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Multiphase Flow Fundamentals
• Slip and liquid Hold Up QL Vsl
– Liquid Hold up: the in-situ L
QL QG Vm
liquid volume fraction
– No Slip (Homogenous Flow):
gas and liquid phases travel
at the same velocity
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Multiphase Flow Fundamentals
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Key Multi-Phase Flow Parameters
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Key Multi-Phase Flow Parameters
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Key Multi-Phase Flow Parameters
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Key Multi-Phase Flow Parameters
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Example: Liquid Hold-Up
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Flow Regimes
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Flow Regimes
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Flow Regimes
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Flow Regimes
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Flow Regimes
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Flow Regimes
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Flow Pattern Maps
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Flow Pattern Map Based on Velocities
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Duns and Ross Flow Regime Maps
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Example: Estimate Flow Regime
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Example: Estimate Flow Regime
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Effect of Inclination on Flow Maps
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Factors Affecting Flow Pattern
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Type of Fluids
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Type of Flow
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Exercise
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Multiphase Flow in Oil Wells
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Liquid Holdup
• In multiphase flow, the amount of the pipe occupied by a phase is
often different from its proportion of the total volumetric flow
rate. This is due to density difference between phases.
• The density difference causes dense phase to slip down in an
upward flow
• Thus, liquid ‘‘holdup’’ is defined as
Liquid holdup depends on flow regime, fluid properties, and pipe size and
configuration. Its value can be quantitatively determined only through
experimental measurements.
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Homogeneous-Flow Models
Assuming no slip of liquid phase, Poettmann and Carpenter (1952) presented a
simplified gas-oil-water three phase flow model to compute pressure losses in
wellbores by estimating mixture density and friction factor
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Guo – Ghalambor Model
b
N bM 2 0.0765 g q g 350 o qo 350 w q w 62.4 s q s
144b p phf
1 2bM
ln
144 p M N 2 M
c a
144 phf M N
2 4.07Tav q g
2 N
5.615qo 5.615q w q s
144 p M 144 phf M b
x tan 1 tan 1
a cos d 2 e L 4.07Tav q g
N N
Tav q g
c 0.00678
A= cross sectional area, ft2 A
DH= hydraulic diameter, ft
d
0.00166
5.615qo 5.615qw qs
fM = Moody factor A
g = gravitational constant, 32.17 ft/s2 f
e M
L = conduit length, ft 2 gDH
P = pressure, psia cde
Phf = wellhead pressure, psia M
cos d 2 e
qg = gas production rate, scf/d
c 2 e cos
qo = oil production rate, bbl/d N
qs =sand production rate, ft3/d cos d e
2 2
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Example
For the following data, estimate bottom-hole pressure with the Guo–
Ghalambor Model
Total measured depth, ft 7000
The average inclination angle, deg. 20
Tubing inner diameter, in. 1.995
Gas production rate, MMSCFD 1
Gas specific gravity 0.7
Oil production rate, stb/d 1000
Oil specific gravity 0.85
Water production rate, bbl/d 300
Water specific gravity 1.05
Solid production rate, ft3/d 1
Solid specific gravity 2.65
Tubing head temperature, oF 100
Bottom hole temperature, oF 224
Tubing head pressure, psia 300
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Example
A, in.2 3.124
D, ft 0.16625
Tav, oR 622
COS () 0.9397
Drv 40.9088
fM 0.0415505
a 0.0001713
b 2.894
c 1349785.1
d 3.8943
e 0.0041337
M 20447.044
N 6.669 E+09
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P , psia 1682
Example (Poettmann-Carpenter)
• For the following given data, calculate bottom-hole pressure
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Example (Poettmann-Carpenter)
dz 7.413x10 D
10 5 2 g c z
y L L 1 y L g
u m u SL u SG
The superficial velocity of a given phase is defined as the volumetric flow rate of
the phase divided by the pipe cross-sectional area for flow
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Separated-Flow Models
• Obviously, determination of the value of liquid holdup yL is
essential for pressure calculations. The mH-B correlation uses
liquid holdup from three charts using the following
dimensionless numbers
Liquid Velocity Number Gas Velocity Number
L L
N vL 1.938u SL 4 N vG 1.938uSG 4
Pipe Diameter Number
CN L 10Y
Y 2.69851 0.1584 X 1 0.55100 X 12 0.54785 X 13 0.12195 X 14
X 1 logN L 3
where
p is the absolute pressure at the location where pressure gradient is to be calculated, and
pa is atmospheric pressure. The value of this group is then used as an entry in the second
chart to determine parameter (yL/ψ). We have found that the second chart can be
represented by the following correlation with good accuracy
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Separated-Flow Models
yL
0.10307 0.61777log X 2 6 0.91163 4.82176 X 3 1232.25 X 32
22253.6 X 33 116174.3 X 34
0.63295log X 2 6 0.29598log X 2 6
2 3
0.0401log X 2 6
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N vG N L0.38
N vL p 0.1 CN L X3
X N D2.14
0.575 0.1
N vG pa N D
y
Finally, the liquid holdup can be calculated by yL L
2.2 x102 mt
The Reynolds number for multiphase flow can be calculated by N Re
D Ly L G1 y L
where mt is mass flow rate. The modified mH-B method uses the Griffith correlation for
the bubble-flow regime. The bubble-flow regime has been observed to exist when
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Separated-Flow Models
Neglecting the kinetic energy pressure drop term, the Griffith correlation in U.S.
field units can be expressed as
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Separated-Flow Models
• The liquid holdup in Griffith correlation is given by the following expression
2
1 u u u
yL 1 1 m 1 m 4 sG
2 us us us
2.2 x102 mL
N Re
D L
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Multiphase Flow in Pipes
– Multiphase Flow
• Liquid Holdup
– PVT Calculations
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Multiphase Flow in Pipes
Production System