ASSIGNMENT 2

Name: ID:- __________________________

Question1: (3 points)

A: The nucleus contains most of the cell’s genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle.
The nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm. Why we used
nuclear envelope instead of nuclear membrane? (1 point)
The nuclear envelope is the covering of the nucleus, which is made up of the nuclear membrane.
It contains nuclear pores through which a selective traffic of RNA and protein molecules occur.
Therefore, the main function of the nuclear pores is to regulate eukaryotic gene expression. Thus,
the nuclear pore complex is the only path that allows the movement of macromolecules, ions as
well as small polar molecules across the nuclear envelope while the nuclear membrane is the
lipid bilayer which surrounds the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm. The two layers of the nuclear
membrane are the inner nuclear membrane and the outer nuclear membrane.

B: Give two differences between mitochondrion and peroxisome. (1 point)

Mitochondrion Peroxisomes
Double membrane bound organelle Single membrane bound organelle
 Semi-autonomous organelle, contains DNA
called mt DNA or mitochondria genome
New mitochondrion arise by growth and
fission
Mitochondria proteins are coded by both
mitochondrial DNA and Nuclear DNA
Mitochondria proteins are made on free
cytoplasmic ribosomes and ribosomes inside
mitochondrion
Unfolded Proteins are post-translationally
imported with the help of proteins complexes
called TIM, TOM and OXA complex
Import signal sequence is called
"mitochondria- targeting sequence" (MTS),
which is located at the amino termini or N
termini of the preproteins or unfolded protein
Signal sequences at N terminus are removed
after import by a protease called signal
peptidase in the mitochondria matrix
Function: Oxidative phosphorylation and ATP
synthesis which is used to drive various
cellular activities. Matrix is the site of 13
oxidation
C: Animal cell has vacuoles. (1 point)
Question2: The below figure resembles an endomembrane system in a cell. Answer the
following questions. (4 points)
A: Label four organelles in the figure. (2 points)
Smooth ER
No DNA
New peroxisome also arise by growth and
fission
Peroxisomal proteins are encoded by nuclear
DNA
Peroxisomal proteins are made on free
cytoplasmic ribosomes
Folded Proteins are post-translationally
imported with the help of proteins coded by
PEX genes named peroxins
Import signal is a specific sequence of three
amino acids located at the C terminus of many
peroxisomal proteins
Generally, Signal sequences are not removed
after import
Functions: Involved many metabolic processes
or oxidative reactions, such as p-oxidation of
very long-chain fatty acids releasing energy,
and synthesis of plasmalogen, an important
membrane component in brain and heart and
bile acids as well as generation and
degradation of hydrogen peroxide during
detoxification.
TRUE
Rough ER
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
B: Give two similarities in structure and function between them. (2 points)
All have membrane , all are in endomembrane system
All of these component are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles
ER and Golgi apparatus
Both ER and Golgi apparatus are involved in the formation of endomembrane system of the cell.
They are made up of flattened, membranous, fluidfilled sacs called cisternae. Cisternae are held
together by the cytoskeleton of the cell. Rough ER provides sites for the protein synthesis in the
cell. Ribosomes are bound to the membrane of rough ER. The translated proteins are exported
into the ER for maturation. These proteins are again transported into Golgi apparatus for further
maturation and sorting out for their final destination. Therefore, both ER and Golgi apparatus are
involved in protein maturation. Newly synthesized polypeptide chains interact with chaperone
proteins in the ER lumen. The proteins, which are to be secreted and destined to the cell surface
achieve their 3D structure by forming disulfide bonds between cysteine residues in the
polypeptide chain. The formation of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues is facilitated by
protein disulfide isomerase found in the ER. Once proteins achieve their proper 3D structure,
they are released from the chaperone proteins. Glycosylation, which is the addition of
polysaccharide chains into the protein, occurs in the ER as well. Usually, membrane proteins and
secretion proteins are glycosylated. Some glycosylations occur in the ER and the others occur in
the Golgi apparatus. Both ER and Golgi apparatus are capable of forming transport vesicles.
Proteins destined to the lysosomes, plasma membrane or secretion, are transported from ER to
Golgi apparatus by small transport vesicles called COPIIcoated transported vesicles. Golgi
apparatus also forms secretory vesicles in order to transport sorted proteins to their final
destination
Smooth ER and Rough ER
The two types of ER share many of the same proteins and engage in certain common activities
such as the synthesis of certain lipids and cholesterol.

BothERandGolgiapparatusareinvolvedintheformation
ofendomembrane system of the cell. They are madeupof
flattened, membranous, fluidfilled sacs called cisternae.
Cisternaeareheldtogetherbythecytoskeletonofthecell
BothERandGolgiapparatusareinvolvedintheformation
ofendomembrane system of the cell. They are madeupof
flattened, membranous, fluidfilled sacs called cisternae.
Cisternaeareheldtogetherbythecytoskeletonofthecell

Question3: Regarding Lysosomes: (3 points)

What enzymes present in lysosomes are called Lysosomes. (1 point)
What is favorable PH for most lysosomes to be active is Acidic ph=5? (1 point)
What determines the presence of many types of lysosomes in a cell? (1 point)
Acidic environments