The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Appendix 1
Conversion Factors, SI Steam
Properties and Useful Tables

This appendix provides tables, charts and figures Fig. 2.2 Pressure-enthalpy diagram for steam –
that can be useful in evaluating the generation and SI units
use of steam. They supplement the material presented Fig. 2.3 Psychrometric chart – SI units
throughout Steam and are divided into four subsections:
selected conversion factors; SI versions of the Steam Part 3: Useful Charts and Tables
Tables and graphical data; useful charts and tables; and
typical operating parameters for a 500 MW pulverized Fig. 3.1 Temperature-enthalpy diagram
coal-fired power plant. (MPa = 0.006895 × psi)
Fig. 3.2 Estimates of the weight of air required for
selected fuels and excess air levels
Part 1: Conversion Factors Fig. 3.3 Estimates of the weight of the products of
Table 1.1 Length combustion for selected fuels and excess
Table 1.2 Length, Small Units air levels
Table 1.3 Area Fig. 3.4 Estimates of the percent total air for flue
Table 1.4 Volume gas percent oxygen for selected fuels
Table 1.5 Mass Fig. 3.5 Estimates of efficiency loss due to unburned
Table 1.6 Force combustibles for selected fuels and
Table 1.7 Pressure or Force per Unit Area ash contents
Table 1.8 Energy, Work and Heat Fig. 3.6 Estimates of theoretical air required for
Table 1.9 Power or Rate of Doing Work the combustion of coal based upon volatile
Table 1.10 Density (Mass/Volume) matter contents
Table 1.11 Thermal, Heat Transfer and Flow Table 3.1 SO2, SO3 Estimated Emissions from
Parameters Boilers Firing Coal or Fuel Oil
Table 1.12 Multiplying Prefixes Table 3.2 Conversion Formulae for Emission Rates
Table 1.13 Selected Additional Conversion Factors Table 3.3 Periodic Table of the Elements

Part 2: Systemè International d’Unitès (SI),
Steam Tables and Selected Charts
and Figures
Table 2.1 SI Properties of Saturated Steam and
Saturated Water (Temperature)
Table 2.2 SI Properties of Saturated Steam and
Saturated Water (Pressure)
Table 2.3 SI Properties of Superheated Steam and
Compressed Water (Temperature and Pressure)
Fig. 2.1 Mollier diagram (H-s) for steam – SI units
Part 4: Typical 500 MW Pulverized Coal-
Fired Power Plant Parameters
Table 4.1 Coal and Ash Analysis, an Example of a
High Sulfur Bituminous Coal
Table 4.2 Mechanical Equipment – 500 MW PC-
Fired Plant
Table 4.3 Environmental Equipment – 500 MW
PC-Fired Plant
Table 4.4 Plant Performance Summary – 500 MW
PC-Fired Plant

Steam 42 / Conversion Factors, SI Steam Properties and Useful Tables A1-1

 The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Table 1.1 Table 1.4

Length Volume
Starting Starting Cubic
With With Centi-
Multiply By Multiply By Barrel meter
To Statute Milli- Centi- Kilo- To Fluid (Petro- Cubic Cubic (Milli- Cubic
Obtain Inch Foot Yard Mile meter meter Meter meter Obtain Ounce Quart Gallon leum) Foot Yard liter) Liter Meter
63.36 3.937 3.937 Fluid 2.585 3.381 3.382
1 32.00 128.0 5376 957.5 33.82
Inch 1 12 36
X 103 X 10−2
0.3937 39.37
X 104 Ounce X 104 X 10−2 X 104
3.281 3.281 1.057
Foot 0.08333 1 3 5280 3.281 3281 Quart 0.03125 1 4.000 168.0 29.92 807.9 1.057 1057
X 10−3 X 10−2 X 10−3
1.094 1.094 7.813 2.642
Yard 0.02778 0.3333 1 1760 1.093 1094 0.2500 1 42.00 7.481 202.0 0.2642 264.2
X 10−3 X 10−2 Gallon
X 10−3 X 10−4
Statute 1.578 1.894 5.682 6.214 6.214 6.214
1 0.6214 Barrel 1.860 5.952 6.290 6.290
Mile X 10−5 X 10−4 X 10−4 X 10−7 X 10−6 X 10−4 0.0238 1 0.1781 4.809 6.290
(Petroleum) X 10−4 X 10−3 X 10−6 X 10−3
1609 1.000
Millimeter 25.40 304.8 914.4 1 10.00 1000 1.044 3.342 3.532 3.532
X 106 X 106 Cubic 0.1336 5.615 1 27.00 35.32
−3
Foot X 10 X 10−2 X 10−5 X 10−2
1.609 1.000
Centimeter 2.540 30.48 91.44 0.1000 1 100
X 105 X 105 Cubic 3.868 1.238 4.951 3.704 1.308 1.308
0.2079 1 1.308
1.000 Yard X 10−5 X 10−3 X 10−3 X 10−2 X 10−6 X 10−3
Meter 0.0254 0.3048 0.9144 1609 0.010 1 1000
X 10−3 Cubic 1.590 2.832 7.646 1.000
Centimeter 29.57 946.4 3785 1 1000
X 10 X 104 X 105 X 106
5
2.540 3.048 9.144 1.000 1
Kilometer 1.609 0.0010 1 (Milliliter)
X 10−5 X 10−4 X 10−4 X 10−6 X 10−5
2.957 1.000
Liter 0.9464 3.785 159.0 28.32 764.6 1 1000
X 10−2 X 10−3

Cubic 2.957 9.464 3.785 2.832 1.000 1.000

0.1590 0.7646 1
Meter X 10−5 X 10−4 X 10−3 X 10−2 X 10−6 X 10−3

Table 1.2 Table 1.5

Length, Small Units Mass
Starting Starting
With With
Multiply By Multiply By
To Ang- Nano- Milli- Centi- To Short Long Metric
Obtain Mil Inch strom meter Micron meter meter Obtain Pound Ton Ton Gram Kilogram Ton
3.937 3.937 3.937 2.205
Mil 1 1000 39.37 393.7 Pound 1 2000 2240 2.205 2205
X 10−6 X 10−5 X 10−2 X 10−3
3.937 3.937 3.937 3.937 5.000 1.102 1.102
Inch 0.0010 1 0.3937 Short Ton −4 1 1.12 1.102
X 10−6 −3
X 10−9 X 10−8 X 10−5 X 10−2 X 10 X 10
2.540 2.540 1.000 1.000 1.000 4.464 9.842 9.842
Angstrom 1 10.00 Long Ton −4 0.8929 1 0.9842
X 10−7 −4
X 105 X 108 X 104 X 107 X 108 X 10 X 10
2.540 2.540 1.000 1.000 9.072 1.016 1.000
Nanometer 0.100 1 1000 Gram 453.6 1 1000
X 104 X 107 X 106 X 107 X 10
5
X 10
6
X 106
2.540 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Micron 25.40 1 1000
X 104 X 10−4 X 10−3 X 104 Kilogram 0.4536 907.2 1016 X 10−3 1 1000
2.540 1.000 1.000 1.000 4.536 1.000
Millimeter 25.40 1 10
X 10−2 X 10−7 X 10−6 X 10−3 Metric Ton
X 10−4 0.9072 1.016 X 10−6 0.0010 1

Centimeter 2.540 1.000 1.000 1.000

2.54 0.100 1
X 10−3 X 10−8 X 10−7 X 10−4

Table 1.6
Force
Starting
With
Multiply By
To
Obtain Newton Grams Kilograms Pounds
9.807
Newton 1 9.807 4.448
X 10−3

Grams (f) 102.0 1 1000 453.6

Kilograms (f) 0.1020 0.001 1 0.4536

2.205
Pounds (f) 0.2248 2.205 1
X 10−3

A1-2 Steam 42 / Conversion Factors, SI Steam Properties and Useful Tables

 The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Table 1.10
Density (Mass/Volume)
Starting
With
Multiply By Pounds per Grams per Kilograms Kilograms
To Pounds per Gallon Cubic per per
Obtain Cubic Foot (U.S. Liquid) Centimeter Liter Cubic Meter
Pounds per 6.243
1 7.481 62.43 62.43
Cubic Foot X 10−2
Pounds per Gallon 8.345
0.1337 1 8.345 8.345
(U.S. Liquid) X 10−3
Grams per 1.602 1.000
−2 0.1198 1 1.000
Cubic Centimeter X 10 X 10−3
Kilograms 1.602 1.000
−2 0.1198 1.000 1
per Liter X 10 X 10−3
Kilograms per
Cubic Meter 16.02 119.8 1000 1000 1

Table 1.8
Energy, Work and Heat
Starting
With
Multiply By British Centi- Horse- Joules Kilo-
To Thermal meter- Foot- power- Watt- watt- Kilogram- Watt-
Obtain Units grams pounds hours second hours meters hours
British 9.297 1.285 9.480 9.297
1 2545 3413 3.413
Thermal Units X 10−8 X 10−3 X 10−4 X 10−3
Centimeter- 1.076 1.383 2.737 1.020 3.671 3.671
1 105
grams X 107 X 104 X 1010 X 104 X 1010 X 107

Foot-pounds 7.233 1.98 2.655

778 1 0.7376 7.233 2655
X 10−5 X 106 X 106
Horsepower- 3.929 3.654 5.050 3.725 3.653 1.341
−4 1 1.341
hours X 10 X 10−11 X 10−7 X 10−7 X 10−6 X 10−3
Joules 9.807 2.684 3.6
1054.8 1.356 1 9.807 3600
Watt-second X 10−5 X 106 X 106
Kilowatt- 2.93 2.724 3.766 2.778 2.724
0.7457 1 0.001
hours X 10−4 X 10−11 X 10−7 X 10−7 X 10−6
Kilogram- 2.737 3.671
107.6 10−5 0.1383 0.1020 1 367.1
meters X 105 X 105

Watt-hours 2.724 3.766 2.778 2.724

0.293 745.7 1000 1
X 10−8 X 10−4 X 10−4 X 10−3

Table 1.9 Table 1.12

Power or Rate of Doing Work Multiplying Prefixes
Starting Multiplication Factors Prefix SI Symbol
With Foot- Foot-
1 000 000 000 000 = 1012 tera T
Multiply By Btu pounds pounds
To per per per Horse- 1 000 000 000 = 109 giga G
Obtain Minute Minute Second power Kilowatts Watts 1 000 000 = 106 mega M
Btu per 1.285 7.716 5.691 1 000 = 103 kilo k
1 42.44 56.91
X 10−3 −2
Minute X 10 X 10−2 100 = 102 hecto* h
Foot-pounds 3.3 4.426 10 = 101 deka* da
778 1 60 44.26
X 104 X 10
4
per minute 0.1 = 10−1 deci* d
Foot-pounds 1.667 0.01 = 10−2 centi* c
12.97 −2 1 550 737.6 0.7376
per second X 10 0.001 = 10−3 milli m
2.357 3.030 1.818 1.341 0.000 001 = 10−6 micro µ
Horsepower −2 −5 −3 1 1.341
X 10 X 10 X 10 X 10−3 0.000 000 001 = 10−9 nano n
1.757 2.260 1.356 0.000 000 000 001 = 10−12 pico p
Kilowatts −2 −5 −3 0.7457 1 10−3 10−15
X 10 X 10 X 10 0.000 000 000 000 001 = femto f
2.260 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10−18 atto a
Watts 17.5725 1.356 745.7 1000 1
X 10−2 * To be avoided where possible.

Steam 42 / Conversion Factors, SI Steam Properties and Useful Tables A1-3

 The Babcock & Wilcox Company

A1-4 Steam 42 / Conversion Factors, SI Steam Properties and Useful Tables

 The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Note: The following steam tables and Fig. 2.2 have been abstracted from ASME International Steam Tables for Industrial Use
(copyright 2000 by The American Society of Mechanical Engineers), based on the IAPWS industrial formulation 1997 for the
Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam (IAPWS-IF97)

Table 2.1
SI Properties of Saturated Steam and Saturated Water (Temperature)1

Volume, m3/kg Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/(kg K)

Temp Press. Water Evap Steam Water Evap Steam Water Evap Steam Temp
K MPa vf vfg vg Hf Hfg Hg sf sfg sg K

273.16 0.00061166 0.001000 206.0 206.0 0 2500.9 2500.9 0 9.1555 9.1555 273.16
275 0.00069845 0.001000 181.6 181.6 7.8 2496.5 2504.3 0.0283 9.0783 9.1066 275
280 0.00099182 0.001000 130.2 130.2 28.8 2484.7 2513.5 0.1041 8.8738 8.9779 280
285 0.001389 0.001001 94.61 94.61 49.8 2472.8 2522.6 0.1784 8.6766 8.8550 285
290 0.001920 0.001001 69.63 69.63 70.7 2461.0 2531.7 0.2513 8.4862 8.7375 290
295 0.002621 0.001002 51.87 51.87 91.7 2449.2 2540.8 0.3228 8.3023 8.6251 295
300 0.003537 0.001003 39.08 39.08 112.6 2437.3 2549.9 0.3931 8.1244 8.5175 300
305 0.004719 0.001005 29.77 29.77 133.5 2425.4 2558.9 0.4622 7.9523 8.4145 305
310 0.006231 0.001007 22.90 22.91 154.4 2413.5 2567.9 0.5302 7.7856 8.3158 310
315 0.008145 0.001009 17.80 17.80 175.3 2401.6 2576.8 0.5970 7.6241 8.2211 315
320 0.01055 0.001011 13.95 13.96 196.2 2389.6 2585.7 0.6629 7.4674 8.1303 320
325 0.01353 0.001013 11.04 11.04 217.1 2377.5 2594.6 0.7277 7.3154 8.0431 325
330 0.01721 0.001015 8.805 8.806 238.0 2365.4 2603.3 0.7915 7.1678 7.9593 330
335 0.02172 0.001018 7.078 7.079 258.9 2353.2 2612.1 0.8544 7.0244 7.8787 335
340 0.02719 0.001021 5.733 5.734 279.8 2340.9 2620.7 0.9164 6.8849 7.8013 340
345 0.03378 0.001024 4.677 4.678 300.8 2328.5 2629.3 0.9775 6.7492 7.7267 345
350 0.04168 0.001027 3.841 3.842 321.7 2316.0 2637.7 1.0378 6.6171 7.6549 350
355 0.05108 0.001030 3.175 3.176 342.7 2303.4 2646.1 1.0973 6.4884 7.5857 355
360 0.06219 0.001034 2.641 2.642 363.7 2290.7 2654.4 1.1560 6.3629 7.5189 360
365 0.07526 0.001037 2.209 2.210 384.8 2277.8 2662.5 1.2140 6.2405 7.4545 365
370 0.09054 0.001041 1.858 1.859 405.8 2264.8 2670.6 1.2713 6.1209 7.3922 370
375 0.1083 0.001045 1.571 1.572 426.9 2251.6 2678.5 1.3279 6.0042 7.3320 375
380 0.1289 0.001049 1.335 1.336 448.0 2238.2 2686.3 1.3838 5.8900 7.2738 380
385 0.1525 0.001053 1.140 1.141 469.2 2224.7 2693.9 1.4390 5.7783 7.2174 385
390 0.1796 0.001058 0.9783 0.9794 490.4 2210.9 2701.3 1.4937 5.6690 7.1627 390
395 0.2106 0.001062 0.8429 0.8440 511.7 2197.0 2708.6 1.5477 5.5619 7.1096 395
400 0.2458 0.001067 0.7293 0.7303 532.9 2182.8 2715.7 1.6012 5.4569 7.0581 400
405 0.2856 0.001072 0.6334 0.6345 554.3 2168.3 2722.6 1.6542 5.3539 7.0080 405
410 0.3304 0.001077 0.5522 0.5533 575.7 2153.6 2729.3 1.7065 5.2528 6.9593 410
415 0.3808 0.001082 0.4832 0.4842 597.1 2138.7 2735.8 1.7584 5.1534 6.9119 415
420 0.4372 0.001087 0.4242 0.4253 618.7 2123.4 2742.1 1.8098 5.0558 6.8656 420
425 0.5002 0.001093 0.3736 0.3747 640.2 2107.9 2748.1 1.8607 4.9597 6.8205 425
430 0.5702 0.001098 0.3300 0.3311 661.9 2092.0 2753.9 1.9112 4.8652 6.7764 430
435 0.6478 0.001104 0.2924 0.2935 683.6 2075.8 2759.4 1.9612 4.7720 6.7333 435
440 0.7335 0.001110 0.2598 0.2609 705.4 2059.3 2764.7 2.0109 4.6802 6.6911 440
445 0.8281 0.001117 0.2315 0.2326 727.3 2042.4 2769.7 2.0601 4.5897 6.6498 445
450 0.9320 0.001123 0.2067 0.2078 749.3 2025.1 2774.4 2.1089 4.5003 6.6092 450
455 1.046 0.001130 0.1850 0.1862 771.4 2007.4 2778.8 2.1574 4.4120 6.5694 455
460 1.171 0.001137 0.1660 0.1672 793.5 1989.4 2782.9 2.2056 4.3247 6.5303 460
465 1.307 0.001144 0.1493 0.1504 815.8 1970.8 2786.7 2.2534 4.2384 6.4918 465
470 1.455 0.001152 0.1345 0.1356 838.2 1951.9 2790.1 2.3010 4.1529 6.4539 470
475 1.616 0.001159 0.1214 0.1226 860.7 1932.4 2793.2 2.3483 4.0683 6.4165 475
480 1.790 0.001167 0.1098 0.1110 883.4 1912.5 2795.9 2.3953 3.9843 6.3796 480
490 2.183 0.001185 0.09021 0.09140 929.1 1871.0 2800.1 2.4886 3.8183 6.3069 490
500 2.639 0.001203 0.07457 0.07577 975.5 1827.1 2802.6 2.5811 3.6543 6.2354 500
510 3.165 0.001223 0.06194 0.06317 1022.5 1780.7 2803.3 2.6731 3.4916 6.1647 510
520 3.769 0.001245 0.05167 0.05291 1070.4 1731.5 2801.9 2.7646 3.3298 6.0944 520
530 4.457 0.001268 0.04324 0.04451 1119.2 1679.1 2798.3 2.8559 3.1680 6.0240 530
540 5.237 0.001294 0.03626 0.03756 1169.1 1623.1 2792.2 2.9473 3.0056 5.9530 540
550 6.117 0.001323 0.03045 0.03177 1220.3 1563.0 2783.3 3.0391 2.8418 5.8809 550
560 7.106 0.001355 0.02557 0.02692 1272.9 1498.3 2771.2 3.1315 2.6755 5.8070 560
570 8.213 0.001392 0.02143 0.02282 1327.2 1428.2 2755.4 3.2250 2.5056 5.7305 570
580 9.448 0.001433 0.01790 0.01933 1383.7 1351.6 2735.3 3.3201 2.3303 5.6505 580
590 10.82 0.001482 0.01485 0.01633 1442.8 1267.1 2709.9 3.4177 2.1477 5.5654 590
600 12.34 0.001540 0.01219 0.01373 1505.2 1172.8 2678.0 3.5188 1.9546 5.4734 600
610 14.03 0.001611 0.00984 0.01145 1572.1 1065.1 2637.3 3.6250 1.7461 5.3711 610
620 15.90 0.001704 0.007703 0.009407 1645.7 938.2 2583.9 3.7396 1.5133 5.2528 620
630 17.97 0.001837 0.005688 0.007525 1730.7 780.1 2510.8 3.8697 1.2382 5.1079 630
640 20.27 0.002076 0.003561 0.005637 1842.0 552.4 2394.4 4.0378 0.8632 4.9010 640
647.0960 22.064 0.003106 0 0 2087.5 0 2087.5 4.4120 0 4.4120 647.0960

1. U.S. Customary steam tables are provided in Chapter 2, Table 1.

2. In the balance of Steam, enthalpy is denoted by H in place of h to avoid confusion with heat transfer coefficient.

Steam 42 / Conversion Factors, SI Steam Properties and Useful Tables A1-5

 The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Table 2.2
SI Properties of Saturated Steam and Saturated Water (Pressure)

Volume, m3/kg Enthalpy, kJ/kg Entropy, kJ/(kg K)

Press. Temp Water Evap Steam Water Evap Steam Water Evap Steam
MPa K vf vfg vg Hf Hfg Hg sf sfg sg
0.00080 276.911 0.001000 159.6 159.6 15.8 2492.0 2507.8 0.0575 8.9992 9.0567
0.0010 280.120 0.001000 129.2 129.2 29.3 2484.4 2513.7 0.1059 8.8690 8.9749
0.0012 282.804 0.001000 108.7 108.7 40.6 2478.0 2518.6 0.1460 8.7624 8.9083
0.0014 285.119 0.001001 93.90 93.90 50.3 2472.5 2522.8 0.1802 8.6720 8.8521
0.0016 287.160 0.001001 82.75 82.75 58.8 2467.7 2526.6 0.2101 8.5935 8.8036
0.0018 288.988 0.001001 74.01 74.01 66.5 2463.4 2529.9 0.2366 8.5242 8.7609
0.0020 290.645 0.001001 66.99 66.99 73.4 2459.5 2532.9 0.2606 8.4621 8.7227
0.0025 294.228 0.001002 54.24 54.24 88.4 2451.0 2539.4 0.3119 8.3303 8.6422
0.0030 297.23 0.001003 45.65 45.66 101.0 2443.9 2544.9 0.3543 8.2222 8.5766
0.0040 302.11 0.001004 34.79 34.79 121.4 2432.3 2553.7 0.4224 8.0510 8.4735
0.0050 306.03 0.001005 28.19 28.19 137.8 2423.0 2560.8 0.4763 7.9177 8.3939
0.0060 309.31 0.001006 23.73 23.73 151.5 2415.2 2566.7 0.5209 7.8083 8.3291
0.0080 314.66 0.001008 18.10 18.10 173.9 2402.4 2576.2 0.5925 7.6349 8.2274
0.010 318.96 0.001010 14.67 14.67 191.8 2392.1 2583.9 0.6492 7.4997 8.1489
0.012 322.57 0.001012 12.36 12.36 206.9 2383.4 2590.3 0.6963 7.3887 8.0850
0.014 325.70 0.001013 10.69 10.69 220.0 2375.8 2595.8 0.7366 7.2945 8.0312
0.016 328.46 0.001015 9.430 9.431 231.6 2369.1 2600.7 0.7720 7.2127 7.9847
0.018 330.95 0.001016 8.442 8.443 241.9 2363.1 2605.0 0.8035 7.1403 7.9437
0.020 333.21 0.001017 7.647 7.648 251.4 2357.5 2608.9 0.8320 7.0753 7.9072
0.025 338.11 0.001020 6.202 6.203 271.9 2345.5 2617.4 0.8931 6.9371 7.8302
0.030 342.25 0.001022 5.228 5.229 289.2 2335.3 2624.6 0.9439 6.8235 7.7675
0.040 349.01 0.001026 3.992 3.993 317.6 2318.5 2636.1 1.0259 6.6431 7.6690
0.050 354.47 0.001030 3.239 3.240 340.5 2304.7 2645.2 1.0910 6.5020 7.5930
0.060 359.08 0.001033 2.731 2.732 359.8 2293.0 2652.9 1.1452 6.3859 7.5311
0.080 366.64 0.001038 2.086 2.087 391.6 2273.5 2665.2 1.2328 6.2011 7.4339
0.10 372.76 0.001043 1.693 1.694 417.4 2257.5 2674.9 1.3026 6.0562 7.3588
0.101325 373.12 0.001043 1.672 1.673 419.0 2256.5 2675.5 1.3067 6.0477 7.3544
0.12 377.93 0.001047 1.427 1.428 439.3 2243.8 2683.1 1.3608 5.9369 7.2976
0.14 382.44 0.001051 1.236 1.237 458.4 2231.6 2690.0 1.4109 5.8352 7.2460
0.16 386.45 0.001054 1.090 1.091 475.3 2220.7 2696.0 1.4549 5.7464 7.2014
0.18 390.06 0.001058 0.97648 0.97753 490.7 2210.7 2701.4 1.4944 5.6677 7.1620
0.20 393.36 0.001061 0.88467 0.88574 504.7 2201.6 2706.2 1.5301 5.5968 7.1269
0.25 400.56 0.001067 0.71763 0.71870 535.4 2181.2 2716.5 1.6072 5.4452 7.0524
0.30 406.68 0.001073 0.60471 0.60579 561.5 2163.4 2724.9 1.6718 5.3198 6.9916
0.40 416.76 0.001084 0.46131 0.46239 604.7 2133.3 2738.1 1.7766 5.1188 6.8954
0.50 424.99 0.001093 0.37371 0.37480 640.2 2107.9 2748.1 1.8606 4.9600 6.8206
0.60 431.98 0.001101 0.31447 0.31558 670.5 2085.6 2756.1 1.9311 4.8281 6.7592
0.80 443.56 0.001115 0.23921 0.24033 721.0 2047.3 2768.3 2.0460 4.6156 6.6615
1.0 453.04 0.001127 0.19322 0.19435 762.7 2014.4 2777.1 2.1384 4.4465 6.5850
1.2 461.11 0.001139 0.16211 0.16325 798.5 1985.3 2783.8 2.2163 4.3054 6.5217
1.4 468.20 0.001149 0.13962 0.14077 830.1 1958.8 2788.9 2.2839 4.1836 6.4675
1.6 474.53 0.001159 0.12257 0.12373 858.6 1934.3 2792.9 2.3438 4.0762 6.4200
1.8 480.27 0.001168 0.10919 0.11036 884.6 1911.4 2796.0 2.3978 3.9798 6.3776
2.0 485.53 0.001177 0.09840 0.09958 908.6 1889.8 2798.4 2.4470 3.8921 6.3392
2.5 497.11 0.001197 0.07875 0.07995 962.0 1840.1 2802.0 2.5544 3.7015 6.2560
3.0 507.01 0.001217 0.06545 0.06666 1008.4 1794.9 2803.3 2.6456 3.5402 6.1858
4.0 523.51 0.001253 0.04852 0.04978 1087.4 1713.5 2800.9 2.7967 3.2731 6.0697
5.0 537.09 0.001286 0.03816 0.03945 1154.5 1639.7 2794.2 2.9207 3.0530 5.9737
6.0 548.74 0.001319 0.03113 0.03245 1213.7 1570.8 2784.6 3.0274 2.8626 5.8901
7.0 558.98 0.001352 0.02603 0.02738 1267.4 1505.1 2772.6 3.1220 2.6926 5.8146
8.0 568.16 0.001385 0.02214 0.02353 1317.1 1441.5 2758.6 3.2077 2.5372 5.7448
10 584.15 0.001453 0.01658 0.01803 1407.9 1317.6 2725.5 3.3603 2.2556 5.6159
11 591.23 0.001489 0.01451 0.01599 1450.3 1256.1 2706.4 3.4300 2.1246 5.5545
12 597.83 0.001526 0.01274 0.01427 1491.3 1194.3 2685.6 3.4965 1.9977 5.4941
13 604.01 0.001566 0.01122 0.01279 1531.4 1131.5 2662.9 3.5606 1.8733 5.4339
14 609.82 0.001610 0.00988 0.01149 1570.9 1067.2 2638.1 3.6230 1.7500 5.3730
16 620.51 0.001710 0.00760 0.00931 1649.7 931.1 2580.8 3.7457 1.5006 5.2463
18 630.14 0.001839 0.00566 0.00750 1732.0 777.5 2509.5 3.8717 1.2339 5.1055
20 638.90 0.002039 0.00382 0.00586 1827.1 584.3 2411.4 4.0154 0.9145 4.9299
22.064 647.096 0.003106 0.0 0.00311 2087.5 0.0 2087.5 4.4120 0.0 4.4120
1. See Note 1, Table 2.1
2. See Note 2, Table 2.1

A1-6 Steam 42 / Conversion Factors, SI Steam Properties and Useful Tables

 Table 2.3 (Part 1 of 2)
SI Properties of Superheated Steam and Compressed Water (Temperature and Pressure)1
Pressure MPa Temperature, K
(sat. temp.) 275 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1100 1200
v,m3/kg 0.001000 138.4 161.5 184.6 207.7 230.8 253.8 276.9 300.0 323.1 346.1 369.2 392.3 415.4 438.4 461.5 507.7 553.8
0.001 H,kJ/kg 7.760 2551.0 2644.9 2739.5 2835.2 2932.3 3030.8 3130.9 3232.5 3335.7 3440.6 3547.2 3655.6 3765.7 3877.6 3991.2 4223.9 4463.4
(280.12) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0283 9.1037 9.3930 9.6456 9.8712 10.0757 10.2635 10.4376 10.6002 10.7532 10.8980 11.0356 11.1669 11.2928 11.4137 11.5303 11.7520 11.9604
v,m3/kg 0.001000 69.16 80.73 92.29 103.83 115.37 126.91 138.45 149.99 161.53 173.07 184.61 196.15 207.69 219.22 230.76 253.84 276.92
0.002 H,kJ/kg 7.761 2550.6 2644.7 2739.4 2835.2 2932.3 3030.8 3130.8 3232.5 3335.7 3440.6 3547.2 3655.6 3765.7 3877.6 3991.2 4223.8 4463.4
(290.65) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0283 8.7826 9.0727 9.3256 9.5512 9.7557 9.9436 10.1176 10.2803 10.4333 10.5780 10.7156 10.8470 10.9729 11.0938 11.2104 11.4321 11.6405
v,m3/kg 0.001000 0.001003 40.351 46.133 51.909 57.681 63.453 69.223 74.994 80.763 86.533 92.303 98.072 103.842 109.611 115.380 126.919 138.457
0.004 H,kJ/kg 7.763 112.575 2644.3 2739.2 2835.1 2932.2 3030.7 3130.8 3232.4 3335.7 3440.6 3547.2 3655.6 3765.7 3877.5 3991.2 4223.8 4463.4
(302.11) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0283 0.3931 8.7520 9.0053 9.2311 9.4357 9.6236 9.7977 9.9604 10.1134 10.2581 10.3957 10.5271 10.6529 10.7739 10.8905 11.1122 11.3206
v,m3/kg 0.001000 0.001003 16.121 18.442 20.756 23.067 25.377 27.686 29.995 32.303 34.611 36.920 39.228 41.536 43.844 46.151 50.767 55.383
0.01 H,kJ/kg 7.769 112.581 2643.3 2738.7 2834.7 2932.0 3030.6 3130.7 3232.3 3335.6 3440.5 3547.1 3655.5 3765.6 3877.5 3991.2 4223.8 4463.4
(318.96) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0283 0.3931 8.3268 8.5814 8.8076 9.0125 9.2005 9.3746 9.5373 9.6904 9.8352 9.9728 10.1041 10.2300 10.3510 10.4676 10.6893 10.8977
v,m3/kg 0.001000 0.001003 8.044 9.211 10.371 11.529 12.685 13.840 14.995 16.150 17.304 18.459 19.613 20.767 21.921 23.075 25.383 27.691
0.02 H,kJ/kg 7.779 112.590 2641.6 2737.8 2834.2 2931.6 3030.3 3130.5 3232.2 3335.5 3440.4 3547.0 3655.4 3765.6 3877.4 3991.1 4223.8 4463.3
(333.21) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0283 0.3931 8.0029 8.2597 8.4868 8.6920 8.8802 9.0545 9.2172 9.3703 9.5151 9.6528 9.7842 9.9101 10.0310 10.1476 10.3693 10.5777
v,m3/kg 0.001000 0.001003 4.005 4.596 5.179 5.760 6.339 6.917 7.495 8.073 8.651 9.228 9.805 10.383 10.960 11.537 12.691 13.845
0.04 H,kJ/kg 7.799 112.609 2638.0 2736.0 2833.1 2930.8 3029.8 3130.0 3231.8 3335.2 3440.2 3546.9 3655.3 3765.4 3877.3 3991.0 4223.7 4463.3
(349.10) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0283 0.3931 7.6747 7.9363 8.1650 8.3710 8.5595 8.7340 8.8970 9.0501 9.1950 9.3327 9.4641 9.5900 9.7110 9.8276 10.0494 10.2578
v,m3/kg 0.001000 0.001003 0.001027 2.618 2.954 3.287 3.619 3.950 4.281 4.612 4.942 5.272 5.602 5.932 6.262 6.592 7.252 7.911
0.07 H,kJ/kg 7.830 112.636 321.755 2733.2 2831.4 2929.7 3028.9 3129.4 3231.3 3334.8 3439.8 3546.6 3655.0 3765.2 3877.1 3990.8 4223.6 4463.2
(363.08) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0283 0.3931 1.0378 7.6726 7.9039 8.1111 8.3001 8.4750 8.6381 8.7914 8.9364 9.0741 9.2056 9.3316 9.4526 9.5692 9.7910 9.9994
v,m3/kg 0.001000 0.001003 0.001027 1.802 2.037 2.268 2.498 2.727 2.956 3.185 3.413 3.641 3.870 4.098 4.326 4.554 5.010 5.465
0.101325 H,kJ/kg 7.861 112.665 321.780 2730.3 2829.7 2928.5 3028.1 3128.7 3230.8 3334.3 3439.5 3546.3 3654.7 3765.0 3876.9 3990.7 4223.4 4463.0
(373.12) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0283 0.3931 1.0378 7.4961 7.7303 7.9386 8.1283 8.3035 8.4668 8.6203 8.7653 8.9032 9.0347 9.1607 9.2818 9.3984 9.6202 9.8287
v,m3/kg 0.001000 0.001003 0.001027 0.903 1.025 1.144 1.262 1.379 1.495 1.612 1.728 1.844 1.959 2.075 2.191 2.306 2.538 2.769
0.2 H,kJ/kg 7.961 112.756 321.859 2720.5 2824.0 2924.8 3025.3 3126.6 3229.1 3332.9 3438.3 3545.3 3653.9 3764.3 3876.3 3990.1 4223.0 4462.7
(393.36) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0283 0.3931 1.0377 7.1629 7.4068 7.6191 7.8107 7.9870 8.1510 8.3050 8.4503 8.5884 8.7201 8.8463 8.9674 9.0842 9.3061 9.5146

Steam 42 / Conversion Factors, SI Steam Properties and Useful Tables

v,m3/kg 0.001000 0.001003 0.001027 0.001067 0.5054 0.5672 0.6274 0.6867 0.7455 0.8040 0.8624 0.9206 0.9787 1.0367 1.0947 1.1526 1.2684 1.3840
0.4 H,kJ/kg 8.163 112.940 322.020 533.052 2811.9 2916.9 3019.6 3122.3 3225.6 3330.1 3436.0 3543.3 3652.2 3762.8 3875.1 3989.0 4222.2 4462.0
(416.76) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0283 0.3930 1.0376 1.6011 7.0659 7.2872 7.4832 7.6618 7.8272 7.9821 8.1281 8.2667 8.3987 8.5251 8.6465 8.7634 8.9855 9.1942
v,m3/kg 0.001000 0.001003 0.001027 0.001066 0.3320 0.3748 0.4158 0.4559 0.4955 0.5348 0.5739 0.6129 0.6518 0.6906 0.7293 0.7680 0.8453 0.9225
0.6 H,kJ/kg 8.364 113.124 322.180 533.189 2798.8 2908.7 3013.9 3117.9 3222.2 3327.3 3433.6 3541.4 3650.6 3761.4 3873.8 3988.0 4221.3 4461.3
(431.98) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0283 0.3930 1.0375 1.6009 6.8560 7.0876 7.2881 7.4692 7.6361 7.7920 7.9387 8.0777 8.2101 8.3368 8.4584 8.5754 8.7978 9.0066
v,m3/kg 0.001000 0.001003 0.001027 0.001066 0.2450 0.2785 0.3099 0.3405 0.3705 0.4002 0.4297 0.4591 0.4883 0.5175 0.5466 0.5757 0.6338 0.6918
0.8 H,kJ/kg 8.566 113.308 322.341 533.326 2784.7 2900.1 3007.9 3113.5 3218.7 3324.5 3431.3 3539.4 3648.9 3759.9 3872.6 3986.9 4220.4 4460.7
The Babcock & Wilcox Company

(443.56) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0283 0.3929 1.0373 1.6007 6.6982 6.9417 7.1473 7.3309 7.4994 7.6562 7.8036 7.9431 8.0758 8.2028 8.3246 8.4418 8.6644 8.8733
v,m3/kg 0.001000 0.001003 0.001027 0.001066 0.001123 0.220627 0.2464 0.2712 0.2955 0.3194 0.3432 0.3668 0.3903 0.4137 0.4370 0.4603 0.5069 0.5533
1 H,kJ/kg 8.768 113.492 322.501 533.463 749.328 2891.277 3001.9 3109.0 3215.2 3321.6 3428.9 3537.4 3647.2 3758.5 3871.3 3985.8 4219.6 4460.0
(453.04) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0283 0.3928 1.0372 1.6005 2.1089 6.8251 7.0360 7.2224 7.3924 7.5502 7.6982 7.8382 7.9714 8.0986 8.2206 8.3380 8.5608 8.7699
v,m3/kg 0.000999 0.001003 0.001026 0.001066 0.001123 0.143300 0.1616 0.1788 0.1954 0.2117 0.2278 0.2437 0.2595 0.2752 0.2909 0.3065 0.3376 0.3687
1.5 H,kJ/kg 9.272 113.952 322.903 533.806 749.587 2867.592 2986.2 3097.5 3206.3 3314.5 3423.0 3532.5 3643.0 3754.9 3868.2 3983.0 4217.5 4458.3
(471.45) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0284 0.3927 1.0369 1.6000 2.1082 6.6009 6.8272 7.0209 7.1950 7.3554 7.5052 7.6464 7.7805 7.9084 8.0309 8.1487 8.3721 8.5815
2 v,m3/kg 0.000999 0.001003 0.001026 0.001066 0.001122 0.104394 0.1192 0.1326 0.1454 0.1579 0.1701 0.1821 0.1941 0.2060 0.2178 0.2296 0.2530 0.2764
(485.53) H,kJ/kg 9.776 114.412 323.304 534.149 749.847 2841.382 2969.7 3085.7 3197.2 3307.2 3417.1 3527.5 3638.8 3751.3 3865.1 3980.3 4215.3 4456.6
s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0284 0.3926 1.0366 1.5996 2.1075 6.4265 6.6713 6.8733 7.0518 7.2149 7.3665 7.5090 7.6439 7.7725 7.8956 8.0138 8.2377 8.4476
2.5 v,m3/kg 0.000999 0.001002 0.001026 0.001065 0.001122 0.080796 0.0936 0.1048 0.1154 0.1255 0.1355 0.1452 0.1549 0.1644 0.1740 0.1834 0.2023 0.2210
(497.11) H,kJ/kg 10.279 114.872 323.705 534.492 750.107 2811.705 2952.2 3073.5 3188.0 3299.9 3411.1 3522.5 3634.5 3747.6 3861.9 3977.6 4213.2 4454.8
s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0284 0.3924 1.0362 1.5991 2.1068 6.2754 6.5436 6.7548 6.9382 7.1041 7.2575 7.4013 7.5372 7.6664 7.7900 7.9086 8.1331 8.3434
3 v,m3/kg 0.000999 0.001002 0.001026 0.001065 0.001121 0.001202 0.0765 0.0863 0.0953 0.1040 0.1124 0.1206 0.1287 0.1368 0.1447 0.1527 0.1684 0.1841
(507.01) H,kJ/kg 10.782 115.331 324.107 534.835 750.367 975.542 2933.7 3060.9 3178.5 3292.5 3405.0 3517.4 3630.3 3744.0 3858.8 3974.8 4211.0 4453.1
s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0284 0.3923 1.0359 1.5986 2.1062 2.5804 6.4331 6.6546 6.8431 7.0120 7.1673 7.3124 7.4492 7.5792 7.7033 7.8223 8.0474 8.2580
3.5 v,m3/kg 0.000998 0.001002 0.001025 0.001065 0.001121 0.001202 0.0642 0.0730 0.0810 0.0886 0.0959 0.1030 0.1100 0.1170 0.1238 0.1307 0.1442 0.1577
(515.71) H,kJ/kg 11.284 115.791 324.508 535.179 750.629 975.651 2914.0 3047.8 3168.9 3284.9 3398.9 3512.4 3626.0 3740.3 3855.6 3972.1 4208.9 4451.4
s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0284 0.3922 1.0356 1.5981 2.1055 2.5794 6.3337 6.5668 6.7608 6.9327 7.0900 7.2364 7.3742 7.5049 7.6296 7.7490 7.9747 8.1857
4 v,m3/kg 0.000998 0.001002 0.001025 0.001065 0.001121 0.001201 0.0549 0.0631 0.0703 0.0770 0.0835 0.0898 0.0960 0.1021 0.1082 0.1142 0.1261 0.1379
(523.51) H,kJ/kg 11.786 116.250 324.910 535.523 750.890 975.761 2893.1 3034.3 3159.1 3277.3 3392.8 3507.3 3621.7 3736.7 3852.5 3969.3 4206.7 4449.7
s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0284 0.3920 1.0353 1.5977 2.1048 2.5785 6.2417 6.4877 6.6877 6.8629 7.0222 7.1700 7.3088 7.4402 7.5654 7.6852 7.9115 8.1228

A1-7
1. See Notes 1 and 2, Table 2.1
 Table 2.3 (Part 2 of 2)

A1-8
SI Properties of Superheated Steam and Compressed Water (Temperature and Pressure)1
Pressure MPa Temperature, K
(sat. temp.) 275 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1100 1200
v,m3/kg 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0418 0.0490 0.0552 0.0608 0.0662 0.0713 0.0764 0.0814 0.0863 0.0911 0.1007 0.1102
5 H,kJ/kg 12.79 117.17 325.71 536.21 751.42 975.99 2846.5 3005.8 3138.9 3261.8 3380.3 3497.0 3613.1 3729.3 3846.1 3963.8 4202.4 4446.2
(537.09) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0284 0.391737 1.0347 1.5967 2.1035 2.5765 6.0698 6.3477 6.5609 6.7431 6.9067 7.0573 7.1980 7.3309 7.4572 7.5779 7.8053 8.0174
v,m3/kg 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0276 0.0324 0.0365 0.0401 0.0436 0.0470 0.0502 0.0534 0.0565 0.0626 0.0687
8 H,kJ/kg 15.79 119.92 328.12 538.28 753.00 976.70 1219.4 2905.5 3072.4 3212.6 3341.6 3465.4 3586.7 3706.9 3826.8 3947.0 4189.4 4435.9
(568.16) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0285 0.3909 1.0328 1.5939 2.0996 2.5708 3.0329 5.9969 6.2645 6.4724 6.6505 6.8103 6.9574 7.0948 7.2245 7.3478 7.5788 7.7932
v,m3/kg 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0201 0.0247 0.0283 0.0314 0.0344 0.0371 0.0398 0.0424 0.0450 0.0500 0.0548
10 H,kJ/kg 17.78 121.75 329.73 539.66 754.07 977.21 1218.5 2819.8 3022.5 3177.3 3314.6 3443.7 3568.7 3691.7 3813.8 3935.8 4180.7 4429.0
(584.15) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0285 0.3903 1.0315 1.5921 2.0970 2.5670 3.0266 5.7754 6.1007 6.3304 6.5199 6.6866 6.8382 6.9788 7.1109 7.2359 7.4694 7.6854
v,m3/kg 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0015 0.0140 0.0173 0.0198 0.0220 0.0240 0.0259 0.0278 0.0296
15 H,kJ/kg 22.74 126.31 333.74 543.13 756.78 978.6 1216.9 1497.5 2868.6 3078.8 3242.2 3386.9 3522.4 3653.0 3780.8 3907.3
(615.31) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0285 0.3889 1.0284 1.5875 2.0907 2.5578 3.0117 3.4992 5.7198 6.0322 6.2579 6.4447 6.6090 6.7583 6.8966 7.0263
v,m3/kg 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0015 0.0079 0.0116 0.0139 0.0158 0.0175 0.0190 0.0205 0.0219
20 H,kJ/kg 27.67 130.85 337.75 546.61 759.54 980.1 1215.6 1486.3 2624.9 2961.6 3162.4 3326.5 3474.1 3613.1 3747.1 3878.4
(638.9) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0283 0.3874 1.0253 1.5830 2.0844 2.5490 2.9977 3.4679 5.2618 5.7635 6.0410 6.2530 6.4321 6.5910 6.7360 6.8706
v,m3/kg 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0015 0.0054 0.0099 0.0122 0.0140 0.0156 0.0171 0.0184 0.0197
22.064 H,kJ/kg 29.70 132.72 339.41 548.05 760.69 980.8 1215.3 1482.5 2418.6 2906.0 3127.0 3300.4 3453.6 3596.3 3733.0 3866.3
(647.1) s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0283 0.3868 1.0240 1.5811 2.0819 2.5455 2.9922 3.4566 4.9231 5.6524 5.9580 6.1820 6.3679 6.5310 6.6789 6.8157
v,m3/kg 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0015 0.0020 0.0080 0.0103 0.0120 0.0135 0.0148 0.0161 0.0173
25 H,kJ/kg 32.57 135.38 341.76 550.11 762.33 981.7 1214.8 1477.8 1876.4 2817.3 3074.0 3262.2 3423.8 3572.1 3712.8 3849.1
s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0281 0.3860 1.0222 1.5785 2.0784 2.5405 2.9845 3.4416 4.0760 5.4884 5.8434 6.0867 6.2827 6.4523 6.6045 6.7443
v,m3/kg 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0014 0.0018 0.0054 0.0079 0.0095 0.0109 0.0121 0.0132 0.0142
30 H,kJ/kg 37.43 139.89 345.77 553.62 765.17 983.5 1214.4 1471.2 1808.5 2631.5 2976.2 3194.4 3371.8 3530.2 3678.1 3819.7
s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0279 0.3845 1.0192 1.5742 2.0724 2.5322 2.9721 3.4186 3.9569 5.1754 5.6529 5.9350 6.1503 6.3315 6.4914 6.6366
v,m3/kg 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0014 0.0017 0.0036 0.0061 0.0077 0.0090 0.0101 0.0111 0.0120
35 H,kJ/kg 42.26 144.38 349.78 557.14 768.05 985.30 1214.2 1466.0 1776.3 2402.0 2868.9 3123.2 3318.4 3487.6 3643.0 3790.1
s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0276 0.3830 1.0162 1.5699 2.0666 2.5242 2.9603 3.3980 3.8937 4.8159 5.4635 5.7924 6.0293 6.2229 6.3909 6.5418
v,m3/kg 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0014 0.0017 0.0026 0.0048 0.0064 0.0076 0.0086 0.0095 0.0104
40 H,kJ/kg 47.06 148.86 353.79 560.67 770.96 987.22 1214.3 1461.7 1755.1 2222.5 2754.1 3049.3 3263.9 3444.6 3607.7 3760.4
s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0271 0.3814 1.0132 1.5656 2.0609 2.5164 2.9490 3.3793 3.8482 4.5379 5.2741 5.6560 5.9165 6.1232 6.2997 6.4564
v,m3/kg 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0012 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0022 0.0039 0.0054 0.0065 0.0075 0.0083 0.0091
45 H,kJ/kg 51.83 153.32 357.80 564.22 773.90 989.23 1214.6 1458.3 1739.6 2129.0 2639.2 2973.9 3208.8 3401.4 3572.4 3730.9
s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0267 0.3799 1.0102 1.5614 2.0553 2.5089 2.9383 3.3621 3.8118 4.3873 5.0920 5.5251 5.8103 6.0306 6.2156 6.3782
v,m3/kg 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0012 0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0020 0.0032 0.0046 0.0057 0.0066 0.0074 0.0081
50 H,kJ/kg 56.57 157.77 361.80 567.77 776.88 991.32 1215.1 1455.6 1727.6 2075.5 2536.4 2898.8 3153.7 3358.2 3537.3 3701.5
The Babcock & Wilcox Company

s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0261 0.3783 1.0073 1.5573 2.0498 2.5015 2.9280 3.3461 3.7811 4.2956 4.9314 5.4003 5.7097 5.9437 6.1374 6.3059
v,m3/kg 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0015 0.0019 0.0028 0.0040 0.0050 0.0058 0.0066 0.0073
55 H,kJ/kg 61.29 162.20 365.80 571.34 779.88 993.48 1215.8 1453.3 1718.0 2039.9 2453.4 2826.6 3099.2 3315.5 3502.5 3672.4
s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0256 0.3767 1.0044 1.5532 2.0444 2.4944 2.9180 3.3311 3.7543 4.2308 4.8008 5.2833 5.6144 5.8618 6.0641 6.2385
v,m3/kg 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0015 0.0018 0.0025 0.0035 0.0044 0.0053 0.0060 0.0066
60 H,kJ/kg 65.98 166.61 369.80 574.91 782.91 995.70 1216.68 1451.6 1710.1 2014.0 2390.0 2759.7 3046.3 3273.6 3468.3 3643.8
s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0249 0.3751 1.0015 1.5492 2.0391 2.4874 2.9084 3.3170 3.7305 4.1804 4.6986 5.1764 5.5244 5.7845 5.9951 6.1752
v,m3/kg 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0015 0.0018 0.0023 0.0031 0.0040 0.0048 0.0054 0.0060
65 H,kJ/kg 70.64 171.02 373.80 578.50 785.97 997.99 1217.70 1450.2 1703.6 1994.1 2341.8 2700.4 2995.7 3232.8 3434.8 3615.6
s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0242 0.3735 0.9986 1.5452 2.0339 2.4805 2.8992 3.3036 3.7089 4.1391 4.6184 5.0815 5.4400 5.7114 5.9298 6.1155
v,m3/kg 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0015 0.0017 0.0022 0.0029 0.0036 0.0043 0.0050 0.0056
70 H,kJ/kg 75.28 175.41 377.80 582.09 789.05 1000.33 1218.84 1449.2 1698.1 1978.2 2304.5 2648.9 2948.2 3193.5 3402.1 3588.1
s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0234 0.3719 0.9958 1.5413 2.0288 2.4739 2.8903 3.2910 3.6892 4.1040 4.5539 4.9985 5.3617 5.6424 5.8681 6.0590
v,m3/kg 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0014 0.0017 0.0021 0.0026 0.0033 0.0040 0.0046 0.0051
75 H,kJ/kg 79.90 179.78 381.79 585.69 792.15 1002.72 1220.11 1448.5 1693.5 1965.2 2275.0 2605.0 2904.4 3155.8 3370.5 3561.3
s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0226 0.3702 0.9929 1.5374 2.0237 2.4673 2.8816 3.2789 3.6709 4.0732 4.5005 4.9265 5.2898 5.5774 5.8096 6.0055
v,m3/kg 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0014 0.0016 0.0020 0.0025 0.0031 0.0037 0.0043 0.0048
80 H,kJ/kg 84.49 184.14 385.78 589.29 795.28 1005.17 1221.50 1448.06 1689.7 1954.3 2251.1 2567.9 2864.7 3120.2 3340.0 3535.3
s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0217 0.3686 0.9901 1.5336 2.0187 2.4609 2.8732 3.2673 3.6539 4.0459 4.4552 4.8640 5.2241 5.5164 5.7543 5.9547
v,m3/kg 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0013 0.0014 0.0015 0.0018 0.0021 0.0025 0.0029 0.0033 0.0038
100 H,kJ/kg 102.62 201.46 401.71 603.78 807.98 1015.39 1227.99 1448.46 1679.5 1924.9 2188.4 2466.7 2743.0 3000.5 3231.5 3440.4
s,kJ/(kg K) 0.0178 0.3618 0.9791 1.5187 1.9996 2.4366 2.8418 3.2253 3.5950 3.9586 4.3221 4.6813 5.0163 5.3109 5.5607 5.7751

Steam 42 / Conversion Factors, SI Steam Properties and Useful Tables

1. See Notes 1 and 2, Table 2.1
 The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Fig. 2.1  Mollier diagram (H-s) for steam – SI units.

Steam 42 / Conversion Factors, SI Steam Properties and Useful Tables A1-9

 The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Fig. 2.2  Pressure-enthalpy diagram for steam – SI units.

A1-10 Steam 42 / Conversion Factors, SI Steam Properties and Useful Tables

 The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Fig. 2.3  Psychrometric chart – SI units.

Steam 42 / Conversion Factors, SI Steam Properties and Useful Tables A1-11

 The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Fig. 3.1  Temperature-enthalpy diagram (MPa = 0.006895 × psi).

Fig. 3.2  Estimates of the weight of air required for selected fuels and Fig. 3.3  Estimates of the weight of the products of combustion for
excess air levels. selected fuels and excess air levels.

A1-12 Steam 42 / Conversion Factors, SI Steam Properties and Useful Tables

 The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Fig. 3.6  Estimates of theoretical air required for the combustion of coal
based on volatile matter contents.

Fig. 3.4  Estimates of the percent total air for flue gas percent oxygen
for selected fuels.

Table 3.1
SO2, SO3 Estimated Emissions from
Boilers Firing Coal or Fuel Oil

SO2:
lb sulfur 64 lb SO2/mole
lb SO2 produced/lb fuel = K
lb fuel 32 lb sulfur/mole

lb fuel % sulfur in fuel x 2

lb SO2 produced/h = K
h 100

lb SO2/h x 102
% SO2 by weight =
lb flue gas/h

ppm SO2 by weight = (% SO2 by weight) x 104

100 (% SO2 by weight/64)

% SO2 by volume =
(% SO2 by weight) 100−(% SO2 by weight)
+
64 M

ppm SO2 by volume = % SO2 by volume x 104

where K = 0.95 Cyclone furnace firing
0.97 dry bottom PC firing
0.99 oil firing
M = molecular weight of flue gas
30.2 coal firing
29.0 oil firing
SO3:
Fig. 3.5  Estimates of efficiency loss due to unburned combustibles for SO3 quantity = 1% of SO2 quantity (coal firing)
selected fuels and ash contents. = 2% of SO2 quantity (oil firing)

Steam 42 / Conversion Factors, SI Steam Properties and Useful Tables A1-13

 The Babcock & Wilcox Company

A1-14 Steam 42 / Conversion Factors, SI Steam Properties and Useful Tables

 The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Periodic Table of the Elements

Table 3.3 

Steam 42 / Conversion Factors, SI Steam Properties and Useful Tables A1-15

 The Babcock & Wilcox Company

Table 4.1 Table 4.3

Coal and Ash Analysis, an Example of a Environmental Equipment
High Sulfur Bituminous Coal Nominal 500 MW PC-Fired Drum Boiler Plant

Proximate Ultimate Sulfur Wet Limestone Scrubber (full load)

Analysis, % Analysis, % Forms, % Limestone usage rate: 30.3 t/h
Gypsum production: 48.4 t/h
Moisture 12.0 Moisture 12.0 Pyritic 2.0 SO2 at scrubber inlet: 36,568 lb/h
VM 35.7 Carbon 60.6 Organic 2.0 SO2 at scrubber outlet: 731 lb/h
FC 40.3 Hydrogen 4.1 Sulfate 0.1 Required SO2 removal: 98%
Ash 12.0 Nitrogen 1.2 4.1
Sulfur 4.1 NOx Control
Oxygen 5.9 Type: SCR, OFA and low NOx
Ash 12.0 burners
Chlorine 0.1
Emissions: 0.07 lb/106 Btu
Ash Fusion Temperatures, F
(Reducing Atmosphere) Ash Analysis, %
Particulate Control
Type: Electrostatic precipitator
Initial Deformation 1950 Si as SiO2 45.0 Emissions: 0.03 lb/106 Btu
Softening 2030 Al as Al2O3 20.0 Specific collector area: 350 ft2/1000 SCFM
Hemispherical 2100 Fe as Fe2O3 18.0
Fluid 2150 Ti as TiO2 1.0
Ca as CaO 7.0
Other Mg as MgO 1.0
Table 4.4
Na as Na2O 0.6 Plant Performance Summary
Btu/lb = 10,950 as received K as K2O 1.9 Nominal 500 MW PC-Fired Drum Boiler Plant
Grindability = 56 HGI S as SO3 3.5
Theoretical air = 7.6 lb/10,000 Btu Turbine Steam Conditions Rated Output
P as P2O5 0.2
Power Production
Pressure 2400psig
Temperature 1000F Total gross 536 MW
Reheat temperature 1000F Total Net 494 MW
Fuel Input Thermal
6
Discharge 10 Btu/h
Coal feed 223 t/h
9
Btu input 4.88 x 10 Btu/h Cooling towers 2500
Table 4.2 Stack 587
Mechanical Equipment Ash Flow Rates t/h
Controlled Emissions lb/h
Nominal 500 MW PC-Fired Drum Boiler Plant Furnace bottom ash 5.1
Economizer ash 2.2 SO2 731 *
Steam Generator Flyash 20.7 NOx as NO2 342 *
Balanced draft, direct-fired, pulverized coal Total through unit 28.0 Particulate 146
Mill rejects (pyrites) 0.5
Pulverizers Efficiencies
Six, roll wheel mills, 50 t/h each Heat Rates at Full Load
Boiler (coal to steam) 88%
Main Steam Reheat Steam Steam cycle 7880 Btu/kWh Plant (coal to busbar) 35%
Flow 3.625 x 106 lb/h Flow 3.336 x 106 lb/h Gross 8985 Btu/kWh
Temp 1005F Temp 1000F Net 9871 Btu/kWh
Pressure 2415 psi Pressure 532 psi
Untreated Flue Gas Characteristics
Turbine/Generator
Volume % Flue Gas Molecular
Tandem-compound, four-flow, 3600 rpm, Component Dry Wet Weight
640,000 kVa at 24 kV, 3 phase, 60 Hz.
Nitrogen 81.07 73.47
Fans Carbon dioxide 15.28 13.84 30.85 (dry basis)
FD: 2 motor-driven, total 4,000,000 lb/h Oxygen 3.26 2.95 29.64 (wet basis)
PA: 2 motor-driven, total 710,000 lb/h Water − 9.39
ID: 4 motor-driven, total 5,174,000 lb/h Sulfur dioxide 0.39 0.35
100.00 100.00
Fan Horsepower Requirements
FD: 2400 HP based on static rise from −0.5 to 14 in. wg Excess air leaving economizer 17.9%
PA: 1700 HP based on static rise from −0.5 to 50 in. wg Mass Flows lb/10,000 Btu Losses %
ID: 9900 HP based on static rise from −23 to 10 in. wg
Fan data assumes 8% air heater leakage and Actual dry air 8.888 Dry gas loss 4.659
87% fan/motor efficiency. Wet gas from fuel 0.800 Water from fuel 5.056
Moisture in air 0.116 Moisture in air 0.116
Feedwater Pumps Wet gas weight 9.804 Unburned
Main: 2 turbine-driven, 50% capacity, Water from fuel 0.444 combustibles 0.500
5000 GPM each, TDH: 7200 ft Water in wet gas 0.560 Radiation 0.170
Dry gas weight 9.244 Unaccounted for
Booster: 2 turbine-driven, 50% capacity, manufacturer's
4800 GPM each, TDH: 1280 ft Water in wet gas (as%) 5.711% margin 1.500
Condensate: 2 motor-driven, 100% capacity, 12.001
1400 hp, 7000 GPM each, TDH: 630 ft *Local requirements vary.

A1-16 Steam 42 / Conversion Factors, SI Steam Properties and Useful Tables