IC Engine Classifications

Engine: Idealized cycles and processes

Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/

ME 417: Internal Combustion Engines

http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/ME417/

T533

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 1 / 25 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 2 / 25

Spark or Compression Ignition Engines (SIE vs CIE)

T503

 Spark initiates the flame in SIE; high compression in CIE

generates high temperature for ignition in CIE.
 Part-load efficiency of CIE is better as load is regulated by fuel
injection adjustment; in SIE throttling is used to reduce load
which increases pumping work.
T555  SIEs are high speed engines with higher temperature exhaust.
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 3 / 25 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 4 / 25
 Four Stroke Reciprocating IC Engine Two Stroke Reciprocating IC Engine

T524

T523
Two stroke cycle events
Four stroke cycle events
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 5 / 25 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 6 / 25

4s vs. 2s IC Engines

T515 T516

 Basic difference: 2s engine accomplishes the four processes (intake,

compressing, expansion & exhaust) in a single revolution.
 Advantages of 4s engines: better fuel economy, better lubrication
and easier control.
T924
 Advantages of 2s engines: fewer moving parts, lighter weight and
smoother operation.
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 7 / 25 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 8 / 25
 Wankel Four Stroke Rotary SI Engines Gas Turbine

T371

T906 A comparison between the working cycle of a turbo-jet engine and a

◮ smooth rotary motion, ◮ sealing is critical. piston engine.
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 9 / 25 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 10 / 25

Engine Ideal Cycles Engine Ideal Cycles

Four Stroke Reciprocating SI Engine: Otto Cycle  thermal efficiency, ηth,otto = 1 − 1

rck −1

→ compression ratio, rc ≡ VBDC /VTDC

→ ratio of specific heat capacities, k = cp /cv

T498

T500

P-v diagram of Otto cycle Cycle with gas-exchange processes

 1-2: Isentropic compression from BDC to TDC
 2-3: Constant-volume heat addition at TDC
 3-4: Isentropic expansion from TDC to BDC
 4-1: Constant-volume heat rejection at BDC T501 T502

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 11 / 25 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 12 / 25
 Engine Ideal Cycles Engine Ideal Cycles

Actual 4s SI engine cycle vs. Otto cycle

T528

T499

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 13 / 25 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 14 / 25

Engine Ideal Cycles Engine Ideal Cycles

Air Standard Diesel Cycle Air Standard Dual Cycle

 1-2: Isentropic compression from BDC to TDC
 2-3: Constant-pressure heat addition at TDC
 3-4: Isentropic expansion to BDC
 4-1: Constant-volume heat rejection at BDC

T506

 1-2: Isentropic compression from BDC to TDC

 2-3: Constant-volume heat addition at TDC
T504 T505
h i  3-4: Constant-pressure heat addition at TDC
1 βk −1 V3
◮thermal efficiency, ηth,diesel = 1 − ; cut-off ratio, β ≡  4-5: Isentropic expansion to BDC
rck −1 k (β−1) V2
 5-1: Constant-volume heat rejection at BDC
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 15 / 25 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 16 / 25
 Engine Ideal Cycles Engine Ideal Cycles

Comparison: Otto, Diesel & Dual Cycle Miller Cycle

T891

 compression ratio, rc ≡ V1 /V2

 expansion ratio, re ≡ V4 /V3

T603 T509

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 17 / 25 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq T892
(BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 18 / 25

Ideal Cycle: Effect of Engine Parameters Ideal Cycle: Effect of Engine Parameters

Ideal Four Stroke Processes : Inlet & Exhaust Flow Ideal Four Stroke Processes: Exhaust Stroke

  k −1
k
 Te = T4 Pe
P4
 Residual gas fraction, fr
  k −1
1 k
 fr = rc
Pe
P4
 0.03 <= fr <= 0.12
 fr ( Diesel ) < fr ( Otto)

T893

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

T894
(BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 19 / 25 (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 20 / 25
 Ideal Cycle: Effect of Engine Parameters Ideal Cycle: Effect of Engine Parameters

Otto Cycle: Effect of rc and Heat Input Otto Cycle: Effect of rc , fr and φ

 k −1
 ηotto = 1 − 1
rc
  
imep Qin
 P1 = P1 V1
rc
rc −1 ηotto

T889 T609 T883

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 21 / 25 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 22 / 25

Ideal Cycle: Effect of Engine Parameters Ideal Cycle: Effect of Engine Parameters

Otto Cycle: Effect of Fuel Type Otto Cycle: Effect of Pi /Pe

T884

T885 T886

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 23 / 25 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 24 / 25
 Ideal Cycle: Effect of Engine Parameters

Diesel Cycle: Effect of rc and Heat Input

 β is not an independent
variable.  
Qin 1
 β=1+ k
k −1 P1 V1 rck −1
⇒ Qin = 0 → β = 1 → Otto cycle

T890

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Engine: Idealized cycles and processes ME 417 (2018) 25 / 25