COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT, SOLIDARITY AND CITIZENSHIP
Community of Identity
JANUARY 28, 2020
IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING A COMMUNITY AND ITS
GAINS
 GAINS FROM UNDERSTANDINNG COMMUNITY
DYNAMICS:
A. Provides benchmarking data
B. Provides preliminary project planning
information
C. Provides an idea of the community’s strengths
and challenges
D. Provides an opportunity to understand the
community’s dominant rules and norms
E. Provides an occasion to gauge the attitude and
behavior of the community
F. Provides a way for a more directed and well-
informed dialogue with the community
G. Makes networking and partnership building
FEBRUARY 13, 2020
more favorable
Understanding the Different Perspectives on Community
H. Gets project implementation less complicated
 DEFINITION OF A COMMUNITY
A holistic view recognizes the interconnectivity of
“people and place-based strategies” and
acknowledges that economic, environmental, and
social issues are interdependent.
 NATURE OF A COMMUNITY
A. A community is a sociological construct
B. A community has fuzzy boundaries
C. A community can exist within a larger
community
D. A community may move
 BASES OF LOCAL COMMUNITY POWER
A. Connections – the capacity to create linkages
and develop helpful relationships with
powerful individuals, family and organizations
B. Power in Number – the base, back-up and
support of the people in the community
C. Rewards – the ability to provide awards,
promotion, money, and gifts that are useful to
meet individual or organizational goals
D. Personal Traits/ Expertise – the capacity to
foster respect and loyalty based on charm,
talents, and skills
E. Legitimate Power – the leadership title or
higher organizational or institutional position
F. Information – the ability to keep or share
information
G. Coercion – influence through manipulation and
coercion
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMMUNITIES
A. Rural-Urban
B. Local – Global
C. Physical Space – Virtual Social Space
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMMUNITY
A. Geographic Community or Neighborhood
B.
C. Community of Interest or Solidarity
D. Intentional Community
 6 DIMENSIONS OFA COMMUNITY
A. TECHNOLOGICAL
-Community Capital
B. ECONOMIC
-Allocate goods and services
C. POLITICAL
-Allocate Power, Influence and Decision
Making
D. INSTITUTIONAL
-Ways people act, react and interact
E. AESTHETIC VALUE
-Structure of ideas- sometimes paradoxical,
inconsistent, or contradictory
F. BELIEF-CONCEPT
-Structure of ideas sometimes contradictory
 THE SOCIAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE
-Socialization – the course of embracing the behavior
patterns of the community.
-The family is the key player that creates a certain
pattern of behavior. Yet as the person learns to
socialize with peers and engage with different
societal institutions such as mass media, gov’t, work
place, and school, the person develops a new pattern
of behavior – a behavior which is usually associated
with the community where the person belongs to.
 THE COMMUNITY-BASED PERSPECTIVE
Community is seen as a:
 SETTING FOR INTERVENTION , the community is
mainly defined geographically.
 TARGET FOR CHANGE, the community denotes
the goal of creating a healthy environment
facilitated by policy and community-wide
institutions and services.
 RESOURCE, the community is a good material for
promotion as it has considerable degree of
“community ownership and participation”. Thus
the situation provides a high possibility of project
intervention success.
 AN AGENT, the focus is on “respecting and
reinforcing the natural adaptive, supportive, and
developmental capacities of communities.
 THE ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
-A community is a congregation of species that occur
together in time and space and have high probability
for interaction
-Behavior is perceived not only as a product of
knowledge, values, and attitudes of individuals but
also as a result of influences involving the family,
social networks, organizations, and public policy.
 -Social ecology is beyond the notion that
interventions can be applied at various levels of the
social system.
 SECTORAL PERSPECTIVE
-Communities are seen as a system which is
comprised of individuals and sectors with diverse
characteristics and interrelationships
-Each sector has its own focus which is primarily
membership-and-beneficiary-driven. The sector have
roles to fulfill, and a functional seizure means demise
or closure. Thus, a breakdown of that role results to
the weakening of the sector’s community system.
How to survive in weakening sector?
-Communities must have well-integrated – sectors
that distribute, divide, and extract accountabilities in
managing the welfare and safety of the community.
 THE CIVIL SOCIETY PERSPECTIVE
-Civil Society (CS) is generally defined as a wide array
of nongovernmental organizations and volunteer
groups that are fighting for solutions to social issues
that continue to worsen the condition of the
disadvantaged sectors of the society, especially the
poor.
-CS views the community as composed of people,
structures, and system endowed with resources but
is confronted with social issues as well
-Community Development is a means of enhancing
CS as it prioritizes and aligns community actions with
economic, political, social, and ecological policy
development
FEBRUARY 17, 2020
THE DEFINITION AND FORMS OF COMMUNITY ACTION
The Definitionand FormsofCommunityAction
Community Action is a manifestation of a collective grasp and
ownership of a situation that generally has an effect on them.
 THE DEFINITION AND FORMS OF COMMUNITY
ACTION
What are the important ingredients of community
action?
1. Common context – people live in a similar
setting and/or locality
2. Common experience – people encounter a
comparable experience individually or
collectively
3. Common understanding of an issue – people
have more or less a similar view of the issue at
hand
4. Common analysis – people went through a
process of analyzing the issue and may have
similar take on the issue, partly or in a whole
5. An acceptable standard – people usually
establish a minimum standard in undertaking an
action together
6. An action that is acceptable to the community –
people discuss and agree on what action to take,
who will take the lead, who will do the
supporting roles, and who will do other tasks
 FOUR GENERAL PHASES OF COMMUNITY
ORGANIZATION PROCESS
1. Issue Identification, analysis, and dissemination
– this phase is the key step toward the
development of community action. Relevant
community information is collected,
consolidated, analyzed, defined, processed and
disseminated.
2. Mobilization of Community – this phase is the
step of gathering people to meet regularly,
discuss community problems, plan as a
community, formulate implementing
mechanisms, identify community leaders and
organizational structure, and develop systems.
3. Organization – This is the “bolt-in” phase where
all the resources, materials or nonmaterial,
process or product, soft or hard technology, and
physical and spiritual are mapped out and
consolidated.
4. On Education – this is the skills development or
human resource enhancement phase. Members
are provided with necessary skills. Knowledge,
and orientation. This is a prerequisite for the
commencement of duties and responsibilities as
members and officers of the community
organization.
 FORMS OF COMMUNITY ACTION
-Community Engagement
-Solidarity
-Citizenship
COMMUNNITY ENGAGEMNET
ENGAGEMENT – denotes interaction, sharing, and
relationships at different levels. It can be defined as
the partnership between two parties, such as
academic institutions and local communities for
mutual benefits, and it is characterized by reciprocal
relations.
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AS DEFINED BY ASEAN
UNIVERSITY NETWORK:
 active collaboration
 builds on the resources, skills, and expertise and
knowledge of the campus and community
 improves the quality of life in the communities
 in a manner that is consistent with the campus
mission
SOLIDARITY
-Generally, solidarity is about regarding our fellow
human beings justly and respecting who they are as
persons (BJPI, 2007)
 -Based on the perspective that a person is a relational
being; a person is in connection with other people,
with the society, and with the environment. This
means that a person has to relate responsibly and act
in solidarity with others and the whole humanity.
CITIZENSHIP
-Citizenship – denotes membership of a citizen in a
political society. The membership implies a duty of
allegiance on the part of the member and a duty of
protection on the part of the state.
-Citizen, refers to a member of a democratic
community who enjoys full civil and political rights
and is accorded protection inside and outside the
territory of the state.
-The principle of citizenship recognizes that people
have a moral responsibility to self, others, and
community. Nevertheless, this moral responsibility
has to be matched and expressed with social
responsibility in the same way as individual rights
have to be matched with social responsibility.
FEBRUARY 17, 2020
The process of social change is complicated and long.
It requires systematic and personal change.
SYSTEMATIC CHANGE
-looks into institutional systems and economic,
political, and sociocultural structures
PERSONAL CHANGE
-Requires looking into the individual’s values and
principles.
 COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
- is defined as a process wherein community
members come together to take collective action
and generate solutions to common problems and
pursue community well-being (economic, social,
environmental, and cultural)

MODELS OF SOCIAL CHANGE

SIGNIFICANT FEATURES
 MODELS OF SOCIAL CHANGE  Builds community capacity
-Traditional Structure of Patronage and Dependence  Builds community
-Class Conflict Model  Linked with community work and planning
-Interest Group Model  Empowers individuals and groups
-Traditional Structure of Patronage and Dependence  Strengthens the community
 Strengthens civil society
 In this model, power is concentrated at the
 Builds active citizenship
top. Both the leaders and followers
 Inculcates the principles of community action
compete for patronage and connections
 Supports establishment of strong communities
 This model preserves the status quo and
continues the process of exploitation and
alienation of the people in the grass roots
CLASS CONFLICT MODEL
-This model portrays a lower class-higher class
relationship. The lower class is the oppressed, and
the higher class is the oppressor
-This model is form the Marxist perspective. It
presents class conflict as inevitable. The model seeks
a classless society.

INTEREST GROUP MODEL

-In this model, society is composed of a variety of
groups and organizations coming from the lower
strata of the society. Each with its common interest
and seeking to be heard and to influence policy
decisions.
-The interest group come from the different sectors
of the society. Such as farmers, fisher folk, labor
groups, women, youth, the disadvantaged,
indigenous people and others.