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A motor is a device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Principle of Electric Motor
A motor works on the principle that when a rectangular coil is placed in a magnetic field and current is passed
through it. A force acts on the coil as per Fleming's Left hand rule which rotates it continuously
Construction
1. Insulated Copper Wire: A rectangular coil of wire ABCD
2. Magnet Poles: A magnet as placed above ie North Pole and South Pole. This creates a magnetic field as shown
above.
3. Split Rings: Two disjoint C‐shaped rings P and Q. It acts as a commutator (which can reverse the direction of
current)
4. Axle: The split rings are placed on the axle which can rotate freely.
5. Brushes: The outside of the split rings are connected to conducting brushes X and Y.
6. Source Battery: To source current.
_Working of Electric Motor
1. When the current begins to flow, current flows through brush X, then A to B, B to C, C to D and then to brush Y
and into the battery.
2. Now applying Fleming's Left Hand Rule to wire AB, Current is along AB, Magnetic Field is as shown (North‐>
South), the motion of the wire is downwards.
3. Now applying Fleming's Left Hand Rule to wire CD, Current is along CD, Magnetic Field is as shown (North‐>
South), the motion of the wire is upwards.
4. The rectangular coil begins to move in the anti‐clockwise direction
5. Note that during anti‐clockwise motion, the split rings and axle also move, whereas the brushes don't move.
6. After half a rotation, Wire CD and Split ring Q moves to the left. Wire AB and Split ring P moves to right. Brushes X
and Y do not move.
7. Now applying Fleming's Left Hand Rule to wire CD, Current is along DC. (Battery ‐> Split ring Q ‐> DC , Magnetic
Field is as shown (North‐> South), the motion of the wire is downwards.
8. Now applying Fleming's Left Hand Rule to wire AB, Current is along BA. (Battery ‐> Split ring Q ‐> DC ‐‐> CB ‐> BA ‐‐
> Split ring P) , Magnetic Field is as shown (North‐> South), the motion of the wire is upwards.
9. So, again the coil rotates in the anti‐clockwise direction.
10. The reversal of current in the coil results in the continuous rotation of the coil. The reversal of current is achieved
by the commutator rings
Applications
Electric Fans
Refrigerators
Mixers
Washing machines
ELECTRIC DC GENERATOR
Electric DC Generator is a device which converst mechanical energy into electrical energy, it is also known as dynamo
Principle of Electric DC Generator
It is based on the principle of production of dynamically (or motionally) induced e.m.f (Electromotive Force).
Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced e.m.f. is produced in it according to Faraday's Laws
of Electromagnetic Induction. This e.m.f. causes a current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed.
Construction
1. Insulated Copper Wire: A rectangular coil of wire ABCD
2. Magnet Poles: A magnet as placed above ie North Pole and South Pole. This creates a magnetic field as shown
above.
3. Split Rings: Two disjoint C‐shaped rings R1 and R2. It acts as a commutator (which can reverse the direction of
current)
4. Axle: The split rings are placed on the axle which can rotate freely.
5. Brushes: The outside of the split rings are connected to conducting brushes B2 and B1 and the brushes are fixed.
6. Galvanometer: To measure current produced.
Working of DC Generator
1. The ends of the armature‐coil ABCD are connected to the two separated segments R1 of a single copper ring R,
which is called the ‘split‐ring commutator’. R1and R2 rotate along with the armature between two brushes B1 and
B2 to which the external circuit is connected.
2. When the armature‐coil ABCD is rotated clockwise (say), an emf is induced in the coil and a current flows in the
direction ABCD (Fleming’s right‐hand rule). In the external circuit, the current flows from B1 to B2.
3. For half the revolution, R1 is in contact with B1 and R2 with B2. But as soon as the coil passes the vertical, R1
comes in contact with B2 and R2 with B1 and remain so during the next half revolution.
4. Although the induced emf in the coil is reversed and the current in the coil flows in the direction DCBA, but in the
external circuit the current still flows from B1 to B2.
ELECTRIC AC GENERATOR
Electric AC Generator is a device which convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, it is also known as
alternator
Principle of Electric Generator
It is based on the principle of production of dynamically (or motionally) induced e.m.f (Electromotive Force).
Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, dynamically induced e.m.f. is produced in it according to Faraday's Laws
of Electromagnetic Induction. This e.m.f. causes a current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed.
Construction
1. Insulated Copper Wire: A rectangular rotating coil of wire ABCD
2. Magnet Poles: A magnet as placed above ie North Pole and South Pole. This creates a magnetic field as shown
above. The rectangular coil is placed between these magnets
3. Split Rings: Two disjoint C‐shaped rings R1 and R2 are internally attached to the Axle.. Ends of the coil are
connected to R1 and R2. The inner portion of these rings are made of non‐conducting material
4. Axle: The split rings are placed on the axle which is made to rotate freely from an external source.
5. Brushes: The outside of the split rings are connected to conducting brushes B1 and B2. B1 and B2 is kept pressed
on R1 and R2 respectively.
6. Galvanometer : To measure current. The outer ends of the brushes are connected to the galvanometer to
measure the current
Working of AC Generator
1. The axle is rotated such that it moves in the clockwise directions that is AB moves up and CD moves down.
2. According to Fleming's Right Hand rule, the induced current is setup in the coil along B1‐> AB ‐> BC ‐> CD ‐> B2.
This means that the external current flows from B2 to B1.
3. After half a rotation, arm CD starts moves up and AB moves down.
According to Fleming's Right Hand rule, the induced current is setup in the coil along B2‐> AB ‐> BC ‐> CD ‐> B1. This
means that the external current flows from B1 to B2.
4. Thus after every half rotation of the coil, the current changes direction. This is called an AC current.