ANSI - Liquid Viscosity Pump Performance

ANSI/HI 9.6.
7-2004
American National Standard for

Effects of Liquid
Viscosity on
Rotodynamic
(Centrifugal and
Vertical) Pump
Performance
ANSI/HI 9.6.7-2004
9 Sylvan Way
Parsippany, New Jersey
07054-3802
www.pumps.org
Desktop 2, completed March 4, 2004

This page intentionally blank.

ANSI/HI 9.6.7-2004
American National Standard for
Effects of Liquid Viscosity on

Rotodynamic (Centrifugal and Vertical)
Pump Performance
Sponsor
Hydraulic Institute
www.pumps.org
Approved XXX
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Published By
Hydraulic Institute
9 Sylvan Way, Parsippany, NJ 07054-3802
www.pumps.org
Copyright © 2004 Hydraulic Institute

All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,

in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior
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Printed in the United States of America

Recycled
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Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
9.6.7 Effects of liquid viscosity on pump performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
9.6.7.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
9.6.7.2 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
9.6.7.3 Fundamental considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
9.6.7.3.1 Viscous correction factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
9.6.7.3.2 Methods for determining correction factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
9.6.7.4 Synopsis of Hydraulic Institute method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
9.6.7.4.1 Generalized method based on empirical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
9.6.7.4.2 Viscous liquid performance correction limitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
9.6.7.4.3 Viscous liquid symbols and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
9.6.7.4.4 Overview of procedure to estimate effects of viscosity
on pump performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
9.6.7.4.5 Instructions for determining pump performance on a
viscous liquid when performance on water is known . . . . . . . . . . 8
9.6.7.4.6 Instructions for preliminary selection of a pump for
given head, rate of flow and viscosity conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9.6.7.5 Further theoretical explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9.6.7.5.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9.6.7.5.2 Power balance and losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9.6.7.5.3 Method for estimating net positive suction
head required (NPSHR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.6.7.6 Additional considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.6.7.6.1 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.6.7.6.2 Pump design effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.6.7.6.3 Mechanical considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9.6.7.6.4 Sealing issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
9.6.7.7 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
9.6.7.8 Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Appendix A: Conversion of kinematic viscosity units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Appendix B: Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Figures
9.6.7.1 — Modification of pump characteristics when pumping
viscous liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
9.6.7.2 — Flowchart to establish if the procedure is applicable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
iii
9.6.7.3 — Flowchart to determine pump performance on a
viscous liquid when performance on water is known . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
9.6.7.4 — Flowchart to select a pump for given head, rate of
flow and viscous conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
9.6.7.5 — Chart of correction factors for CQ and CH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9.6.7.6 — Chart of correction factors for Cη. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9.6.7.7 — Sample performance chart of a single stage pump (metric) . . . . . . . 11
9.6.7.8 — Sample performance chart of a single stage pump (USCS) . . . . . . . 13
9.6.7.9 — Ratio of disc friction losses to useful power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
9.6.7.10 — Influence of disc friction losses on viscosity correction
factor for efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
9.6.7.11 — Sample NPSHR chart (metric units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9.6.7.12 — Sample NPSHR chart (USCS units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Tables
9.6.7.1 — Sample calculations (metric) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9.6.7.2 — Sample calculations (USCS units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9.6.7.3 — Sample calculations (metric units). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9.6.7.4 — Sample calculations (USCS units) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
iv
Foreword (Not part of Standard)
Purpose and aims of the Hydraulic Institute

The purpose and aims of the Institute are to promote the continued growth and
well-being of pump users and pump manufacturers and further the interests of the
public in such matters as are involved in manufacturing, engineering, distribution,
safety, transportation and other problems of the industry, and to this end, among
other things:
a) To develop and publish standards for pumps;
b) To collect and disseminate information of value to its members and to the
public;
c) To appear for its members before governmental departments and agencies
and other bodies in regard to matters affecting the industry;
d) To increase the amount and to improve the quality of pump service to the public;
e) To support educational and research activities;
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ness of the kind ordinarily carried on for profit or to perform particular services
for its members or individual persons as distinguished from activities to
improve the business conditions and lawful interests of all of its members.
Purpose of Standards
1) Hydraulic Institute Standards are adopted in the public interest and are
designed to help eliminate misunderstandings between the manufacturer,
the purchaser and/or the user and to assist the purchaser in selecting and
obtaining the proper product for a particular need.
2) Use of Hydraulic Institute Standards is completely voluntary. Existence of
Hydraulic Institute Standards does not in any respect preclude a member
from manufacturing or selling products not conforming to the Standards.
Definition of a Standard of the Hydraulic Institute

Quoting from Article XV, Standards, of the By-Laws of the Institute, Section B:
“An Institute Standard defines the product, material, process or procedure with
reference to one or more of the following: nomenclature, composition, construc-
tion, dimensions, tolerances, safety, operating characteristics, performance, qual-
ity, rating, testing and service for which designed.”
Comments from users

Comments from users of this Standard will be appreciated, to help the Hydraulic
Institute prepare even more useful future editions. Questions arising from the con-
tent of this Standard may be directed to the Hydraulic Institute. It will direct all
such questions to the appropriate technical committee for provision of a suitable
answer.
If a dispute arises regarding contents of an Institute publication or an answer pro-
vided by the Institute to a question such as indicated above, the point in question
shall be referred to the Executive Committee of the Hydraulic Institute, which then
shall act as a Board of Appeals.

Revisions
The Standards of the Hydraulic Institute are subject to constant review, and revi-
sions are undertaken whenever it is found necessary because of new develop-
ments and progress in the art. If no revisions are made for five years, the
standards are reaffirmed using the ANSI canvass procedure.
Disclaimers
This document presents the best method available for determining the effect of
viscosity on rotodynamic pump performance available to the Hydraulic Institute as
of publication. Nothing presented herein is to be construed as a warranty of suc-
cessful performance under any conditions for any application.
Units of Measurement
Metric units of measurement are used and corresponding US units appear in
brackets. Charts, graphs, and sample calculations are also shown in both metric
and US units.
Because values given in metric units are not exact equivalents to values given in
US units, it is important that the selected units of measure be stated in reference
to this standard. If no such statement is provided, metric units shall govern.
Consensus for this standard was achieved by use of the Canvass

Method
The following organizations, recognized as having an interest in the standardiza-
tion of rotodynamic pumps, were contacted prior to the approval of this revision of
the standard. Inclusion in this list does not necessarily imply that the organization
concurred with the submittal of the proposed standard to ANSI.
Working Group Members

Although this standard was processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the
Canvass Method, a working committee met many times to facilitate the develop-
ment of this standard. At the time it was developed, the committee had the follow-
ing members:
Chairman: Robert Stanbury Flowserve Corporation
Members:
Tom Angle Weir Specialty Pumps
René Barbarulo DB Guinard Pumps
Bill Beekman Floway Pumps
Fred Buse Consultant
Mick Cropper Sulzer Pumps
Trygve Dahl Intelliquip
Dave Eddy Sulzer Pumps
Randy Ferman Flowserve Corporation
Johann Gülich Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne
Friedrich Klütsch VDMA
Brian Long ITT – Industrial Products Group, Goulds Pumps
David McKinstry Colfax Corporation
Pat Moyer ITT - Bell & Gossett
Jim Osborne A. F. Wilfley & Sons

Laurent Recalt ABS Pumps
Jim Roberts ITT-Bell & Gossett
Aleks Roudnev Weir Slurry Group, Inc.
Thomas Stirling Weir Hazleton, Inc.
Hiroaki Yoda Hitachi Industries
Brett Zerba Taco, Inc.
Roman S. Zownir Taco, Inc.
Other Contributors:
Richard Canavelis AFNOR
Paul Cooper Consultant
Tya Darden University of Dayton
Mark Hall Sulzer Pumps
Tom Heflin Flowserve Corporation
Frank Paddock Weir Specialty Pumps

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HI Effects of liquid viscosity on pump performance — 2004
9.6.7 Effects of liquid viscosity on pump 9.6.7.2 Introduction

performance
The performance [head (H), flow (Q), efficiency (%)
9.6.7.1 Summary and power (P)] of a rotodynamic pump is obtained
from the pump’s characteristic curves which are gen-
The performance of a rotodynamic (centrifugal or verti- erated from test data using water. When a more vis-
cal) pump on a viscous liquid will differ from the perfor- cous liquid is pumped the performance of the pump is
mance on water, which is the basis for most published reduced. Absorbed power will increase and head, rate
curves. Head (H) and rate of flow (Q) will normally of flow and efficiency will decrease.
decrease as viscosity increases. Power (P) will
increase, as will net positive suction head required It is important for the user to understand a number of
(NPSHR) in most circumstances. Starting torque may facts that underlie any attempt to quantify the effects of
also be affected. viscosity on rotodynamic pump operation. First, the
test data available is specific to the individual pumps
The Hydraulic Institute (HI) has developed a general- tested and is thus not of a generic nature. Second,
ized method for predicting performance of rotody- what data is available is relatively limited in the range
namic pumps on Newtonian liquids of viscosity greater of both pump size and viscosity of the liquid. Third, all
than that of water. This is an empirical method based existing methods of predicting the effects of viscosity
on the test data available from sources throughout the on pump performance show discrepancies with the
world. The HI method enables pump users and limited test data available. Fourth, the empirical
designers to estimate performance of a particular roto- method presented in this document was chosen based
dynamic pump on liquids of known viscosity, given the on a statistical comparison of various possible correc-
performance on water. The procedure also allows a tion procedures. The chosen method was found to pro-
suitable pump to be selected for a required duty on duce the least amount of variance from calculated to
viscous liquids. actual data compared to other procedures. Consider-
ing all of the above, it must be recognized that this
Performance estimates using the HI method are only method cannot be used as a theoretically rigorous cal-
approximate. There are many factors for particular culation that will predict the performance correction
pump geometries and flow conditions that the method factors with great precision. It is rather meant to allow
does not take into account. It is nevertheless a a general comparison of the effect of pumping higher
dependable approximation when only limited data on viscosity liquids and to help the user avoid misapplica-
the pump are available and the estimate is needed. tion without being excessively conservative. See Sec-
tion 9.6.7.4.2 for types of pump for which the method is
Theoretical methods based on loss analysis may pro- applicable.
vide more accurate predictions of the effects of liquid
viscosity on pump performance when the geometry of As a footnote to the preceding paragraph, it should be
a particular pump is known in more detail. This docu- recognized that there are methods developed by indi-
ment explains the basis of such theoretical methods. viduals and companies that deal with the actual inter-
Pump users should consult pump manufacturers to nal hydraulic losses of the pump. By quantifying these
determine whether more accurate predictions of per- losses the effect of liquid viscosity can, in theory, be
formance for a particular pump and viscous liquid are calculated. These procedures take into account the
available. specific pump internal geometry which is generally
unavailable to the pump user. Furthermore, such
This document also includes technical considerations methods still need some empirical coefficients, which
and recommendations for pump applications on vis- can only be derived correctly when sufficient informa-
cous liquids. tion on the pumps tested in viscous liquids is available.
The test data collected by Hydraulic Institute from
It should be noted that the calculations herein are sources around the world did not include sufficiently
applicable only to liquids that exhibit Newtonian behav- detailed information about the pumps tested to vali-
ior. That is: the shear rate can be considered to be lin- date loss analysis methods. It is nevertheless recog-
early dependent on the shear stress under the nized that a loss analysis method will probably be
operating conditions being evaluated. more accurate than the empirical method in this docu-
ment, especially for pumps with special features and
particular geometry.
1
In addition to the correction procedures, the document applying the correction factors CH, CQ and Cη respec-
provides a qualitative description of the various tively. These factors are defined in Equation 1:
hydraulic losses within the pump that underlie the per-
formance reduction. Procedures for determining the H vis Q vis η vis
effect of viscosity on starting torque and NPSHR are C H = ---------
- C Q = ---------
- C η = --------
- (Eq. 1)
HW QW ηW
also provided.
The previous Hydraulic Institute Standard for viscosity Figure 9.6.7.1 (a) and (b) shows schematically how
correction in reference 24 was based on data supplied the head and efficiency characteristics change from
up to 1960. The new document is based on an operation with water to pumping a highly viscous liquid.
expanded data set up to 1999. This expanded set of
data has modified the correction factors for rate of flow, If measured data are normalized to the best efficiency
head and power. Updated correction factors are influ- point when pumping water (BEP-W), the factors CH,
enced by the pump size, speed and specific speed. In CQ and Cη can be read directly on Figure 9.6.7.1 (c).
general the head and flow have an increased correc- A straight line between BEP-W and the origin of the H-
tion while the power (efficiency) correction is less. The Q curve (H = 0; Q = 0) is called the diffuser or volute
most significant changes in the correction factors characteristic. Test data reported in references 10 and
occur at flows less than 25 m3/h (100 gpm) and ns<15 14 in the Bibliography show that best efficiency points
(Ns<770). for viscous liquids follow this diffuser or volute charac-
teristic. Analysis of test data on viscous pumping col-
9.6.7.3 Fundamental considerations lected by the Hydraulic Institute from sources around
the world also confirms this observation. It is conse-
9.6.7.3.1 Viscous correction factors quently a good approximation to assume CH is equal
to CQ at the best efficiency points for viscous liquids.
When a liquid of high viscosity such as heavy oil is
pumped by a rotodynamic pump the performance is 9.6.7.3.2 Methods for determining correction
changed, in comparison to service with water, due to factors
increased losses. The reduction in performance on
viscous liquids may be estimated by applying correc- Correction factors can be either defined empirically
tion factors for head, rate of flow and efficiency to the from a data bank containing measurements on various
performance in water. pumps with water and liquids of different viscosities or
from a physical model based on the analysis of the
Thus the curves of head and efficiency for viscous liq- energy losses in the pump. Examples of such loss
uids (subscript vis) are estimated from the head, flow analysis methods are given in references 7, 8, 9 and
and efficiency measured with water (subscript W) by 18 of the Bibliography.
H
H volute or diffuser
HB E P−W charactersistic
η
P
1
Pvis
HW
HW
Hvis
CH Hvis
ηW PW
ηW
ηvis
cQ ηvis
Q
Q Q
QBEP-W 1 QBEP-W
(a) (b) (c)
Water Viscous liquid
Figure 9.6.7.1 — Modification of pump characteristics when pumping viscous liquids
2
Analysis of the limited data available shows that empir- curve fitted to a body of test data. These tests of con-
ical and loss analysis methods predict head correction ventional single-stage and multi-stage pumps cover
functions with approximately the same accuracy. Loss the following range of parameters: closed and semi-
analysis methods are, however, more precise in pre- open impellers; kinematic viscosity 1 to 3000 cSt; rate
dicting power requirements for pumping viscous liq- of flow at best efficiency point (BEP) with water
uids. It is also possible to investigate the influence of QBEP-W = 3 to 260 m3/h (13 to 1140 gpm); head per
various design parameters on viscous performance stage at BEP with water HBEP-W = 6 to 130 m (20 to
and to optimize pump selection or design features for 430 ft).
operation with highly viscous liquids by applying the
loss analysis procedures. The correction equations are, therefore, a generalized
method based on empirical data, but are not exact for
Further theoretical explanations of the principles of any particular pump. The generalized method may be
loss analysis methods are given in Section 9.6.7.5 of applied to pump performance outside the range of test
this document. Use of such methods may require data indicated above, as outlined in Section 9.6.7.4
more information about pump dimensions than is gen- and with the specific instructions and examples in Sec-
erally available to the user. A loss analysis procedure tions 9.6.7.4.5 and 9.6.7.4.6.
may be expected to provide more accurate predictions
of pump performance with viscous liquids when such When accurate information is essential, performance
detailed information is available. tests should be conducted with the particular viscous
liquid to be handled. Prediction methods based on an
The Hydraulic Institute method explained in Section analysis of hydraulic losses for a particular pump
9.6.7.4 of this document is based on empirical data. It design may also be more accurate than this general-
provides a way of predicting the effects of liquid vis- ized method.
cosity on pump performance with adequate accuracy
for most practical purposes. The method in this docu- 9.6.7.4.2 Viscous liquid performance correction
ment gives correction factors similar to the previous limitations
Hydraulic Institute method. The new method matches
the experimental data better than the old Hydraulic Because the equations provided in Sections 9.6.7.4.5
Institute method that has been widely used throughout and 9.6.7.4.6 are based on empirical rather than theo-
the world for many years. The standard deviation for retical considerations, extrapolation beyond the limits
the head correction factor, CH is 0.1. Estimates of vis- shown in Sections 9.6.7.4.5 and 9.6.7.4.6 would go
cous power, Pvis are subject to a standard deviation of outside the experience range which the equations
0.15. cover and is not recommended.
9.6.7.4 Synopsis of Hydraulic Institute method The correction factors are applicable to pumps of
hydraulic design with essentially radial impeller dis-
9.6.7.4.1 Generalized method based on empirical charge, in the normal operating range, with fully-open,
data semi-open or closed impellers. Do not use for axial
flow type pumps or for pumps of special hydraulic
The performance of rotodynamic pumps is affected design. See Section 9.6.7.6 for additional guidance.
when handling viscous liquids. A marked increase in
power, a reduction in head, and some reduction in the Use only where an adequate margin of NPSH avail-
rate of flow occur with moderate and high viscosities. able (NPSHA) over NPSHR is present in order to cope
Starting torque and NPSH required (NPSHR) may with an increase in NPSHR caused by the increase in
also be affected. viscosity. See Section 9.6.7.5.3 to estimate the
increase in NPSHR.
The Hydraulic Institute correction method provides a
means of determining the performance of a rotody- The data used to develop the correction factors are
namic pump handling a viscous liquid when its perfor- based on tests of Newtonian liquids. Gels, slurries,
mance on water is known. The equations are based on paper stock and other non-Newtonian liquids may pro-
a pump performance Reynolds number adjusted for spe- duce widely varying results, depending on the particu-
cific speed (parameter B) which has been statistically lar characteristics of the liquids.
3
9.6.7.4.3 Viscous liquid symbols and definitions

NPSHA = Net Positive Suction Head available
to the pump
A = Suction geometry variable used in
the calculation to correct Net Posi- NPSHRBEP-W = Net Positive Suction Head required
tive Suction Head required for water at the maximum efficiency
rate of flow, based on the standard
B = Parameter used in the viscosity cor- 3% head drop criteria
rection procedures; the B parameter
is used as a normalizing pump Rey- NPSHRvis = Viscous Net Positive Suction Head
nolds number and to adjust the cor- required in a viscous liquid
rections for the pump specific speed
NPSHRW = Net Positive Suction Head required
BEP = The rate of flow and head at which on water, based on the standard 3%
pump efficiency is a maximum at a head drop criteria
given speed
Pvis = Viscous power in kW (hp): the shaft
Cη = Efficiency correction factor input power required by the pump
for the viscous conditions
CH = Head correction factor
QBEP-W = Water rate of flow at which maxi-
CBEP-H = Head correction factor which is mum pump efficiency is obtained
applied to the flow at maximum
pump efficiency for water Qvis = Viscous rate of flow in m3/h (gpm):
the rate of flow when pumping a vis-
CNPSH = Net Positive Suction Head correc- cous liquid
tion factor
QW = Water rate of flow in m3/h (gpm): the
CQ = Rate of flow correction factor rate of flow when pumping water
HBEP-W = Water head in m (ft): the total head s = Specific gravity of pumped liquid
at the rate of flow at which maximum
pump efficiency is obtained when Vvis = Kinematic viscosity in centistokes
pumping water (cSt) of the pumped liquid
Hvis = Viscous head in m (ft): the head VW = Kinematic viscosity in centistokes

when pumping a viscous liquid (cSt) of water reference test liquid
HBEP-vis = Viscous head in m (ft): the total ηBEP-W = Water best efficiency
head at the rate of flow at which
ηvis = Viscous efficiency; the efficiency
maximum pump efficiency is
when pumping a viscous liquid
obtained when pumping a viscous
liquid ηW = Water pump efficiency; the pump
efficiency when pumping water
HW = Water head in m (ft): the total head
when pumping water
Other technical expressions are defined in Hydraulic
N = Pump shaft rotational speed in rpm Institute standards.
NS = Specific speed at impeller eye Equations for converting kinematic viscosity from SSU
NQ BEP 0.5 to cSt units and vice versa are shown in Appendix A.
–w
(USCS units) = ----------------------------
H BEP0.75
–W
Pump viscosity corrections are determined by the pro-
See definition below. cedures outlined in the following Sections 9.6.7.4.4,
ns = Specific speed at impeller eye 9.6.7.4.5 and 9.6.7.4.6.
NQ BEP 0.5
–w
(metric units) = ----------------------------
H BEP0.75
–W
See definition below.
4
9.6.7.4.4 Overview of procedure to estimate performance on water is known; and third to select a
effects of viscosity on pump performance pump for given head, rate of flow and viscous condi-
tions.
The procedure is in three parts: first, to establish
whether the document is applicable; second to calcu- The procedure for the first part is illustrated in Figure
late the pump performance on a viscous liquid when 9.6.7.2.
Is the application for a single or multi stage conven- NO

Beyond the scope of the procedure
tional rotodynamic type?
YES
Does the pump use an impeller with an essentially NO

Refer to Sections 9.6.7.4.2 and 9.6.7.6
radial discharge? ( n s ≤ 60, Ns ≤ 3,000 )
YES
NO
Does the liquid exhibit Newtonian behavior? Beyond the scope of the procedure
YES
Is the liquid kinematic viscosity between 1 and NO

Beyond the scope of the procedure
4,000 cSt?
YES
PROCEDURE IS APPLICABLE
Go to Section 9.6.7.4.5 to determine pump performance.
Go to Section 9.6.7.4.6 to select a pump.
Figure 9.6.7.2 — Flowchart to establish if the procedure is applicable
5
The procedure for the second part is defined in Sec-

tion 9.6.7.4.5 on page 8 and summarized in Figure
9.6.7.3.
Section 9.6.7.4.5
Determine pump performance on a viscous liquid

when performance on water is known
Calculate Parameter B (Section 9.6.7.4.5, Step 1)
YES
Is parameter B ≥ 40? Loss analysis may be warranted
(Section 9.6.7.5.2)
NO
YES
Is parameter B ≤ 1.0? Hvis = Hw
NO Qvis = Qw
Calculate HBEP-vis and Qvis (Section 9.6.7.4.5, Step 2)
Calculate Hvis (Section 9.6.7.4.5, Step 3)
Calculate ηvis (Section 9.6.7.4.5, Step 4)
Calculate Pvis (Section 9.6.7.4.5, Step 5)
Figure 9.6.7.3 — Flowchart to determine pump performance on a viscous liquid when performance on
water is known
6
The procedure for the third part is defined in Section

9.6.7.4.6 on page 14 and summarized in Figure
9.6.7.4.
Section 9.6.7.4.6
Preliminary pump selection for a given head and rate

of flow and viscosity conditions
Calculate Parameter B (Section 9.6.7.4.6, Step 1)
YES
Loss analysis may be warranted
Is parameter B ≥ 40?
(Section 9.6.7.5.2)
NO
YES Hw = Hvis
Is parameter B ≤ 1.0?
Qw = Qvis
NO
Calculate CQ and CH (Section 9.6.7.4.6, Step 2)
Calculate Qw and HW (Section 9.6.7.4.6, Step 3)
Select a pump that provides a performance of Qw and Hw
(Section 9.6.7.4.6, Step 4)
YES Use specified equation in Step 5 to

Is parameter B ≤ 1.0? calculate Cη
NO
Use specified equation for 1.0 < B < 40 to calculate Cη
Calculate ηvis (Section 9.6.7.4.6, Step 5)
Calculate Pvis (Section 9.6.7.4.6, Step 6)
Figure 9.6.7.4 — Flowchart to select a pump for given head, rate of flow and viscous conditions
7
9.6.7.4.5 Instructions for determining pump Correct the water performance total head
performance on a viscous liquid when (HBEP-W) that corresponds to the water per-
performance on water is known formance best efficiency flow (QBEP-W) using
Equation 5.
The following equations are used for developing the
correction factors to adjust pump water performance C BEP – H = C Q (Eq. 5)
characteristics of rate of flow, total head, efficiency,
and input power to the corresponding viscous liquid
performance. H BEP – vis = C BEP – H × H BEP – W
Step 1. Calculate parameter B based on the water Step 3. Calculate head correction factors (CH) using
performance best efficiency flow (QBEP-W) Equation 6, and then corresponding values of
viscous head (Hvis) for flows (QW) greater
Given units of QBEP-W in m3/h, HBEP-W in than or less than the water best efficiency
meters, N in rpm, and Vvis in cSt, use Equa- flow (QBEP-W).
tion 2:
QW 0.75
C H = 1 – ⎛ ( 1 – C BEP – H ) × ⎛ ------------------------⎞ ⎞ (Eq. 6)
( V vis ) 0.50
× ( H BEP – W ) 0.0625 ⎝ ⎝ Q BEP – W⎠ ⎠
B = 16.5 × --------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Eq. 2)
( Q BEP – W ) 0.375 × N 0.25
H vis = C H × H W
Given units of QBEP-W in gpm, HBEP-W in feet,
N in rpm, and Vvis in cSt, use Equation 3: NOTE: An optional means of determining the val-
ues for CQ, CBEP-H and CH is to read them from the
( V vis ) 0.50 × ( H BEP – W ) 0.0625 chart in Figure 9.6.7.5.
B = 26.6 × --------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Eq. 3)
( Q BEP – W ) 0.375 × N 0.25
Step 4. Calculate the correction factor for efficiency
(Cη) using Equation 7 and the corresponding
If B > 1.0 and B < 40, go to Step 2. values of viscous pump efficiency (ηvis). The
following equations are valid for flows (QW)
If B ≥ 40, the correction factors derived using greater than, less than, and equal to the
the equations in Sections 9.6.7.4.5 and water best efficiency flow QBEP-W:
9.6.7.4.6 are highly uncertain and should be
avoided. Instead a detailed loss analysis
For 1.0 < B < 40, C η = B – ( 0.0547 × B
0.69 )
(Eq. 7)
method may be warranted.
If B ≤ 1.0, set CH = 1.0 and CQ = 1.0, and NOTE: An optional means of determining the
then skip to Step 4. value for Cη is to read it from the chart in Figure
9.6.7.6.
Step 2. Calculate correction factor for flow (CQ)
[which is also equal to the correction factor For B ≤ 1.0, estimate the efficiency correction
for head (CBEP-H)] corresponding to the water (Cη) from the following Equation 8:
performance best efficiency flow (QBEP-W)
using Equation 4. Correct the water perfor- V vis 0.07
1 – ⎛ ( 1 – η BEP – W ) × ⎛ ----------⎞ ⎞
mance flows (QW) to viscous flows (Qvis). ⎝ ⎝ VW ⎠ ⎠
These two equations are valid for all rates of C η = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (Eq. 8)
η BEP – W
flow (QW).
ηvis = Cη × ηw where ηw is the water pump

C Q = ( 2.71 ) – 0.165 × ( log B )
3.15
(Eq. 4)
efficiency at the given rate of flow.
Q vis = C Q × Q W Step 5. Calculate the values for viscous pump shaft

input power (Pvis). The following equations
are valid for all rates of flow.
8
For flow in m3/h, head in meters, shaft power For flow in gpm, head in feet, and shaft power
in kW and efficiency in percent use Equation in hp use Equation 10:
9:
Q vis × H vis × s
Q vis × H vis × s P vis = -------------------------------------
- (Eq. 10)
P vis = -------------------------------------
- (Eq. 9) 3960 × η vis
367 × η vis
Flow and head correction factors vs. Parameter B

1.0
0.9
Correction factors CH and CQ
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5 CH and CQ vs. B at QBEP-W
CH vs. B at 1.2 × QBEP-W
0.4
CH vs. B at 0.8 × QBEP-W
0.3 CH vs. B at 0.6 × QBEP-W
0.2
0.1
0.0
1 10 100
Parameter B
Figure 9.6.7.5 — Chart of correction factors for CQ and CH
Efficiency correction factor vs. Parameter B

1.0
0.9
Viscosity correction factor Cη
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
1 10 100
Parameter B
Figure 9.6.7.6 — Chart of correction factors for Cη
9
EXAMPLE (Metric units): Refer to Figure 9.6.7.7 sam- At 60% of QBEP-W the corresponding head
ple performance chart of a single stage pump, and correction factor (CH) and viscous head (Hvis)
Table 9.6.7.1 Sample calculations. The given single are calculated using Equation 6:
stage pump has a water performance best efficiency
flow of 110 m3/h at 77 meters total head at 2950 rpm CH = 1– (1– 0.938) × (0.60)0.75 = 0.958
and has a pump efficiency of 0.680. The procedure
below illustrates how to correct the pump performance Hvis = 0.958 × 87.3 = 83.6 meters
characteristics for a viscous liquid of 120 centistokes
and specific gravity of 0.90. Step 4. Calculate the correction factor for efficiency
(Cη) and the corresponding values of viscous
Step 1. Calculate parameter B based on the water pump efficiency (ηvis) for flows (QW) greater
performance best efficiency flow conditions than, less than, and equal to the water best
using Equation 2. If the pump is a multi-stage efficiency flow (QBEP-W). Equation 7 is used
configuration, calculate parameter B using to calculate Cη as the value of parameter B =
the head per stage. 5.52 calculated in Step 1 falls within the
range of 1 to 40:
Given units of QBEP-W in m3/h, HBEP-W in
meters, N in rpm, and Vvis in cSt: C η = ( 5.52 ) – ( 0.0547 × ( 5.52 )
0.69 )
= 0.738
( 120 ) 0.50 × ( 77 ) 0.0625

B = 16.5 × ------------------------------------------------------------- = 5.52 QW
( 110 ) 0.375 × ( 2950 ) 0.25 At ------------------------ = 1.00
Q BEP – W
Step 2. Calculate correction factor for flow (CQ) using η vis = 0.738 × 0.680 = 0.502
Equation 4 and correct the flows correspond-
ing to ratios of water best efficiency flow (QW Where: ηW = 0.680
/ QBEP-W).
QW
C Q = ( 2.71 ) – 0.165 × ( log 5.52 )
3.15
= 0.938 At ------------------------ = 0.60
Q BEP – W
η vis = 0.738 × 0.602 = 0.444
QW
At ------------------------ = 1.00,
Q BEP – W
Where: ηW = 0.602
Q vis = 0.938 × 110.0 = 103.2 m 3 /h
Step 5. Calculate the values for viscous pump shaft
input power (Pvis) for flows (QW) greater than,
QW less than, or equal to the water best efficiency
At ------------------------ = 0.60,
Q BEP – W flow (QBEP-W) using Equation 9.
Q vis = 0.938 × 66.0 = 61.9 m 3 /h
QW
At ------------------------ = 1.00
Step 3. Calculate head correction factors (CH) and Q BEP – W
corresponding values of viscous head (Hvis)
for flows (QW) greater than or less than the
P vis = 103.2 × 72.2 × 0.90- = 36.4 kW
--------------------------------------------------
water best efficiency flow (QBEP-W). 367 × 0.502
According to Equation 5 the correction factor QW

for head (CBEP-H) is equal to (CQ) at QBEP-W. At ------------------------ = 0.60
Q BEP – W
CBEP-H = CQ (at QBEP-W) = 0.938
61.9 × 83.6 × 0.90- = 28.6 kW
P vis = ----------------------------------------------
At 100% of QBEP-W the corresponding vis- 367 × 0.444
cous head (Hvis) is:
Hvis = 0.938 × 77.0 = 72.2 meters
10
100
2950 rpm
90 Head vs. Flow
Total head - meters ; Efficiency - percent ; Power - kilowatts
80
120 cSt
70 Water
60 Water
Efficiency vs. Flow

50
120 cSt
40 0.90 s, 120 cSt
Water
30
20 Shaft input power vs. Flow
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170
Rate of flow - cubic meters per hour
Figure 9.6.7.7 — Sample performance chart of a single stage pump (metric)
Table 9.6.7.1 — Sample calculations (metric)
Viscosity of liquid to be pumped (Vvis) – cSt 120

Specific gravity of viscous liquid (s) 0.90
Pump shaft speed (N) - rpm 2950
Ratio of water best efficiency flow QW / QBEP-W 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
3
Water rate of flow (QW or QBEP-W) m /h 66.0 88.0 110.0 132.0
Water total head (HW or HBEP-W) – meters 87.3 83.0 77.0 69.7
Water pump efficiency (ηW) 0.60 0.66 0.68 0.66
Parameter B 5.52
Correction factor for flow (CQ) 0.938
Correction factors for total head (CH or CBEP-H) 0.958 0.947 0.938 0.929
Correction factor for efficiency (Cη) 0.738
Corrected flow (Qvis) – m3/h 61.9 82.5 103.2 123.8
Corrected total head (Hvis or HBEP-vis) - meters 83.6 78.6 72.2 64.8
Corrected efficiency (ηvis) 0.44 0.49 0.50 0.48
Viscous shaft input power (Pvis) - kW 28.6 32.5 36.4 40.2
11
EXAMPLE (USCS units): Refer to Figure 9.6.7.8 Sam- Hvis = 0.938 × 300 = 281 feet
ple performance chart of a single stage pump, and
Table 9.6.7.2 Sample calculations. The given single At 60% of QBEP-W the corresponding head
stage pump has a water performance best efficiency correction factor (CH) and viscous head (Hvis)
flow of 440 gpm at 300 feet total head at 3550 rpm and are calculated using Equation 6:
has a pump efficiency of 0.68. The procedure below
illustrates how to correct the pump performance char- CH = 1– (1– 0.938) × (0.60)0.75 = 0.958
acteristics for a viscous liquid of 120 centistokes and
specific gravity of 0.90. Hvis = 0.958 × 340 = 326 feet
Step 1. Calculate parameter B based on the water Step 4. Calculate the correction factor for efficiency
performance best efficiency flow conditions (Cη) and the corresponding values of viscous
using Equation 3. If the pump is a multi-stage pump efficiency (ηvis) for flows (QW) greater
configuration, calculate parameter B using than, less than, and equal to the water best
the head per stage. efficiency flow QBEP-W. Equation 7 is used to
calculate Cη as the value of parameter B =
Given units of QBEP-W in gpm, HW in feet, N 5.50 calculated in Step 1 falls within the
in rpm, and Vvis in cSt: range of 1 to 40:
C η = ( 5.50 ) – ( 0.0547 × ( 5.50 )

0.69 )
( 120 ) 0.50 × ( 300 ) 0.0625
B = 26.6 × ------------------------------------------------------------- = 5.50
( 440 ) 0.375 × ( 3550 ) 0.25
QW
Step 2. Calculate correction factor for flow (CQ) using At ------------------------ = 1.00
Q BEP – W
Equation 4 and correct the flows correspond-
ing to ratios of water best efficiency flow (QW η vis = 0.738 × 0.680 = 0.502
/ QBEP-W).
Where: ηW = 0.680
C Q = ( 2.71 ) – 0.165 × ( log 5.52 )
3.15
= 0.938
QW
At ------------------------ = 0.60
QW Q BEP – W
At ------------------------ = 1.00
Q BEP – W η vis = 0.738 × 0.602 = 0.444
Q vis = 0.938 × 440 × 1.00 = 413 gpm
Where: ηW = 0.602
QW
At ------------------------ = 0.60 Step 5. Calculate the values for viscous pump shaft
Q BEP – W input power (Pvis) for flows (QW) greater than,
Q vis = 0.938 × 440 × 0.60 = 248 gpm less than, or equal to the water best efficiency
flow QBEP-W using Equation 10:
Step 3. Calculate head correction factors (CH) and
corresponding values of viscous head (Hvis) QW
At ------------------------ = 1.00
for flows (QW) greater than or less than the Q BEP – W
water best efficiency flow (QBEP-W). 413 × 281 × 0.90
P vis = -------------------------------------------- = 52.5 hp
3960 × 0.502
According to Equation 5 the correction factor
for head (CBEP-H) is equal to (CQ) at QBEP-W.
QW
At ------------------------ = 0.60
QBEP-H = CQ (at QBEP-W) = 0.938 Q BEP – W
248 × 326 × 0.90
At 100% of QBEP-W the corresponding vis- P vis = -------------------------------------------- = 41.4 hp
3960 × 0.444
cous head (Hvis) is:
12
500 100
3550 rpm
450 90
400 80
Head vs. Flow

350 70
Total head - feet ; Power - hp
120 cSt Water
Efficiency - percent
300 60
250 Water 50
120 cSt
200 40
Efficiency vs. Flow
150 30
100 20
Shaft input power vs. Flow 0.90 s, 120 cSt
50 Water 10
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Rate of flow - gallons per minute
Figure 9.6.7.8 — Sample performance chart of a single stage pump (USCS)
Table 9.6.7.2 — Sample calculations (USCS units)
Viscosity of liquid to be pumped (Vvis) – cSt 120

Water rate of flow (QW or QBEP-W) gpm 264 352 440 528
Water total head (HW) – feet 340 323 300 272
Water pump efficiency (ηW) 0.602 0.66 0.680 0.66
Parameter B 5.50
Correction factor for flow (CQ) 0.938
Correction factors for total head (CH or CBEP-H) 0.958 0.948 0.938 0.929
Correction factor for efficiency (Cη) 0.739
Corrected flow (Qvis) – gpm 248 330 413 495
Corrected total head (Hvis or HBEP-vis) - feet 326 306 281 252
Corrected efficiency (ηvis) 0.44 0.49 0.50 0.49
Viscous shaft input power (Pvis) - bhp 41.4 46.7 52.5 57.9
13
9.6.7.4.6 Instructions for preliminary selection of NOTE: An optional means of determining the val-
a pump for given head, rate of flow and viscosity ues for CQ and CH is to read them from the chart in
conditions Figure 9.6.7.5 of Section 9.6.7.4.5.
Given the desired rate of flow and head of the viscous Step 3. Calculate the approximate water perfor-
liquid to be pumped, and the viscosity and specific mance rate of flow and total head.
gravity at the pumping temperature, the following
equations are used for finding the approximate equiva- Q vis
lent water performance and estimating the viscous Q W = ----------
-
CQ
pump input power. Note that starting with the viscous
conditions, in order to determine the required water H vis
H W = ----------
-
performance, is less accurate than starting with a CH
known water performance, unless iterations are done.
Step 4. Select a pump that provides a water perfor-
Step 1. Calculate parameter B given units of Qvis in
mance of QW and HW.
m3/h, Hvis in meters, and Vvis in cSt using
Equation 11:
(Cη) and the corresponding value of viscous
( V vis ) 0.50 pump efficiency (ηvis) using Equation 7:
B = 2.80 × ------------------------------------------------------------ (Eq. 11)
( Q vis ) 0.25 × ( H vis ) 0.125
For 1.0 < B < 40: C η = B – ( 0.0547 × B
0.69 )
(ref. Eq. 7)
or, given units of Qvis in gpm, Hvis in feet, and
Vvis in cSt using Equation 12: NOTE: An optional means of determining the
value for Cη is to read it from the chart in Figure
( V vis ) 0.50 9.6.7.6 of Section 9.6.7.4.5.
B = 4.70 × ------------------------------------------------------------ (Eq. 12)
( Q vis ) 0.25 × ( H vis ) 0.125
If B ≤ 1.0, estimate the efficiency correction
(Cη) from the following Equation 8:
If B > 1.0 and B < 40, go to Step 2.
V vis 0.07
If B ≥ 40, the correction factors derived using 1 – ⎛ ( 1 – η BEP – W ) × ⎛ ----------⎞ ⎞
⎝ ⎝ VW ⎠ ⎠
the equations in Sections 9.6.7.4.5 and C η = ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (ref. Eq. 8)
9.6.7.4.6 are highly uncertain and should be η BEP – W
avoided. Instead a detailed loss analysis η vis = C η × η W
method may be warranted.
If B ≤ 1.0, set CH = 1.0 and CQ = 1.0, and Step 6. Calculate the approximate viscous pump
then skip to Step 4. shaft input power.
NOTE: The numerical constants in Section For rate of flow in m3/h, total head in meters,
9.6.7.4.6 for calculating parameter B are different and shaft input power in kW use Equation 9:
than those in Section 9.6.7.4.5 due to the omission
of the pump speed (N) variable from the equations. Q vis × H vis × s
P vis = -------------------------------------
- (ref. Eq. 9)
367 × η vis
Step 2. Calculate correction factors for flow (CQ) and
head (CH). These two correction factors are
For rate of flow in gpm, total head in feet, and
approximately equal at a given rate of flow
shaft input power in hp use Equation 10:
when they are derived from the water perfor-
mance at the best efficiency flow QBEP-W.
Q vis × H vis × s
P vis = -------------------------------------
- (ref. Eq. 10)
3960 × η vis
C Q ≈ C H ≈ ( e ) –0.165 × ( log B )
3.15
(ref. Eq. 5)
14
EXAMPLE (Metric units): Select a pump to deliver 100 EXAMPLE (USCS units): Select a pump to deliver 440
m3/h rate of flow at 70 meters total head of a liquid gpm rate of flow at 230 feet total head of a liquid hav-
having a kinematic viscosity of 120 centistokes and a ing a kinematic viscosity of 120 centistokes and a spe-
specific gravity of 0.90 at the pumping temperature. cific gravity of 0.90 at the pumping temperature.
Step 1. Calculate parameter B given units of Qvis in Step 1. Calculate parameter B given units of Qvis in
m3/h, Hvis in meters, and Vvis in cSt using gpm, Hvis in feet, and Vvis in cSt using Equa-
Equation 11: tion 12:
( 120 ) 0.50 ( 120 ) 0.50

B = 2.80 × ------------------------------------------------------ = 5.70 B = 4.70 × ---------------------------------------------------------- = 5.70
( 100 ) 0.25 × ( 70 ) 0.125 ( 440 ) 0.25 × ( 230 ) 0.125
Step 2. Calculate correction factors for rate of flow Step 2. Calculate correction factors for rate of flow
(CQ) and total head (CH). These two correc- (CQ) and total head (CH). These two correc-
tion factors are approximately equal at a tion factors are approximately equal when
given rate of flow when they are derived from they are derived from the water performance
the water performance at the best efficiency at the best efficiency rate of flow (QBEP-W).
rate of flow QBEP-W.
C Q ≈ C H ≈ ( 2.71 ) – 0.165 × ( log 5.70 )
3.15
= 0.934
C Q ≈ C H ≈ ( 2.71 ) – 0.165 × ( log 5.70 ) 3.15 = 0.934 (ref. Eq. 5)
(ref. Eq. 5)
Step 3. Calculate the approximate water perfor-
Step 3. Calculate the approximate water performance rate of flow and total head.
mance rate of flow and total head.
440
Q W = --------------- = 471gpm
100 3 0.934
Q W = --------------- = 107.1 m /h
0.934 230 - = 246 feet
H W = --------------
70 - = 74.9 m
H W = -------------- 0.934
0.934
Step 4. Select a pump that provides a water perfor-
Step 4. Select a pump that provides a water performance of 471 gpm rate of flow and 246 feet
mance of 107.1 m3/h rate of flow and 74.9 m total head. The selection should be at or
total head. The selection should preferably be close to the maximum efficiency point for
at or close to the maximum efficiency point water performance. Assume the selected
for water performance. Assume the selected pump has an efficiency (ηBEP-W) of 0.680.
pump has an efficiency (ηBEP-W) of 0.680.
Step 5. Calculate the correction factor for efficiency using Equation 7 and the approximate vis-
using Equation 7 and the approximate viscous pump efficiency.
cous pump efficiency.
C η = ( 5.70 ) – ( 0.0547 × ( 5.70 )
0.69 )
= 0.729
C η = ( 5.70 ) – ( 0.0547 × ( 5.50 ) 0.69 ) = 0.729
η vis = 0.729 × 0.680 = 0.496
η vis = 0.729 × 0.680 = 0.496
Step 6. Calculate the approximate pump shaft input
Step 6. Calculate the approximate pump shaft input power for the viscous liquid. For rate of flow in
power for the viscous liquid. gpm, total head in feet, and shaft input power
in hp use Equation 10:
For rate of flow in m3/h, total head in meters,
and shaft input power in kW use Equation 9: 440 × 230 × 0.90
P vis = -------------------------------------------- = 46.4 hp
3960 × 0.496
100 × 70 × 0.90
P vis = ---------------------------------------- = 34.6 kW
3960 × 0.496
15
This procedure has sufficient accuracy for typical primarily a function of the hydraulic viscous flow
pump selection purposes. When working with a given losses.
pump’s water performance curves, the procedure per
Section 9.6.7.4.5 above can be used to obtain an These hydraulic losses consist of friction losses, which
improved estimate of the viscous performance correc- are a function of the Reynolds number (pump size,
tions at all rates of flow. rotor speed, and viscosity effects), surface roughness
of the hydraulic passageways, and mixing losses
9.6.7.5 Further theoretical explanations caused by the exchange of flow momentum due to
non-uniform velocity distributions. Such non-uniformi-
9.6.7.5.1 Scope ties or mixing losses are caused by the action of work
transfer from the blades, decelerations of the liquid,
In this section the theoretical basis of loss analysis angle of incidence between liquid flow and blades, and
methods is explained. An analytical method of predict- even local flow separations.
ing NPSHR when pumping viscous liquids is also
developed. This method is not supported by any Volumetric losses are caused by leakage flows
known test data. through the tight running clearances between pump
rotor and stator parts. Such leakages decrease with
9.6.7.5.2 Power balance and losses increasing viscosity since the friction factors in the
clearances increase with decreasing Reynolds num-
The power balance of a pump operating without recir- ber. The rate of flow through the pump is thus
culation is shown in Equation 13, which applies when increased, resulting in a higher head. This shift of the
pumping water as well as viscous liquids: H-Q curve caused by reduced leakage compensates
to some extent the hydraulic losses mentioned above.
ρgHQ The effect may be appreciable for low specific speed
P = ----------------- + P RR + P m (Eq. 13)
η vol η h small pumps with relatively large clearances when
operating with viscosities below about 100 cSt. This
may be the reason why a moderate increase in viscos-
In this equation (P) is the power input at the coupling
ity does not have much effect on the head, in fact a
of the pump; (ηvol) is the volumetric efficiency; (ηh) is
slight increase in head has been observed occasion-
the hydraulic efficiency; (PRR) is the sum of all disc
ally with increased viscosity. See reference 23 in the
friction losses on the impeller side shrouds and axial
Bibliography, for example.
thrust balancing drum or disc, if any; and (Pm) is the
sum of all mechanical losses from radial and axial
The information contained in reference 25 has been
bearings as well as from shaft seals.
used successfully to calculate the leakage flows
across axial wear rings.
When the viscosity of the liquid pumped increases, the
Reynolds number decreases, which causes the friction
Disc friction losses are another type of friction loss
factors in the hydraulic passages of the pump to
occurring on all wetted surfaces rotating in the pump.
increase just as would be the case with flow through a
The associated power losses (PRR) strongly influence
pipe. The increase in viscosity affects pump losses in
pump efficiency with viscous liquids. Disc friction
the following ways:
losses are generated mainly on the side shrouds of a
closed impeller, and in devices for balancing axial
Mechanical losses Pm are essentially independent of
thrust. Such losses also increase with decreasing
the viscosity of the liquid being pumped.
Reynolds number or increasing viscosity; they can be
calculated from standard textbooks. State of the art
Hydraulic losses similar to pipe friction losses occur
data are given in reference 8 in the Bibliography.
at the inlet, in the impeller, in the volute or diffuser, and
in the discharge of a pump. In basic rotodynamic pump
Useful information on the calculation of disc friction
theory the useful head (H) is the difference of the
and drum friction which have given good correlation
impeller theoretical head (Hth) minus the hydraulic
with experimental results can also be found in refer-
losses (HL). In accordance with references 9, 10 and
ences 25, 26, and 27 respectively.
18 of the Bibliography, the flow deflection or slip factor
of the impeller is not generally influenced by the vis-
Boundary layers leaving impeller side shrouds also
cosity and therefore the theoretical head (Hth) is not
add some useful energy to the liquid being pumped.
affected. Thus head reduction due to viscous flow is
This effect compensates for some of the hydraulic
16
losses discussed above and may also explain part of Thermal effects: All power losses, with the exception
the head increase occasionally observed at moderate of the mechanical losses, are dissipated as heat
viscosities. added to the liquid. This increases the local tempera-
ture of the liquid and lowers the viscosity compared
Disc friction losses have a strong impact on power with the bulk viscosity at pump suction temperature.
absorbed by the pump in viscous service. The influ- Local heating of the liquid by high shear stresses
ences of impeller diameter (d2), rotational speed (N), mainly affects disc friction losses and volumetric effi-
specific speed (nS) and head coefficient (ψ) are shown ciency. At viscosities above about 1,000 cSt local heat-
in Equation 14: ing of the liquid may be expected to be appreciable,
but the effects can not be easily quantified.
⎛ d 25 N 3 ⎞
P RR = f ⎜ -----------------⎟ (Eq. 14) Power curves P = f(Q): Since theoretical head and
⎝ n s2 ψ 2.5⎠ mechanical losses are essentially not affected by vis-
cosity, increase in absorbed power when pumping vis-
The influence of viscosity on efficiency is demon- cous liquids is predominantly caused by disc friction
strated in Figure 9.6.7.9 where the ratio of the disc fric- losses. The power for viscous liquids, Pvis = f (Q), is
tion losses (PRR) to the useful power, Pu, is plotted therefore shifted relative to the power for water, Pw = f
against the viscosity, with the specific speed ns also as (Q), by an essentially constant amount equivalent to
a parameter. In this particular case the disc friction the increase in disc friction losses, except at low flow
losses increase by a factor of about 30 when the vis- conditions; Figure 9.6.7.1 on page 2.
cosity rises from 10–6 to 3 × 10–3 m2/s (1 to 3000 cSt).
With a viscosity of 3000 cSt the disc friction power is Net positive suction head required (NPSHR) is
nearly 10 times larger than the useful power for a spe- influenced by the pressure distribution near the lead-
cific speed of ns = 10 and accounts for 50% of Pu for ing edge of impeller blades. The pressure distribution
ns = 45. depends on both the Reynolds number and hydraulic
losses between the pump suction flange and impeller
Considering only the effect of the disc friction losses inlet. These losses increase with viscosity and affect
on the efficiency, a multiplier Cη–RR can be derived, NPSHR. Other factors that influence NPSHR are liquid
which is plotted in Figure 9.6.7.10. This demonstrates thermodynamic properties and the presence of
that efficiency when pumping viscous liquids depends entrained or dissolved gas. The interaction of these
strongly on specific speed, due solely to the effects of factors is discussed in Section 9.6.7.5.3. A method of
disc friction. Absorbed power is likewise affected. estimating the NPSHR on viscous liquids based on
analytical considerations is also outlined in Section
9.6.7.5.3.
10 ns = 10 (Ns = 500)
P RR
----------
- ns = 20 (Ns = 1,000)
Pu
1 ns = 45 (Ns = 2,300)
0,1
0,01
10 -6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2
2
Kinematic viscosity [m /s]
Figure 9.6.7.9 — Ratio of disc friction losses to useful power
17
1,0
C η – RR
0,8
0,6 ns = 45 (Ns = 2,300)
0,4
ns = 20 (Ns = 1,000)
0,2
ns = 10 (Ns = 500)
0,0
10 -6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2
2
Kinematic viscosity [m /s]
Figure 9.6.7.10 — Influence of disc friction losses on viscosity correction factor for efficiency
The effects of viscosity on the pressure drop in the The effect of viscosity on NPSHR is substantially a
suction piping, hence on NPSHA, need also to be con- function of the Reynolds number. However, this effect
sidered. cannot be expressed by a single relationship for all of
the different pumps designs and types. As a general
9.6.7.5.3 Method for estimating net positive rule larger size pumps and pumps with smooth and
suction head required (NPSHR) sweeping impeller inlets are less susceptible to
changes in the pumped liquid viscosity.
NPSHR as a characteristic of rotodynamic pump suc-
tion performance represents the total absolute suction Gas dissolved in the liquid and gas entrained by the
head, minus the head corresponding to the vapor pumped liquid in the form of finely dispersed bubbles
pressure at the pump intake, required to prevent more influence NPSHR differently from large bubbles of gas.
than 3% loss in total head caused by blockage from If the flow velocity at the pump inlet is high enough, a
cavitation vapor. It depends on the pump operating small amount of entrained gas does not separate and
conditions, the geometry of both pump and intake, as essentially has no or very little influence on the
well as the physical properties of the pumped liquid. NPSHR. The presence of larger gas accumulations
greatly affects the pump suction performance. It
There is a dual influence of the pumped liquid viscosity causes the total head - NPSHR characteristic curves
on NPSHR. With increased viscosity the friction goes to change shape from exhibiting a well-defined “knee”
up which results in an increase of NPSHR. At the to having a gradual sloping decay in head. This
same time higher viscosity results in a decrease of air increases the point of 3% head loss, or in other words
and vapor particle diffusion in the liquid. This slows moves the NPSHR to a higher value.
down the speed of bubble growth and there is also a
thermodynamic effect, which leads to some decrease
of NPSHR.
18
When handling viscous liquids at lower shaft rotational Given units of QBEP-W in m3/h, NPSHRBEP-W in
speeds the NPSHR has been observed to be higher meters, and N in rpm use Equation 15:
than would be predicted by the affinity rules.
C NPSH = 1 + A × ⎛ -------- – 1⎞ × 274,000 ×
1
Overall the development of vaporization and gas ⎝C ⎠
H
release depends to a great extent on the time of expo- (Eq. 15)
sure to lower pressure. In general a cavitation test at ⎛ NPSHR BEP – W ⎞
constant rate of flow and speed with variable suction ⎜ -------------------------------------------------------------
-⎟
⎝ ( Q BEP – W ) 0.667 ×N 1.33
⎠
conditions cannot be applied to viscous liquids if varia-
tion in suction pressure is obtained by lowering the
pressure in the whole test loop. This is because, unlike Given units of QBEP-W in gpm, NPSHRBEP-W in feet,
water, the liquid in the tank will not be rapidly de-aer- and N in rpm use Equation 16:
ated. Rather, air will gradually diffuse out of the liquid
C NPSH = 1 + A × ⎛ -------
- – 1⎞ × 225,000 ×
in the suction line and will cause blockage at the 1
impeller inlet. ⎝C ⎠
H
(Eq. 16)
The following generalized method is provided for ⎛ NPSHR BEP – W ⎞
⎜ -------------------------------------------------------------
-⎟
approximation purposes but the user is cautioned that ⎝ ( Q BEP – W ) 0.667 × N 1.33⎠
it is based on an analytical approach and is not based
upon actual NPSHR test data. When pumping highly
viscous liquids ample margins of NPSHA over the The value of the suction inlet geometry variable (A) is
NPSHR are required and the advice of the pump man- selected as follows.
ufacturer should be sought.
For end suction pumps: A = 0.1
This generalized method should not be applied to
hydrocarbons without consideration of thermal effects For side inlet pumps (flow passageway bends
on the liquid properties. See ANSI/HI 1.3.4.1.16.3. approximately 90 degrees from suction nozzle into
the impeller): A = 0.5
The following equations are used for developing the
correction factor to adjust the pump water perfor- Values of NPSHR are adjusted by the NPSHR correc-
mance NPSHR, based on the standard 3% head drop tion factor.
criteria, to the corresponding viscous liquid NPSHRvis
performance. NPSHRvis = CNPSH × NPSHR
Rate of flow is not corrected in this NPSHR correction

method.
19
EXAMPLE (Metric units): Refer to Figure 9.6.7.11 factor CH of 0.81. Calculate the NPSHR correction fac-
Sample NPSHR chart, and Table 9.6.7.3 Sample tor using Equation 15;
NPSHR calculations. Assume that the example pump
has a radial suction inlet configuration with A = 0.5.
C NPSH = 1 + 0.5 × ⎛ ----------- – 1⎞ × 274,000 ×
1
Assume the QBEP-W rate of flow is 110 m3/h, the ⎝ 0.81 ⎠
NPSHRBEP-W is 4.15 meters, the speed N is 2950
rpm, and the B factor is 12.0 yielding a head correction ⎛ -------------------------------------------------------
4.15
-⎞ = 1.14
⎝ ( 110 ) 0.667 × 2950 1.33⎠
10
2950 rpm
Water
7
NPSH - meters
6
NPSHR vs. Rate of Flow
5
0.90 s, B = 12.0
3
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Rate of Flow - cubic meters per hour
Figure 9.6.7.11 — Sample NPSHR chart (metric units)
Table 9.6.7.3 — Sample calculations (metric units)
B factor 12.0
3
Water rate of flow (QW) – m /h 66 88 110 132
Water Net Positive Suction Head required (NPSHRW) – meters 2.55 3.10 4.15 6.25
Correction factor for total head at best efficiency flow (CH) 0.81
Correction factor for NPSHR (CNPSH) 1.14
Corrected Net Positive Suction Head required (NPSHRvis) - meters 2.91 3.53 4.73 7.13
20
EXAMPLE (USCS units): Refer to Figure 9.6.7.12 factor CH of 0.81. Calculate the NPSHR correction fac-
Sample NPSHR chart and Table 9.6.7.4 Sample tor using Equation 16:
NPSHR calculations. Assume that the example pump
has a radial suction inlet configuration with A = 0.5.
C NPSH = 1 + 0.5 × ⎛ ----------- – 1⎞ × 225,000 ×
1
Assume the QBEP-W rate of flow is 335 gpm, the ⎝ 0.81 ⎠
NPSHRBEP-W is 13.6 feet, the speed N is 3550 rpm,
and the B factor is 12.0 yielding a head correction ⎛ -------------------------------------------------------
13.6
-⎞ = 1.14
⎝ ( 335 ) 0.667 × 3550 1.33⎠
32
3550 rpm
28
24 Water
20
NPSH - feet
NPSHR vs. Rate of Flow

16
12
0.90 s, B = 12.0
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360 400 440 480 520
Rate of Flow - gallons per minute
Figure 9.6.7.12 — Sample NPSHR chart (USCS units)
Table 9.6.7.4 — Sample calculations (USCS units)
B factor 12.0
Ratio of water best eff. perf. flow QW / QBEP-W 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20
Water rate of flow (QW) gpm 201 268 335 402
Water Net Positive Suction Head (NPSHRW) – feet 8.37 10.2 13.6 20.5
Correction factor for total head at best eff. flow (CH) 0.81
Correction factor for NPSHR (CNPSH) 1.14
Corrected Net Positive Suction Head required (NPSHRvis) - feet 9.54 11.6 15.5 23.4
21
9.6.7.6 Additional considerations can type pumps, a discharge column, or other appur-
tenances for liquid conveyance to or from the pumping
This section explains some limitations of the correction element, require additional consideration for viscous
method, particular pump design effects, some losses. Traditional piping liquid flow viscosity calcula-
mechanical considerations and sealing issues when tions could be adapted for this purpose.
pumping viscous liquids. Information is in general
qualitative due to the lack of quantitative facts. Impellers with auxiliary pump-out vanes are likely to
require additional power in viscous pumping applica-
9.6.7.6.1 Limitations tions. Thermal effects, however, may tend to limit the
added power by reducing disc friction.
The correction formulas in Section 9.6.7.4 are based
on test data with parameter B values up to approxi- High head coefficient impeller designs (with higher
mately B = 35. Extrapolation with B values higher than vane numbers and steeper vane discharge angles)
40 is not advisable as the calculated pump shaft input tend to have higher efficiencies but also tend to exhibit
power may be excessively high. In such cases the loss flat or drooping H-Q curves towards shut off in water
analysis method may be necessary to more accurately tests. The H-Q curve becomes steeper when high vis-
predict the viscous hydraulic performance and power cosity liquids are pumped. High head coefficient
requirements. designs may therefore be acceptable if the head curve
with viscous liquids rises to shut off.
Due to limited available test data above ns = 40 (Ns =
2000), the performance predictions using the general- The axial clearances between the impeller shrouds
ized method for pumps with specific speeds above this and the pump casing have a strong impact on disc fric-
value may involve greater uncertainties. tion losses and efficiency in laminar flow (viscous
pumping) but are insignificant in turbulent flow. Two
Performance guarantees are normally based on water otherwise identical pumps with different axial clear-
performance. All methods for viscous corrections are ances may have the same efficiency with water, but
subject to uncertainty and adequate margins need to different efficiencies with viscous liquids if operation
be considered, especially with respect to the pump should extend into the laminar flow regime.
driver rating.
While the surface roughness (casting quality) has a
The prediction procedures discussed are based on significant influence on the efficiency when pumping
tests with Newtonian liquids. Non-Newtonian liquids water, its impact is diminished in viscous applications
may behave quite differently. and is theoretically zero in laminar flow.
A few studies indicate that pump head slightly 9.6.7.6.3 Mechanical considerations
increases over that on water when operating with vis-
cosities up to 180 cSt. There is substantial data scatter Internal pump components, such as the pump shaft
in viscous flow investigations, and this phenomenon is and associated drive mechanisms should be checked
observed only occasionally. It might be explained by to assure they are adequate for the additional torque
the factors that tend to increase head with increasing that the pump will experience.
viscosity, such as disc pumping and reduced leakage
losses, which overcome, up to certain point, the bulk Externally the coupling between the pump driver, such
viscosity effect tending to reduce head. as an electric motor, needs to be sized for the higher
torque and starting cycles demanded by the service.
9.6.7.6.2 Pump design effects Caution: excessive sizing of the coupling may also
have adverse rotordynamic effects and unnecessarily
Pumps in the range of 20 ≤ ns ≤ 40 (1000 ≤ Ns ≤ 2000) increase maintenance.
can be expected, based on available data, to give the
highest efficiencies when viscous liquids are being Proper sizing of the pump driver needs to be consid-
pumped. ered as increased starting and operating torque will be
required. It is recommended that a speed-torque curve
This publication provides viscosity performance cor- specific to the application be supplied by the pump
rections only for the pumping element. Pumps, which vendor if there is concern regarding the driver size and
incorporate external piping, a suction barrel for vertical design.
22
9.6.7.6.4 Sealing issues Pumping Oils”, Bulletin 130, Goulds Pumps,

Inc., Seneca Falls, N.Y., 1926.
Sealing issues with viscous liquids are complex. Seal
manufacturers should be consulted for detailed infor- 5. Erickson, R.B., “Effect of Viscosity on the
mation. Hydraulic Performance of a 2x1LF-10 Centrifu-
gal Pump”, Duriron Lab. and DuPont Jackson
Mechanical seals or sealing devices must be capable Lab. Development Report, 5 May 1995.
of sealing the pump for the range of anticipated vis-
cous conditions, including transient or upset condi- 6. Flowserve [formerly Durco] Pump Engineering
tions. Mechanical seal components may not perform Manual, Dayton, 1980, pp. 100 - 103.
as anticipated and may experience higher loads than
7. Gülich J.F., “Pumping highly viscous fluids with
with water.
centrifugal pumps,” World Pumps, 1999, No. 8 &
9.
Associated with the mechanical seal(s) are the seal
flushing arrangement and associated piping. In many 8. Gülich J.F., “Kreiselpumpen. Ein Handbuch für
cases auxiliary systems include secondary compo- Entwicklung, Anlagenplanug und Betrieb,”
nents, such as orifices and filters that may plug or Springer, ISBN 3-540-56987-1, Berlin, 1999, pp
cease to function correctly when handling viscous liq- 70–72, 107, 538–550.
uids. The piping is normally external to the pump case
and may require heat tracing or other consideration to 9. Hamkins, C.P., Jeske, H.O., and Hergt, P.H.,
assure proper seal flushing. “Prediction of viscosity effects in centrifugal
pumps by consideration of individual losses”,
The use of sealless pumps requires additional consid- (from a lecture at the Third European Congress
eration. There are two basic kinds of sealless pumps: Fluid Machinery for the Oil, Petrochemical, and
canned motor pumps and magnetic drive pumps. In Related Industries; The Hague, Netherlands, 18
canned motor pumps the motor rotor and sleeve bear- - 20 May 1987).
ings are immersed in the pumped liquid. In magnetic
drive pumps, the shaft coupling and bearings are 10. Hergt, P., Stoffel, B., Lauer, H., “Verlustanalyse
immersed in the pumped liquid. The additional viscous an einer Kreiselpumpe auf der Basis von Mes-
drag due to the immersion of these components will sungen bei hoher Viskosität des Fördermedi-
lead to higher losses, resulting in increased power ums,” VDI Report No. 424, 1981, pp. 29–38.
consumption and increased starting torque require-
ments. Furthermore, cooling flow to the motor or mag- 11. Holland, F.A. and Chapman, F.S., Pumping of
netic coupling and bearings will be decreased. The Liquids, Reinhold , N.Y., 1966, pp. 249 - 256.
temperature rise caused by the increased losses and
decreased cooling flow must also be considered. In 12. Ippen, Arthur T., “The influence of Viscosity on
addition, the ability of the liquid to lubricate the sleeve Centrifugal Pump Performance”, ASME Paper
bearings must be evaluated. No. A-45-57, (Annual Meeting of The American
Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York,
9.6.7.7 Bibliography N.Y., November 27, 1945).
13. Maggiolo Campos, O.J., “Aporte al estudio

1. American National Standard for Centrifugal
sobre la influencia de la viscosidad, en la carac-
Pumps for Nomenclature, Definitions, Applica-
teristica de bombas centrifugas”, Boletin de la
tion and Operation, Std. No. ANSI/HI 1.1-1.5.
Facultad de Ingenieria de Montevideo, Año XVI,
2. Constance, John D., “Using Centrifugal Pumps Vol. VI, No. 4, Oct. 1952, pp. 487–518.
for High Viscosity Liquids”, Plant Engineering,
14. Mollenkopf, G., “Infuence of the viscosity of the
Sept. 16, 1976, pp. 163 - 166.
liquid to be handled on the operating reaction of
3. Daugherty, Robert L., “Investigation of the Per- centrifugal pumps with different specific speeds”
formance of Centrifugal Pumps When Pumping (in German), Pumpentagung, Karlsruhe ’78, 28
Oils”, Bulletin 126, The Goulds Manufacturing Sept. 1978, Section K 10.
Company, Seneca Falls, N.Y., 1925.
15. Ouziaux, R., “Influence de la viscosité et des
4. Daugherty, Robert L., “A Further Investigation of jeux sur le fonctionnement d’une pompe centri-
the Performance of Centrifugal Pumps When
23
fuge”, Student thesis, C.N.A.M. France, 12 Dec. 23. Wen-Guang, Li, “The ‘sudden-rising head’ effect
1969, pp. 80 - 86. in centrifugal oil pumps”, World Pumps, 2000,
No. 10.
16. Saxena, S.V., Kuhlman, J., Renger, H., “Evalua-
tion of performance correction factors for high 24. American National Standard for Centrifugal
power centrifugal pipeline pumps for higher oil Pumps for Design and Application. (ANSI/HI
viscosity” (in German), Fachgemeinschaft 1.1-1.5).
Pumpen im VDMA, Pumpentagung, Karlsruhe,
30 Sept. - 2 Oct. 1996, Section C7. 25. Yamada, Y., “Resistance of flow through an
annulus with an inner rotating cylinder”, Bulletin
17. Stepanoff, A.J., Centrifugal and Axial Flow JSME, Vol. 5, No. 17, 1962, pp. 302-310.
Pumps Theory, Design, and Application, John
Wiley, N.Y., 1948, pp. 310 - 318. 26. Daily, J. W., Nece, R. E., “Roughness effects on
frictional resistance of enclosed rotating disc”,
18. Sukhanov, D.Y., “Centrifugal Pump Operation on Transactions of ASME, Journal of Basic Engi-
Viscous Liquids” (in Russian), MASHGIZ, Mos- neering, 1960, No. 82, pp. 553-560.
cow, 1952.
27. Yamada, Y., “Torque resistance of a flow
19. Tanaka, K., Ohashi, H., “Performance of Centrif- between rotating co-axial cylinders having axial
ugal Pumps at Low Reynolds Number (1st flow”, Bulletin JSME, Vol. 5, No. 20, 1962, pp.
Report, Experimental Study)” (in Japanese), 634-641.
Transactions of JSME Ed. 50 No. 449, Doc. No.
83-007, Jan. 1984, pp. 279 - 285. 28. “Standard Practice for Conversion of Kinematic
Viscosity to Saybolt Universal Viscosity or to
20. Tanaka, K., Ohashi, H., “Optimum Design of Saybolt Furol Viscosity”, ASTM Designation D
Centrifugal Pumps for Highly Viscous Liquids”, 2161 - 93 (Reapproved 1999) with editorial cor-
Proceedings of the 13th AIHR Symposium at rections in August 2000.
Montreal, Canada 1986 - 9 No. 35.
29. Stepanoff, A.J., “How Centrifugals Perform
21. Turzo, Z., Takacs, G, Zsuga, J., “Equations cor- When Pumping Viscous Oils”, Power, June
rect centrifugal pump curves for viscosity”, Oil & 1949.
Gas Journal, 29 May, 2000, pp. 57 - 61.
30. MacMeekin, R.J., “Reynolds Number in the
22. “Umrechnung der Kennlinien von Spiralge- design of centrifugal pumps for viscous liquids”,
häusepumpen bei Betrieb mit zähen Flüs- Ingersoll-Rand Co internal report, September
sigkeiten,” KSB Worksheet, No. 38.1, 15 April 1942.
1983.
24
9.6.7.8 Notation
HW = Water head in m (ft): the total head
when pumping water
A complete list of symbols and definitions used in this
document is given below. N = Pump shaft rotational speed in rpm
NS = Specific speed at impeller eye

A = Suction geometry variable used in
0.5
the calculation to correct Net Positive NQ BEP –W
Suction Head required (USCS units) = ----------------------------
-
H 0.75
BEP – W
B = Parameter used in the viscosity cor- See definition below.
rection procedures; the B parameter
is used as a normalizing pump Rey- ns = Specific speed at impeller eye
nolds number and to adjust the cor- 0.5
NQ BEP –W
rections for the pump specific speed (metric units) = ----------------------------
-
H 0.75
BEP – W
BEP = The rate of flow and head at which See definition below.
pump efficiency is a maximum at a
given speed The specific speed of an impeller is
Cη = Efficiency correction factor defined as the speed in revolutions
per minute at which a geometrically
Cη-RR = Efficiency correction factor due to similar impeller would run if it were of
disc friction only such a size as to discharge one
cubic meter per second (m3/s)
CH = Head correction factor against one meter of head (metric
CBEP-H = Head correction factor which is units) or one US gallon per minute
applied to the flow at maximum against 1 foot of head (USCS units).
pump efficiency for water These units shall be used to calcu-
late specific speed.
CNPSH = Net Positive Suction Head correction
factor For double suction impellers the total
rate of flow should be divided by 2.
CQ = Rate of flow correction factor
NPSHA = Net Positive Suction Head available
d2 = Impeller outlet diameter to the pump
g = Acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.81 NPSHRBEP-W = Net Positive Suction Head required
m/s2 or 32.2 ft/sec2) for water at the maximum efficiency
H = Head per stage rate of flow, based on the standard
3% head drop criteria
HBEP-vis = Viscous head in meters (ft): the total
head at the rate of flow at which NPSHRvis = Viscous Net Positive Suction Head
maximum pump efficiency is required in a viscous liquid
obtained when pumping a viscous NPSHRw = Net Positive Suction Head required
liquid on water, based on the standard 3%
HBEP-W = Water head in m (ft): the total head at head drop criteria
the rate of flow at which maximum P = Power; without subscript: power at
pump efficiency is obtained when coupling
pumping water
Pm = Mechanical power losses
HL = Hydraulic losses in m (ft)
Pu = Useful power transferred to liquid; Pu
Hth = Theoretical head (flow without =ρgHQ
losses)
PRR = Disc friction power loss
Hvis = Viscous head in m (ft): the head
when pumping a viscous liquid
25
Pvis = Viscous power in kW (hp): the shaft Vvis = Kinematic viscosity in centistokes
input power required by the pump for (cSt) of the pumped liquid
the viscous conditions
VW = Kinematic viscosity in centistokes
Pw = Pump shaft input power required for (cSt) of water reference test liquid.
water.
η = Overall efficiency (at coupling)
Q = Rate of flow
ηBEP-W = Water best efficiency
QBEP-W = Water rate of flow at which maximum
pump efficiency is obtained ηh = Hydraulic efficiency
Qvis = Viscous rate of flow in m3/h (gpm): ηvis = Viscous efficiency; the efficiency
the rate of flow when pumping a vis- when pumping a viscous liquid
cous liquid ηvol = Volumetric efficiency
3
QW = Water rate of flow in m /h (gpm): the ηW = Water pump efficiency; the pump
rate of flow when pumping water efficiency when pumping water
q* = Ratio of rate of flow to rate of flow at µ = Dynamic (Absolute) Viscosity
best efficiency point: q* = Q/QBEP
ν = Kinematic viscosity
Re = Reynolds-number: Re = ω r22/ν
ρ = Density
r2 = Impeller outer radius
ψ = Head coefficient
s = Specific gravity of pumped liquid
(equivalent to relative density) ω = Angular velocity of shaft or impeller
26
Appendix A:
Conversion of kinematic viscosity units
Definitions Equation 2
νcSt = Kinematic viscosity in centistokes (cSt) of For νcSt < 1.81 cSt and νcSt < 500 cSt
the pumped liquid
ν SSU = 4.6324ν cSt +
νSSU= Kinematic viscosity in Seconds Saybolt
Universal (SSU) 1.0 + 0.03264ν cSt
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
( 3930.2 + 262.7ν cSt + 23.97ν cSt2 + 1.646ν cSt3) × 10 – 5
For convenience the following Equation 1 is provided
for converting kinematic viscosity in Seconds Saybolt Conversion of Dynamic (Absolute) Viscosity to
Universal (SSU; also known as Saybolt Universal Sec- Kinematic Viscosity
onds, SUS) to centistokes (cSt). This SSU to cSt con-
version equation has been derived from a set of values If viscosity of pumped liquid is given in terms of
produced by Equation 2 below. dynamic, or absolute, viscosity, it should be converted
to kinematic viscosity in order to use the pump perfor-
Equation 1 mance correction method. Numerical values of
dynamic viscosity are usually expressed in centipoise
For νSSU < 32 SSU and νSSU ≤ 2316 SSU (cP) or Pascal-seconds (Pa-s). Kinematic viscosity is
obtained by dividing the dynamic (absolute) viscosity
ν cSt = 0.2159ν SSU – by the mass density.
10,000 × ( ν SSU + 17.06 )
ν = µ
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
( 0.9341ν SSU3 + 9.01ν SSU2 – 83.62ν SSU + 59340 ) ---
ρ
cSt to SSU To convert dynamic viscosity in centipoise (cP), divide

by the mass density in grams per cubic centimeter
The following equation as given in ASTM Designation (g/cm3) to obtain the kinematic viscosity in centistokes
D 2161 - 93 (Reapproved 1999)e2, based on the 100°F (cSt).
data, can be used to convert kinematic viscosity in cSt
to SSU. To convert dynamic viscosity in Pascal-seconds
(Pa-s), divide by the mass density in kilograms per
cubic meter (kg/m3) to obtain kinematic viscosity in
27
HI Effects of liquid viscosity on pump performance – Index — 2004
Appendix B:
Index
This appendix is not part of this standard, but is presented to help the user with factors referenced in the standard.
Note: an f. indicates a figure, and a t. indicates a table.
28

ANSI - Liquid Viscosity Pump Performance

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ANSI/HI 9.6.

American National Standard for

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American National Standard for

Effects of Liquid Viscosity on

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CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at

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Printed in the United States of America

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Appendix A: Conversion of kinematic viscosity units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Purpose and aims of the Hydraulic Institute

Definition of a Standard of the Hydraulic Institute

Comments from users

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Consensus for this standard was achieved by use of the Canvass

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Chairman: Robert Stanbury Flowserve Corporation

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9.6.7 Effects of liquid viscosity on pump 9.6.7.2 Introduction

Water Viscous liquid

Figure 9.6.7.1 — Modification of pump characteristics when pumping viscous liquids

9.6.7.4.3 Viscous liquid symbols and definitions

Hvis = Viscous head in m (ft): the head VW = Kinematic viscosity in centistokes

Is the application for a single or multi stage conven- NO

Does the pump use an impeller with an essentially NO

Is the liquid kinematic viscosity between 1 and NO

Figure 9.6.7.2 — Flowchart to establish if the procedure is applicable

The procedure for the second part is defined in Sec-

Determine pump performance on a viscous liquid

Calculate Parameter B (Section 9.6.7.4.5, Step 1)

Calculate HBEP-vis and Qvis (Section 9.6.7.4.5, Step 2)

Calculate Hvis (Section 9.6.7.4.5, Step 3)

Calculate ηvis (Section 9.6.7.4.5, Step 4)

Calculate Pvis (Section 9.6.7.4.5, Step 5)

The procedure for the third part is defined in Section

Preliminary pump selection for a given head and rate

Calculate Parameter B (Section 9.6.7.4.6, Step 1)

Calculate CQ and CH (Section 9.6.7.4.6, Step 2)

Calculate Qw and HW (Section 9.6.7.4.6, Step 3)

Select a pump that provides a performance of Qw and Hw

(Section 9.6.7.4.6, Step 4)

YES Use specified equation in Step 5 to

Use specified equation for 1.0 < B < 40 to calculate Cη

Calculate ηvis (Section 9.6.7.4.6, Step 5)

Calculate Pvis (Section 9.6.7.4.6, Step 6)

ηvis = Cη × ηw where ηw is the water pump

Q vis = C Q × Q W Step 5. Calculate the values for viscous pump shaft

Flow and head correction factors vs. Parameter B

Figure 9.6.7.5 — Chart of correction factors for CQ and CH

Efficiency correction factor vs. Parameter B

( 120 ) 0.50 × ( 77 ) 0.0625

According to Equation 5 the correction factor QW

Hvis = 0.938 × 77.0 = 72.2 meters

Efficiency vs. Flow

20 Shaft input power vs. Flow

Figure 9.6.7.7 — Sample performance chart of a single stage pump (metric)

Table 9.6.7.1 — Sample calculations (metric)

Viscosity of liquid to be pumped (Vvis) – cSt 120