSmhla
tl;= ù ixrlaIK lghq;= wdrïN lr we;' jkÔú ixrlaIK
fomd¾;fïka;=j" jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j" fjr< ixrlaIK
fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl i;a;aj WoHdk fomd¾;fïka;=j ffcj
úúO;aj f,alï ldhH_xYh yd uOHu mßir wêldßh u.ska lghq;=
lrf.k hkq ,efí'

ia:dkSh ixrlaIKh

ffk;s; ^kS;suh& l%shdoduhska yryd ixrCIKh$±kg mj;sk kS;s

fr.=,dis wdÈh l%shd;aul lsÍu ;=<ska isÿl, yel' fuhg Ydl yd
i;a;j a wdrlaIK wd{dmk;" ffcj úúO;aj ms<n s | iïuq;"s wdrlaI;
s
m%foaY msysgqùu" mdßißl m%;sia:dmkh" kej; jk j.dj" Ôù úfYaI
Tjqkaf.a iajNdúl mßir j,g kej; y÷kajd §u" iïm;a ;sridr
f,i Ndú;d lsßu jeks foaj,a we;=,;a fõ'

mßNdysr ixrlaIKh

79 80
Y%S ,xldj wjg uqyqfoa yuqjk leianE úfYaI 5 ls' Y%S ,xldfõ olakg ,efnk W.%úI i¾mhska

Y%S ,xldfõ f.dvìu fjfik i¾mhska w;=ßka úfYaI 6 la muKla

W.% úI iys; jk w;r Tjqka my; olajd we;' fï w;=ßka fom;a
l¿jd hkq b;d l=vd i¾mhl= jk neúka Tjqka ñksidg oIaG l<
wjia:d b;d úr,h' wfkl=;a Y%S ,xldfõ jd¾:djk ish¿u i¾mhska
uo úI fyda úI rys;h'

1' fld< leianEjd 2' T¿f.ä leianEjd

Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta)

kd.hd$khd uqÿ lrj,d

Cobra (Naja naja) Sri Lankan Krait (Bungarus ceylonicus)

3' fmd;= leianEjd 4' odr leianEjd

Hawksbill turtle (Eretochelys imbricata) Leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)

;s;a fmd<Õd f;,a lrj,d

Russiell's Viper (Daboia russelii) Common Indian Krait (Bungarus caeruleus)

5' ngq leianEjd ì;a;rfhka t<shg meñKs leianE megfjla

Olive ridley turtle
(Lepidochelys olivacea)

je,s fmd<Õd fom;a l¿jd

Saw Scaled Viper (Echis carinatus) Sri Lankan Coral Snake
(Calliophis melanurus sinhaleyus)

81 82
uqyqÿ khs $ jd,lalä
óg wu;rj Y% S ,xldj wjg uq y q f oa lros h jdiS i¾m úfYa I
^jd,lalä$uqyqÿ khs& 13 la yuqjk w;r Tjqka ish,a,u W.%úI iys;
fõ' kuq;a Tjqka ñksiqkag oIaG lsÍug fm<fUkafka ke;'
msyskSug wkqj¾:khla f,i Tjqkaf.a YÍr fl<jr me;,s ù yn,l
wdldrhg ilia ù we;'
nv ly uqyqÿ khd
Yellow-bellied sea snake (Pelamis Platurus)
83
weuqKqï$Annexures
Y%S ,xldj wjg jd¾;d jk iuqø CISrmdhSka ,ehsia;=j
ORDER CETACEA
SUB-ORDER MYSTICETI
FAMILY: BALAEVOPTERIDAE
Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus) ks,a ;,auid
Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus)
Bryde’s Whale (Balaenaptera edeni)
Minke Whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)
SUB-ORDER ODONTOCETI
FAMILY: PHYSEYERIDAE
Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus)
FAMILY: KOGIIDAE
Pygmy Sperm Whale (Kogia breviceps) l=vd ukaø ;,auid
Dwarf Sperm Whale (Kogia sima) l=re ;,auid
FAMILY: ZIPHIIDAE
Cuvier’s Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris)
Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale (Mesoplodon ginkgodens)
Blainville's Beakcd Whale (Mesopladon densirostris)
Southern Bottlenose Whale (Hyperoodon planifrons)
FAMILY: DELPHINIDAE
Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) óksure ;,auid
False Killer Whale (Pseudorca crassidens)
Pygmy Killer Whale (Feresa attenuata) l=vd óksure ;,auid
Melon-headed Whale (Pcponocephula electra)
mqyqf,d,a ;,auid
Short-finned Pilot Whale (Globicephala macrohynchus)
Risso’s Dolphin (Grampus griseus)
Rough-toothed Dolphin (Steno bredanensis) r¿ o;a fvd,amska
Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin (Sousa chinensis) lnr uq,,
a d
Common Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
84
 fmdÿ È. iqUq fvd,amska Y%S ,xldfõ wdfõKsl mCISka
Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) fmdÿ fvd,amska
English Name Sinhala Name Scientific Name
Fraser’s Dolphin (Lagenodelphis hosei)
Long-snouted Spinner Dolphin (Stenella Iongirostris) 1. Sperfowl Haban Kukula Galloperdix bicalcarata
Pantropical Spotted Dolphin (Stenella attenuata) 2. Jungle Fowl Wali Kukula Gallus lafayetti
Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba)
3. Wood Pigeon Maila-goya Columba torringtoni
FAMILY: PHOCOENIDAE 4. Pompadour Pita-rathu Batagoya Treron pompadora
Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) Green Pigeon
wprjr,a fvd,amska 5. Hanging Parrot Giramaliththa Loriculus beryllinus

FAMILY: DUGONGIDAE 6. Layard’s Parakeet Alu Girawa Psittacula calthropae

Dugong (Dugong dugon) uqyqÿ W!rd 7. Sri Lanka Green- Bata Ati-kukula Centropus chlororhynchos
billed Coucal
8. Red-faced Mal Koha Watha Rathu Phaenicophaeus
Y%S ,xldfõ olakg ,efnk lfvd,dk Ydl úfYaI Mal Koha pyrrhocephalus
9. Serendib Scops Owl Panduwan Bassa Otus thilohoffmanni
1' uyd lfvd,a - Rhizopho apiculata 10. Chestnut-backed Owlet Pitathambala Glaucidium castanonotum
2' uyd lfvd,a - Rhizopho mucronata Wana-bassa
3' u,a lfvd,a - Bruguiera gymnrhiza
11. Grey Hornbill Alu Kandaththa Ocyceros gingalensis
4' u,a lfvd,a - Bruguiera sexangula
5' u,a lfvd,a - Bruguiera cylindrica 12. Yellow-fronted Barbet Ran-nalal Kottoruwa Megalaima flavifrons
6' mqxlKav - Ceriops caseolaris 13. Ceylon Small Barbet Oluwa Rathu Megalaima rubricapilla
7' ls r < - Sonneratia Caseolaris Kottoruwa
8' hla lsr< - Sonneratia alba 14. Crimson-backed Maha Rathu Kerala Chrysocolaptes stricklandi
9' uKav - Avicennia marina Flameback
10' uKAv - Avicennia officinalis 15. Red-rumped Swallow Bada Rathu Hirundo hyperythra
11' wejß lfvd,a - Aegiceras corniculatum Wahi-lihiniya
12' lgq blsßh - Acanthus illicifolius 16. Ceylon Wood Shrike Wana Kowulaspatiya Pondicerianus affinis
13' f;,lSßh - Excoecaria agallocha
17. Black- capped (crested) Hisa Kalu Kondaya Pycnonotus melanicterus
14' uqÜá lfvd,a - Xylocarpus grangtum Bulbul
15' .sxfmd,a - Nypa fruticans
16' le/x - Acrostichum aureum 18. Yellow-eared Bulbul Kaha Kondaya Pycnonotus penicillatus
17' wegqk - Heritiera littoralis 19. Scaly Thrush Pethi-gomara Zoothera imbricate
18' neßh - Luminitzera racemosa Wal-avichchiya
19' r;ñ,a, - Luminitzera littorea 20. Whistling Thrush/Arenga Arangaya Myiophoneus blighi
20' l¿ lfvd,a - Scyphiphora hydrophylacea 21. Dull-blue Flycatcher Andurunil-Masimara Eumyias sordid

85 86
 English Name
22. Ashy-headed Laughing
Thrush
23. Brown-capped Babbler
24. Ceylon Scimitar Babbler
25. Orange-billed Babbler
26. Bush Warbler
27. White-throated
Flowerpecker
28. White-eye
29. White-headed Starling
30. Sri Lanka Mynah
31. Ceylon Crested Drongo
32. Blue magpie
33. Spot-winged Thrush
87
Sinhala Name Scientific Name
Y%S ,xldfõ CISrmdhs kdudj,sh
Alu Demalichcha Garrulax cinereifrons Order: PHOLIDOTA
Family: Pangolin (Manidae)
1 Species: Maniscrassicaudata, Gray 1827 (Pangolin/Kaballewa) NT
Mudun Bora Pellorneum fuscocapillus Order: INSECTIVORA
Demalichcha Family: Shrews (Soricidae)
2 Species: Crocidurahorsfieldi, Tomes, 1856 (Horsfield’s Shrew) CR
Dekathi Demalichcha Pomatorhinus melanurus
3 Species: Crociduramiya, Phillips, 1929 (Ceylon Long-tailed Shrew) CR
Rathu Demalichcha Turdoides rufescens 4 Species: Crocidura hikmiya Meegaskumbura 2007 (Sinharaja Shrew) CR
5 Species: Feroculusferoculus, Kelaart, 1850
Rusi-Raviya Elaphrornis palliseri
(Kelaart’s Long-clawed Shrewa) EN
Pilalichcha Dicaeum vincens 6 Species: Solisorexpearsoni, Thomas, 1924
(Pearson’s Long-clawed Shrew) CR
Lanka Sithasiya Zosterops ceylonensis 7 Species: Suncusetruscus, Savi, 1822 (Pigmy Shrew) EN
8 Species: Suncusfellowes-gordoni, Phillips, 1932
Hisa-sudu Sharikava Sturnia albofrontata (Sri Lanka Pygmy Shrew) EN
Salalihiniya Gracula ptilogenys 9 Species: Suncusmontanus, Kelaart, 1850 (Highland Shrew) EN
10 Species: Suncusmurinus, Linnaeus, 1766 (House Shrew) LC
Konda Kawda Dicrurus lophorinus / 11 Species: Suncuszeylanicus, Phillips, 1928 (Sri Lanka jungle shrew) DD
Dicrurus paradiseus
Order: CHIROPTERA
Kehi bella Urocissa ornata Family: Sheath-tailed bats (Emballonuridae)
12 Species: Taphozouslongimanus, Hardwicke, 1825
Thith piya tirasikaya Geokichla spiloptera
(Long-armed sheath-tailed bat) EN
13 Species: Taphozousmelanopagan, Temminck, 1841
(Black-bearded sheath-tailed bat) VU
14 Species: Taphozoussaccolaimus, Temminck, 1838
(Pouch-bearing sheath-tailed bat) CR
Family: Leaf-nosed bats (Hipposideridae)
15 Species: Hipposiderosater, Templeton, 1848 (Bi-colored leaf-nosed bat) LC
16 Species: Hipposiderosfulvus, Gray, 1838( Fulvous Leaf-nosed bat) EN
17 Species: Hipposiderosgaleritus, Cantor, 1846 (Dekhan leaf-nosed bat) VU
18 Species: Hipposideroslankadiva, Kelaart, 1850 (Great leaf-nosed bat) VU
19 Species: Hipposiderosspeoris, Schneider, 1800 (Schneider’s leaf-nosed bat) LC
Family: False-vampire bats (Megadermatidae)
20 Species: Megadermalyra, Geoffroy, 1810 (False Vampire bat) VU
21 Species: Megadermaspasma, Linnaeus, 1758 (Long-eared Vampire bat) VU
Family: Free-tailed bats (Molossidae)
22 Species: Tadaridaaegyptiaca, Geoffroy, 1818
(Coninental wrinkled-lipped bat) CR
23 Species: Tadaridaplicatus, Buchnnan, 1800 (Common wrinkled-lipped bat) CR
Family: Fruit bats and Flying foxes (Pteropodidae)
88
2 4 Species: Cyanopterusbrachyotis, Muller, 1838 5 1 Species: Prionailurusviverrinus, Bennett, 1833
(Lesser dog-nosed fruit bat) EN (Fishing cat/Handundiviya) EN
2 5 Species: Cyanopterus sphinx, Vahl, 1797 (Short-nosed Fruit bat) LC Family: Mongooses (Herpestidae)
2 6 Species: Pteropusgiganteus, Brunnich, 1782 (Flying Fox/Ma wawula) LC 5 2 Species: Herpestesbrachyurus, Gray, 1837
2 7 Species: Rousettusleschenaulti, Desmarest, 1820 (Fulvous fruit bat) LC (Brown Mongoose/Bora Mugatiya) LC
Family: Horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae) 5 3 Species: Herpestesedwardsii, Geoffroy, 1818
2 8 Species: Rhinolophusbeddomei, Anderson, 1905 (Great Horse-shoe bat) VU (Grey Mongoose/Alumugatiya) LC
2 9 Species: Rhinolophusrouxii, Temminck, 1835 (Rufous Horseshoe bat) LC 5 4 Species: Herpestessmithii Gray, 1837
Family: Evening bats, Tube-nosed bats, Long-winged (Black-tipped Mongoos/Ruddy Mongoos) LC
bats and Painted bats 5 5 Species: Herpestesvitticollis Bennett, 1835
(Vespertilionidae) (Stripe-necked Mongoos/MahaMugatiya/Gal mugatiya) VU
3 0 Species: Hesperoptenustickelii, Blyth, 1851 (Tickell’s bat) DD Family: Otters (Mustelidae)
3 1 Species: Kerivoulahardwickeii, Horsefield, 1824 (Malpas’s bat) CR 5 6 Species: Lutralutra Linnaeus, 1758 (Otter/Diya-balla) VU
3 2 Species: Kerivoulapicta Pallas, 1767 (Painted bat) NT Family: Bears (Ursidae)
3 3 Species: Miniopterousschreibersii, Kuhl, 1819 (Long-winged bat) EN 5 7 Species: Melursusursinus Show & Nodder, 1791 (Sloth Bear/Walaha) EN
3 4 Species: Myotishasselti, Temminck, 1840 (Brown bat) NT Family: Civets & Palm-cats (Viverridae)
3 5 Species: Murinacyclotis, Dobson, 1872 (Tube-nosed bat) NT 5 8 Species: Paradoxurushermaphroditus Pallas, 1777
3 6 Species: Pipistrellusaffinis, Dobson, 1871(Chocolate bat) CR (Palm cat/Uguduwa/Kalawadda) LC
3 7 Species: Pipistrellusceylonicus, Kelaart, 1852 (Kelaart’spipistrel) EN 5 9 Species: Paradoxurusaureus F.cuvier,1822 (Golden wet-zone palm civet) EN
3 8 Species: Pipistrelluscoromandra, Gray, 1838 (Indian pipistrel) VU 6 0 Species: Paradoxurusstenocephalus, Colin P. Groves et al. 2009
3 9 Species: Pipistrellustenuis, Temminck, 1840 (Pygmy Pipistrel) LC (Golden dry-zone palm civet) CR
4 0 Species: Scotophilusheathii, Horsefield, 1831 (Great yellow bat) VU 6 1 Species: Paradoxurusmontanus Kelaart, 1852
4 1 Species: Scotophiluskuhlii, Leach, 1821 (Lesser yellow bat) DD (Sri Lankan brown palm civet) EN
Order: PRIMATES 6 2 Species: Viverriculaindica Desmarest, 1817 (Ring-tailed civet/Urulewa) LC
Family: Monkeys (Cercopithecidae) Order: PROBOSCIDEA
4 2 Species: Macaca sinica, Linnaeus, 1771(Sri Lanka Toque monkey/Rilawa) LC Family: Elephants (Elephantidae)
4 3 Species: Semnopithecuspriam, Blyth, 1844 (Grey Langur/Eli wadura) LC 6 3 Species: Elephasmaximus Linnaeus, 1758 (Asian Elephant/Aliya/Etha) EN
4 4 Species: Trachypithecus vetulus, Erxleben, 1777 Order: ARTIODACTYLA
(Purple-faced leaf monkey/Kalu wadura/Kola wadura) EN Family: Buffaloes (Bovidae)
Family: Lorises (Lorisidae) 6 4 Species: Bubalusarnee Kerr, 1792 (Wild buffalo/KuluHaraka/Walmeema) VU
4 5 Species: Loris lydekkerianus, Cabrera, 1908 Family: Deer (Cervidae)
(Grey slender loris/AluUnahapuluwa) NT 6 5 Species: Axis axis Erxbleben, 1777 (Spotted deer/ThithMuwa) LC
4 6 Species: Loris tardigradus, Linnaeus, 1758 6 6 Species: Axis porcinus Zimmermann, 1777 (Hog deer/Vilmuwa/Gonamuwa) CR
(Sri Lanka Red slender loris/RathUnahapuluwa) VU 6 7 Species: Cervus unicolor Kerr, 1792 (Sambur/Gona) NT
Order: CARNIVORA 7 8 Species: Muntiacusmuntjak Zimmermann, 1780
Family: Dogs (Canidae) (Barking deer/Olumuwa/Welimuwa) NT
4 7 Species: Canisaureus, Linnaeus, 1758 (Jackal/Nariya/Hiwala) LC Family: Pigs (Suidae)
Family: Cats, Leopards (Felidae) 7 9 Species: Susscrofa Linnaeus, 1758 (Wild boar/WalUra) LC
4 8 Species: Felischaus, Gueldenstaedt, 1776 (Jungle Cat/Walbalala) NT Family: Mouse-deer (Tragulidae)
4 9 Species: Pantheraparduskotiya, Linnaeus, 1758 (Leopard/Kotiya) EN 7 0 Species: Moschiola meminna Erexleben, 1777
5 0 Species: Prionailurusrubiginosus, Geoffroy, 1831 (Sri Lanka Mouse deer/Sri lanka Meeminna) LC
(Rusty-spotted cat/Kola diviya/Balaldiviya) EN 7 1 Species: Moschiola kathygre Groves &Meijaard, 2005

89 90
 (Sri Lanka pygmy mouse-deer/Sri Lanka kurumeeminna) VU 2 Species: Feliscatus (Domestic cat/Balala/Pusa)
Order: RODENTIA Order: ARTIODACTYLA
Family: Porcupines (Hystricidae) Family: Buffaloes (Bovidae)
72 Species: Hystrixindica Kerr, 1792 (Pocupine/Ittewa) LC 3 Species: Bosndicus (Domestic hump-backed cattle/
Family: Bandicoots, Rats, Mice (Muridae) Sinhala elaharaka/BatuHaraka)
73 Species: Bandicotabengalensis Gray, 1835 (Mole Rat/HeenUru-meeya) LC 4 Species: Bostaurus (European cattle/Rata elaharaka)
74 Species: Bandicota indica Bechstein,1800 (Malabar Bandicoot/Uru meeya) LC 5 Species: Bubalusbubalis (Domestic water buffalo/Meeharaka)
75 Species: Madromysblanfordi Thomas, 1881 (White-tailed rat) EN 6 Species: Capra hircus (Domestic goat/Eluva)
76 Species: Golundaellioti Gray, 1837 (Bush rat) EN 7 Species: Ovisaries (Domestic sheep/Betaluwa)
77 Species: Millardiameltada Gray, 1837 (Soft-furred Field Rat ) EN Family: Pigs (Suidae)
78 Species: Musbooduga Gray 1837 (Field Mous) LC 8 Species: Susdomesticus (Domestic pig/Gam ura)
79 Species: Musfernandoni Phillips, 1932 (Sri Lanka Spiny mouse) EN Order: PERISODACTYLA
80 Species: Musmayori Thomas 1915 (Sri Lanka Spiny rat) EN Family: Equidae
81 Species: Musmusculus Linnaeus, 1758 (Indian House Mouse) LC 9 Species: Equusasinus (Donkey/PuttalamBuruwa)
82 Species: Rattusmontanus Phillips, 1932 (Nelu rat) CR 10 Species: Equuscaballus (Mannar ponies/Delft ponies/
83 Species: Rattusrattus Linnaeus, 1758 (Common rat) LC Horse/Poniya/Aswaya)
84 Species: Rattustanezumi Temminck, 1844 NT Order: RODENTIA
85 Species: Srilankamysohiensis Phillips, 1929 (Sri Lanka bicolored rat) EN Family: Bandicoots, Rats, Mice (Muridae)
86 Species: Vandeleurianolthenii Philipps 1929 11 Species: Rattusnorvegicus (Brown rat)
(Sri Lanka long-tailed tree mouse) CR Order: LAGOMORPHA
87 Species: Vandeleuriaoleracea Bennett, 1832 (Long-tailed tree mouse) VU Family: Hares & Rabbits (Leporidae)
88 Species: Tateraindica Hardwicke, 1807 (Antelope rat) LC 12 Species: Oryctolaguscuniculus (Domestic rabbit/Rata hawa)
Family: Flying Squirrels (Pteromyidae) Marine mammals recorded from the sea around Sri Lanka
89 Species: Petauristaphilippensis Elliot, 1839 Order: CETACEA
(Giant Flying Squirrel/Maha-hambawa) EN Family: Balaenopteridae (Rorquals and Hump-Nosed Whales)
90 Species: Petauristafuscocapillus Jerdon, 1847 1 Species: Balaenopteraacutorostrata (Mink Whale)
(Small Flying Squirrel/Heen-hambawa) EN 2 Species: Balaenoptera borealis(Sei Whale)
Family: Squirrels (Sciuridae) 3 Species: Balaenopteraedeni (Bryde’s Whale)
91 Species: Funambuluslayardi Blyth, 1849 (Sri lanka flame-striped jungle VU 4 Species: Balaenopteramusculus (Blue Whale)
squirrel/Mookalan Lena) 5 Species: Balaenopteraphysalus (Fin Whale)
92 Species: Funambulus palmarum Linnaeus, 1766 (Palm squirrel/Lena) LC 6 Species: Megapteranovaeangliae (Hump-Backed Whale)
93 Species: Funambulusobscurus Pelzeln and Kohl 1886 Family: Delphinidae (Dolphins and Killer Whales)
(Dusky striped jungle squirrel) VU 7 Species: Delphinusdelphis (Common Dolphin)
94 Species: Ratufamacroura Pennant, 1769 (Giant squirrel/Dandu-lena) LC 8 Species: Feresaattenuata (Pygmy killer Whale)
Order: LAGOMORPHA 9 Species: Globicephalamacrorhinchus (Short finned pilot Whale)
Family: Hares & Rabbits (Leporidae) 10 Species: Grampus griseus (Rissos dolphin/Gray Dolphin
95 Species: Lepusnigricollis Cuvier, 1823 (Black-naped hare/Hawa) LC 11 Species: Lagenodelphishosei (Fraser’s Dolphin)
Introduced terrestrial mammals 12 Species: Orcinus orca (Killer Whale)
Order: CARNIVORA 13 Species: Peponocephalaelectra (Melon headed Dolphin)
Family: Dogs (Canidae) 14 Species: Pseudorcacrassidens (False Killer Whales)
1 Species: Canisfamiliaris (Domestic dog/Balla) 15 Species: Sousa chinensis (Indo-pacific hump-back Dolpin)
Family: Cats, Leopards (Felidae) 16 Species: Stenellaattenuata (Pan tropical spotted Dolphin)

91 92
93
30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17

Order: SIRENIA
Family: Kogiidae

Family: Dugongidae
Family: Phocoenidae (Porpoises)

Family: Ziphiidae (Beaked Whales)

Species: Kogiasima (Dwarf Sperm Whale)
Family: Physeteridae (Sperm Whales)
Species: Phystermacrocephalus (Sperm whale)
Species: Stenellalongirostris (Spinner Dolphin)
Species: Stenellacoeruleoalba (Striped Dolphin)

Species: Kogiabreviceps (Pygmy Sperm Whale)

Species: Tursiopstruncatus (Bottle-Nosed Dolphin)
Species: Steno bredanensis (Rough-toothed Dolphin)

Species: Neophocoenaphocaenoides (Finless propoise)

Species: Indopacetuspacificus (Longman’s Beaked Whale)

Species: Mesoplodonhotaula (Ginkgo-Tooth Beaked Whale)

Species: Mesoplodondensirostris (Blainville’s Beaked Whale)
Species: Tursiopsaduncus (Indo-pacific Bottlenosed Dolphin)

Species: Dugong dugon (Common dugong/Sea cow/MuhuduUra)

Species: Ziphiuscavirostris (Goose-Beaked/Cuvier’s Beaked Whale)

Y%S ,xldfõ ñßÈh u;iH kdudj,sh - Fresh Water Fishes In Sri Lanka.
Species Name Common Name Local Name S. Status
Family - Anguillidae
1 Anguilla bicolor Level finned eel Kalu aandha / Mada aandha Indigenous
2 Anguilla nebulosa Long finned eel Pol mal aandha Indigenous
Family - Clupeidae
3 Ehirava fluviatilis Malabar sprat Gan ayrava / ayrava brakish/
freshwater
Family - Megalopidae
4 Megalops cyprinoides Tarpon Ilaya/ mareva/ Reanava brakish/
freshwater
Family - Synbranchidae
5 Ophisternon bengalense Swamp eel Potta aandha Indigenous
6 Monopterus desilvai Desilvi’s blind eel Potta aandha Endemic
Family - Cyprinidae
7 Amblypharyngodon grandisquammis Large Silver carplet Gangiliya Endemic
8 Amblypharyngodon melettinus Silver carplet Soraya Indigenous
9 Carassius auratus Golden carp Carp Exotic
10 Catla catla Catla Catla Exotic
11 Cirrhunus mirigal Mirigal Mirigal Exotic
12 Ctenopharyngodon idella Grass carp Thanakola carpaya Exotic
13 Cyprinus carpio Common carp Rata carpaya/ Podu kapaya Exotic
14 Danio rerio Zebra danio Zebra Exotic
15 Dawkinsia singhala Filamented Barb Dankola Pethiya Endemic
16 Dawkinsia srilankensis Blotched filamented Mal Pethiya Endemic
barb
94
95
17 Devario cf . aequipinnatus Knuckles Danio Dumbara salaya/Damkola salaya Endemic
18 Devario malabaricus Giant Danio Dankola Sayala / Rat kailaya Indigenous
19 Devario pathirana Barred danio Pathirana Salaya Endemic
20 Esomus thermoicos Flying barb / Revul Dandiya Endemic
Bearded rasbora
21 Garra ceylonensis Stone sucker Gal panderuwa / Gal Pandiya Endemic
22 Garra cf. phillipsi Phillips’ garra Gal panderuwa / Gal Pandiya Endemic
23 Hypothalmichthys nobilis Bighead carp Hisa loku capaya Exotic
24 Hypothalmichthys molitrix Silver carp Ridi carpaya Exotic
25 Labeo dussumieri Common labeo Hiri Kanaya / Gan Kanaya Indigenous
26 Labeo fisheri Mountain labeo / Gadeya / Kalu gadaya Endemic
Green Labeo
27 Labeo lankae Orange fin labeo Thambalaya / Thambala vanna Endemic
28 Labeo rohita Rohu Rohu/ rahu Exotic
29 Labuca insularis Knuckles labuca Dumbara karaedaya Endemic
30 Labuca lankensis Lanka labuca Lanka karaedaya Endemic
31 Labuca ruhuna Southern laubuca Ruhunu karaedaya Endemic
32 Labuca varuna Western laubuca Varuna karaedaya Endemic
33 Pethia padamya Odessa barb Padma pethiya Exotic
34 Pethia bandula Bandula barb Bandula Pothaya / Jayanthiya Endemic
35 Pethia cumingii Cuming’s barb / Kaha varal Depulliya / Potaya Endemic
36 Pethia melanomaculata Tic tac-toe barb Depulliya / Tithpethiya Endemic
37 Pethia nigrofasciatus Black ruby barb / Bulath Hapaya / Manamalaya Endemic
38 Pethia reval Redfin Two-banded Rathu varal Depulliya / Potaya Endemic
carplet
39 Puntius bimaculatus Redside barb Ipili Kadaya Indigenous
40 Puntius dorsalis Longsnouted bard Bimtholla Indigenous

41 Puntius kamalika Scarlet banded barb Mada ipilla/ Ipili kadaya Endemic
42 Puntius kelumi Kelums Long Katu Pethiya / Rathu Endemic
snouted barb waral pethiya
43 Puntius layardii Layards bard Endemic
44 Puntius tetraspilus Long snouted bard Endemic
45 Puntius thermalis Swamp barb Kota Pethiya Endemic
46 Puntius titteya Cherry barb Le Titteya Endemic
47 Puntius vittatus Silver barb Bandi Titteya Indigenous
48 Rasbora armitagei Armitagei’s rasbora Endemic
49 Rasbora dandia Striped rasbora / Dandiya / Kehel Dandiya Indigenous
Common rasbora
50 Rasbora microcephalus Carverii Rasbora Caveri Randiya Indigenous
51 Rasbora naggsi Naggsi rasbora Endemic
52 Rasbora wilpita Wilpita Rasbora Wilpita Dandiya Endemic
53 Horadandia atukorali Horadandia Horadandiya Endemic
54 Rasboroides nigromarginata Red rasbora Endemic
55 Rasboroides vaterifloris Vateria flower Hal Mal Dandiya Endemic
rasbora
56 Rasboroides pallidus Pallaides rasbora Endemic
57 Rasboroides rohani Rohan’s rasbora Rohange rasbora Endemic
58 Systomus asoka Asoka barb Asoka Pethiya / Ranmanissa Endemic
59 Systomus pleurotaenia Black lined barb / Heeta Massa Endemic
Side-striped carp
60 Systomus martenstyni Martenstyni’s barb Dumbara Pethiya Endemic
61 Systomus sp. ‘Richmondi’ Richmond barb Endemic
62 Systomus spilurus Olive barb Mas Pethiya Endemic
63 Systomus timbiri Thibiri barb Endemic
97
64 Tor khudree Mahseer Lehella / Horapolaya Indigenous
Family - Nemacheilidae
65 Acanthocobitis urophthalma Tiger loach / Pol Ahirawa / Viran Ahirawa Endemic
Striped loach
66 Schistura notostigma Banded mountain Puwak Badilla / Endemic
loach Kandukara Ahirawa
Family - Cobitidae
67 Lepidocephalichthys jonklaasi Jonklaa’s loach Pulli Ahirawa Endemic
68 Lepidocephalichthys thermalis Common spiny Thith Ahirawa Indigenous
loach
Family - Bagridae
69 Mystus zeylanicus Sri Lanka mystus Path ankutta Endemic
70 Mystus gulio Long-whiskered Mana ankutta Indigenous
catfish
71 Mystus ankutta Yellow catfish Path ankutta Endemic
72 Mystus vittatus Striped dwarf catfish Iri ankutta Indigenous
Family - Claridae
73 Clarias batrachus Marbale catfish Pulli magura Exotic
74 Clarias brachysoma Walking catfish Magura Endemic
Family - Siluridae
75 Ompock bimaculatus Butter catfish Walapoththa / Kokussa Indigenous
76 Wallago attu Shark catfish Walaya Indigenous
Family - Heteropneustidae
77 Heteropneustes fossilis Stinging catfish Hunga Indigenous
Family - Salamonidae
78 Oncorhynchus mykiss Rainbow trout Trout Exotic
Family - Adrianichthyidae

79 Oryzias dancena Deep-bodied ricefish Handi handaya Indigenous

80 Oryzias carnaticus Spotted Ricefish Thith handaya Indigenous
Family - Aplocheilidae
81 Aplocheilus dayi Day’s killifish Uda handeya Endemic
82 Aplocheilus parvus Dwarf panchax Kalapu handeya Indigenous
83 Aplocheilus werneri Werner’s killifish Iri handeya Endemic
Family - Poeciliidae
84 Gambusa affinis Mosquiti fish Guppy Exotic
85 Poecilia reticulata Guppy Vel gappy/ Sari gappy Exotic
86 Xiphophorus hellerii Green sword tail Kadu pashara/ Sward tail Exotic
87 Xiphophorus maculata Platy Platy Exotic
Family - Belonidae
88 Xenentodon cancila Freshwater garfish Yonna Indigenous
Family - Cichlidae
89 Pseudetroplus maculatus Orange chromide Ralliya Indigenous
90 Etroplus suratensis Pearl spot Koraliya Indigenous
91 Oreochromis mosambicus Tilapia Tilapia/ Koraliya/ Japan
batta/ Batta Exotic
92 Oreochromis niloticus Tilapia Tilapia/ Koraliya Exotic
93 Oreochromis urolepis hornorum Tilapia Tilapia Exotic
94 Tilapia rendalli Tilapia Tilapia Exotic
95 Tilapia zilli Tilapia Tilapia Exotic
Family - Gobiidae
96 Awaous melanocephalus Scribbled goby / Bali Weligouva Indigenous
Largesnout goby
97 Glossogobius giuris Bar Eyed Goby Maha gan weligouva Indigenous
98 Oligolepis acutipinnis Sharptail goby Weligouva Indigenous
98
99
99 Redigobius balteatops Rhino horn goby Deiri Weligouva brakish/
freshwater
100 Schismatogobius deraniyagalai Redneck goby Kata rathu weligouva Indigenous
101 Sicyopterus griseus Stone goby Gal weligouwa Indigenous
102 Sicyopterus halei Red-tailed goby Maha Gal weligouwa Indigenous
103 Sicyopus jonklaasi Lipstick goby Thol rathu weligouwa Endemic
104 Stenogobius malabaricus Malabar goby Weligouva Indigenous
105 Stiphodon martenstyni Martenstyni’s goby Martenstynige weligouwa Endemic
Family: Eleotridae
106 Butis butis Upside down sleeper Udappuva/ vanniya brakish/
freshwater
107 Eleotris fusca Brown gudgeon/ Puvak badilla brakish/
Duskey sleeper freshwater
Family - Belontiidae
108 Belontia signata Combtail Thalkossa / Kola modeya Endemic
109 Malpulutta kretseri Ornate paradisefish Malpulutta Endemic
110 Pseudosphromenus cupanus Spiketailed Pulutta Indigenous
paradisefish
Family - Osphronemidae
111 Trichopodus pectoralis Snake skin gourami Vel gurami Exotic
112 Trichopodus trichopterus Three spot gourami Rosa gurami/ theppili Exotic
113 Osphronemus goramy Gaint gourami Seppili/ Thithpili/ Yoda gurami Exotic
Family: Helostomatida
114 Helostoma temminckii Kissing gurami Hadu gurami Exotic
Family - Anabantidae
115 Anabas testudineus Climbing perch Kavaiya / Pol kavaiya Indigenous

Family - Hemiramphidaedae
116 Zenachopterus disper Harf beak Morella brakish/freshwater
117 Hyporhamphus limbatus Congaturi half beak Morella brakish/freshwater
Family - Syngnathidae
118 Microphis brachyurus Short tailed pipefish Kalapu natta brakish/freshwater
119 Microphis ocellatus Ocellated pipefish Punchi athu teliya brakish/freshwater
Family - Mastacembelidae
120 Mastacembelus armetus Marbled spiny eel Gan theliya / Oya theliya Indigenous
121 Macrognathus pentophthalmos The Sri Lankan Bata kola theliya Endemic
spinyeel
Family - Channidae
122 Channa ara Giant snakehead Gan ara Endemic
123 Channa gachua Brown snakehead Paradel Kanaya Indigenous
124 Channa orientalis Smooth-breasted Kola Kanaya / Gas Endemic
snakehead
125 Channa punctata Spotted snakehead Mada Kanaya Indigenous
126 Channa striata Murrel Loola Indigenous
Family - Loricaridaedae
127 Pterygoplichthys multiradiatus Sucker mouth cat fish Scavenger / tank cleaner Exotic
Family - Notopteridae
128 Chitala ornata Knife fish/ Feather Mannya Exotic
backs
Family - Toxotida
129 Toxotes chatareus Archer fish Dimitta brakish/freshwater
100
mßYS,k$References

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chka; chj¾Ok" iqo;a wfíisxy" Y%S ,xldfõ iajdNdúl mßirh
mßir yd iajdNdúl iïm;a wud;HdxYh" f;dr;=re w;afmd;'
jk ixrCIK fomd¾;fïka;=j" Y%S ,xldfõ jkdka;r j¾." m;%sld
wxl 21
jk ixrCIK fomd¾;fïka;=j" Y%S ,xldfõ lfvd,dk Ydl
reÑr fidauùr" 2006" Y%S ,xldfõ i¾mhska" iSudiys; jkÔú Wreu
Ndr m%ldYk ^mqoa.,sl& iud.u
Arjuna’s Atlas of Sri Lanka 1997 ia;+;sh
Bambaradeniya, C. (Editor) 2006. The Fauna of Sri Lanka-status of
fuu .%ka:h i|yd fmrjok iemhQ uydpdhH_ foajl ùrfldaka"
Taxonomy Research and Conservation. IUCN Colombo
uqøKh i|yd wkq.%yh ,ndÿka fldu¾I,a nexl=fõ l<uKdldr
Central Environment Authority, 1995, Man and Environment. Colombo
wOHCIl fc.ka ÿfrhsr;akï uy;d we;=¿ Ndrldr uKav,h
De A. Goonathilaka, Sampath, List of Sri Lankan Freshwater Fishes of yd m%shka;s fmf¾rd" ufyaIa r;akdhl" Ôjka fmf¾rd hk uy;au
Sri Lanka. uy;aókag;a" mß.Kl msgq ieliSu lrÿka ks,ajka .%e*slaia ys
IUCN (2012) The National Red List of Sri Lanka È,Skaøs iÑ;%s fukúhg;a" ksfrdaIa r;akdhl uy;dg;a uqøK
Internet - Species Classification, Check List Mammals of Sri Lanka, lghq;= lrÿka P & G m%skag¾ia wêm;s md,s; .=reisxy uy;dg;a"
Coral species profile, Invasive Fauna and Flora in Sri Lanka, Bio PdhdrEm wdÈh ,ndÿka ish¿ fokdg;a" kka whqßka iyh jQ
Gas, Natural Cycles, Environmental Pyramids ieug;a wmf.a yDohdx.u ia;+;sh mqo lruq'

Jayewardene, J. 2008 The Diversity of Sri Lankan Wildlife, Colombo

Kotagama, Sarath, et al. 2010. An Illustrated Guide to the Birds of Sri
Lanka. Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka
Pinto, L. 1986.Mangroves of Sri Lanka, Natural Resource, Energy and
Science Authority of Sri Lanka. Colombo.
Photographs - Internet, Palitha Anthony, RuchiraSomaweera, Escobar
Senaratna, K.L. (2001) Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Sri Lanka.
National Science Foundation. Colombo
Statistical Abstract, 2012, Department of Census and Statistics.

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