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26. Each author has a certain lexicon that he uses when he is writing and expressing the words on
paper. For him each word and syntax has its own meaning. In order to understand its meaning,
the whole process is very complex considering all the perspectives that you need to take into
consideration.
Some words only have one meaning, its true sense: for example in Nick Hornbys text “Slam”, the
pronoun “she” refers to specific person characterised by being “not really scary” and also “wasn’t
like she was stupid”. The words used to characterise does have multiple senses because not even
the author managed to find a proper way to describe “she”.

27. In linguistics and lexicography, hyponym is a term used to designate a particular

member of a broader class. For instance, daisy and rose are hyponyms of flower. Also
called a subtype  or a subordinate term. Adjective: hyponymic.Words that are hyponyms
of the same broader term (that is, a hypernym) are called co-hyponyms. The semantic
relationship between each of the more specific words (such as daisy and rose) and the
broader term (flower) is called hyponymy or inclusion.Hyponymy is not restricted
to nouns. The verb to see, for example, has several hyponyms—glimpse, stare, gaze,
ogle, and so on. Edward Finnegan points out that although "hyponymy is found in
all languages, the concepts that have words in hyponymic relationships vary from one
language to the next. In the text brought dto us with the purpose of interpretation, we
found different hyponims for example: „teenager” and „16-year boy” these words being
part of the age category. Also the nouns „joint” and „pot” have the same hyponimy
relation due to the fact that both are types of drugs.

28.

Theories of language state that language users must have some sort of lexicon stored in
memory. When they hear or read, they can recognize the patterns of sounds or letters that
correspond to the lexical items in their lexicon. Each word or lexical item contains
meaning. The description of the meaning of a word is complex because there have to be
considered the following perspectives, which constitute the area of study in modern
linguistics called lexical semantics.
Some words are relatively easy to define by pointing to an object or a picture, but some
are not because we have to consider the context.
In simple semantic situation, there is only one relation between symbol (signifier) and
reference or sense (signified). Proper names like Sir Darius Xerxes Cama, Mr.
Kalamanja have direct reference. They denote a specific object, person, place, etc. in the
world. Proper names have no resemblance or other link to the objects they denote. A rose
denotes a sweet smelling flower everyone calls a ‘rose’. If we change its name, it is still
the same flower. As an example Peter can change his name to Romeo but he is not
changed physically.
. When a word has direct reference, it points to a specific, unique object, person, place,
etc., it can be said that the word has ostensive definition or definition by pointing.
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Sometimes a word can refer not only to a unique object, but a set or class of that thing as
give in the text: “everything”

29. As part of the field of cognitive linguistics, the cognitive semantics approach rejects
the formal traditions modularisation of linguistics into phonology, syntax, pragmatics,
etc. Instead it divides semantics (meaning) into meaning-construction and knowledge
representation. Therefore, cognitive semantics studies much of the area traditionally
devoted to pragmatics as well as semantics.
Cognitive semantic theories are typically built on the argument that lexical meaning is
conceptual. That is, the meaning of a lexeme is not reference to the entity or relation in
the "real world" that the lexeme refers to, but to a concept in the mind based on
experiences with that entity or relation. An implication of this is that semantics is not
objective and also that semantic knowledge is not isolatable from encyclopaedic
knowledge.
Moreover, cognitive semantic theories are also typically built upon the idea that
semantics is amenable to the same mental processes as encyclopaedic knowledge. They
thus involve many theories from cognitive psychology and cognitive anthropology such
as prototypicality, which cognitive semanticists argue is the basic cause of polysemy.
Another trait of cognitive semantics is the recognition that lexical meaning is not fixed
but a matter of construal and conventionalization. The processes of linguistic construal, it
is argued, are the same psychological processes involved in the processing of
encyclopaedic knowledge and in perception.
.