Escuela Ambiental semestre 2019-2 Taller # 1 Hidráulica de canales

A. Problemas resueltos

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2.

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3. The flowrate per unit width in a wide channel is q = 2.3 m2/s. Is the flow subcritical
or supercritical if the depth is (a) 0.2 m, (b) 0.8 m, or (c) 2.5 m?
Open-channel flows are subcritical, critical or supercritical if the Froude number is less
than, equal to, or greater than one. We can compute the Froude number from the data
given using the following relations, where b is the channel width and y is the channel depth
V Q 1 qb 1 q
Fr    
gy A gy yb gy gy 3

For the given flow per unit width, q = 2.3 m2/s, we find the following values for Froude
number at the different depths.

2.3 m 2
q s
y  0.2 m Fr    8.21 Flow is supercritical
gy 3 9.80655 m
0.15 m3

s2

2.3 m 2
q s
y  0.8 m Fr    1.03 Flow is supercritical
gy 3 9.80655 m
0.8 m3

s2

2.3 m 2
q s
y  2.5 m Fr    0.186 Flow is subcritical
gy 3 9.80655 m
2.5 m3

s2

4. Water flows in a rectangular channel with a flowrate per unit width of q = 25 ft2/s.
Plot the specific energy diagram for this flow. Determine the two possible depths of
flow if E = 7 ft.
We can substitute the given data into the equation for the specific energy, E, to get the
following computational equation. Note that the units for the constant mean that the
specific energy will be in feet when y is in feet.
2
 25 ft 2 
 
q  s  9.713 ft 3
E  y  y   y 
2 gy 2 32.174 ft 2 y2
2 y
s2
We can find the value of yc that makes E a minimum and the corresponding value of Emin
as follows.

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  25 ft 2  2 
13    
 q2   s  
yc  2.688 ft   4.03 ft
3 3
yc      2.688 ft Emin 
 g  32.174 ft  2 2
 
 s2 

We can check this formula for the minimum energy by substituting yc into our
computational equation for the specific energy.

9.713 ft 3 9.713 ft 3 9.713 ft 3

E  y  Emin  yc   2.688 ft   4.03 ft
y2 yc2 2.688 ft 2
Using the computational
equation for E as a function
of y we can determine the Problem 10.13 Solution
specific energy for a range of
y values to obtain the plot at 14
the right. The plot shows the
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minimum energy (and its
location, yc) at the values 10
Depth, y, ft

found above. 8
At the point where E = 7 ft,
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our graph shows that the
depth can be approximately 4
1.5 ft or 6.5 ft. For E = 7 ft, 2
our computational equation
becomes 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
9.713 ft 3
7 ft  y  Specific Energy, E, ft
y2
Noting that we have dimensional consistency and the solution for y will be in feet we can
rearrange this equation into a cubic form as shown below.

y 3  7 y 2  9.713  0
We can solve this equation numerically using the values found from the graph as initial
guesses to get the desired solution. The positive roots of this cubic equation are y =
1.306 ft for the supercritical depth and y = 6.790 ft for the subcritical depth. The
negative root, y = –1.095 ft is ignored as being physically unrealistic.

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5. Water flows in a rectangular channel
with a flowrate per unit width of q = 1.5
m2/s and a depth of 0.5 m at section (1).
The head loss between sections (1)
and (2) is 0.03 m. Plot the specific
energy diagram for this flow and locate
states (1) and (2) on this diagram. Is it
possible to have a head loss of 0.06 m?
Explain.
We can apply the energy equation to the diagram shown above. Here we use the surface
of the liquid as the points to apply the energy equation. This means that p1 = p2 = 0. We
assume that the slope is very small so that we can use the fluid depth as the elevation.
This gives z1 = y1 = 0.5 ft and z2 = y2. With these simplifications our energy equation
becomes.

p2 V22 p V2 V22 V2
z2    z1  1  1  hs  hL  y2   y1  1  hL
 2g  2g 2g 2g
We replace the velocity, V, by the flow per unit width: V = Q/A = (qb)/(yb) = q/y. This gives
the following result in our energy equation. Note that Q = qb is constant as the flow
changes depth. If the width, b, is constant, then q = Q/b, is also constant. Thus we do not
have to subscript q in the equation below.

y2 
V22
 y2 
q y2   E  y  q y1   h  E  h
2 2
 E2  E1  hL
2 1 L 1 L
2g 2g 2g
Although the specific energy changes in the flow as a result of head loss, the relationship
between specific energy and depth does not change. At any point in the flow we must
have
2
 1.5 m 2 
 
q y
2
 s  0.1147
E  y  y  y
2g 9.80665 m 2 y2
2 y
Problem 10.22 Solution s2

3 We can compute the values of

E for various values of y and
2.5 plot the results as shown in the
figure to the left. In particular,
Depth, y, m

2
we know the value of the depth,
1.5 y = 0.5 m at section (1) in the
flow. Thus, the specific energy
1 at this point can be found as
0.550
0.5 0.5

0 6
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Specific Energy, E, m
 0.1147 m 3
E1  y1  
y12
0.1147 m 3
0.5 m   0.959 m
0.5 m2
This confirms the value that we can read from the chart for y = 0.5 m. According to the
energy equation, the head loss means that the energy at station 2 is 0.03 m less than the
energy at station (1). This gives E2 = 0.929 ft. This specific energy corresponds to the
following a depth of 0.550 m. This is found by solving the final equation below, using a
numerical root finder to find y. Both points are shown on the energy curve with the value
of their depts. indicated

0.1147 m 3
E2  E1  0.03 m  0.929 m  y2   y23  0.929 y22  0.1147  0
y22
We see that the lower energy corresponds to a higher depth with the same flow.
If we had a head loss of 0.06 m from station 1 the energy at station (2) would be 0.959 m –
0.06 m = 0.859 m. This is only possible if the minimum energy is less than 0.859 m. To
check this we can compute the minimum energy by first finding the critical depth for this
energy, yc. and then applying the formula that Emin = 1.5 yc.
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  1.5 m 2  2 
13    
 q2   s  
yc  0.6122 m   0.9183 m
3 3
yc      0.6122 m Emin 
 g  9.80665 m  2 2
 
 s2 

Since Emin = 0.9183 m we cannot have a head loss of 0.06 m because this would make the
specific energy less than its minimum value.

6. An old, rough-surfaced, 2-m-diameter concrete pipe with a Manning coefficient of

0.025 carries water at a rate of 5.0 m3/s when it is half full. It is to be replaced by a
new pipe with a Manning coefficient of 0.012 that is also to flow half full at the same
flowrate. Determine the diameter of the new pipe.
To solve this problem we apply the Manning equation to both the old and new pipes and
set the results equal to each other because that the two flowrates are the same: Qold =
Qnew.

 AR 2 3 S 1 2   AR 2 3 S 1 2 
Qold  h 0
  Qnew   h 0 
 n   n 
old new

We are given no data on the slope, but we can assume that the slope will be the same for
the old and the new pipes. In addition, we note that for a pipe half full, the cross sectional
area for the flow is A = D2/8 and the wetted perimeter is P = D/2, so the hydraulic radius

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 Rh = A/P = D/4. With these expressions for area and hydraulic radius our equation for the
old and new flowrates become (after canceling the slope that is the same for both flows)

 D 2  D  2 3   D 2  D  2 3 
        83
 8  4   8  4  D  nnew 0.012
  new     0.48
 n   n   Dold  nold 0.025
   
  old   new
Since we are dealing with ratios, the dimensions of the diameters and Manning coefficients
will cancel. Taking the 3/8th power of the second equation gives.

 0.483 8  0.7594  Dnew  0.7594 Dold  0.75942 m = 1.52 m

Dnew
Dold

7. A trapezoidal channel with a

bottom width of 3 m and sides
with a horizontal:vertical slope
of 2:1 is lined with fine gravel
(n = 0.020) and is to carry 10
m3/s. Can this channel be built
with a slope of S0 = 0.00010 if it
is necessary to keep the
velocity below 0.75 m/s to prevent scouring of the bottom? Explain.
To solve this problem we apply the Manning equation to determine the size, y. required
with the proposed slope and the given flow rate. Once we find the value of y we can solve
for the velocity to see if it is less than 0.75 m/s.

Rh2 3 S 01 2 ARh2 3 S 01 2
V Q
n n
The cross sectional area is the area of the rectangle, 3y, plus two times the areas of one
triangular side, (1/2)(2y)(y) = y2, so the total area is 3y + 2y2. The wetted perimeter is the 3
m along the bottom, plus the two diagonal sides of length [(2y)2 + y2]1/2 = 51/2y. This gives
a total length of 3 + 2(51/2y). With this definition of the area and perimeter the flowrate is
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3 ARh2 3 S 01 2
3 y  2 y 
2  3y  2 y2 

 3 2y 5 
 0.000101 2
Q
10 m
   
s n 0.020
With the flow rate in m3/s and the default dimensions for the Manning coefficient, the
length terms are in meters, so the value of y will be in meters. Rearranging the equation to
solve for y gives.

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 23

3y  2 y 
2

 3y  2 y2 
 0.000101 2
10 
 3 2y 5 
  
100.020  20 
3 y  2 y 
2 53

0.020 0.000101 2 3  2 y 5 2 3
Using a computer or calculator equation solver, the value of y is found to be 2.249 m. We
can then compute the area and the resulting velocity.

10 m 3 10 m 3 10 m 3
Q s s s 0.593 m
V    
A 3 m  y  2 y 2
3 m2.249 m  22.249 m 16.86 m
2 2 s

So, this design will give a velocity less than the required maximum of 0.75 m/s.

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8. A 10-ft-wide rectangular channel is built to bypass a dam so that fish can swim
upstream during their migration. During normal conditions when the water depth is
4 ft, the water velocity is 5 ft/s. Determine the velocity during a flood when the water
depth is 8 ft.
In this problem, we can assume that the slope and the Manning coefficient will be the
same for both normal and flood conditions and we can write the equations for the velocity
in these two conditions as follows.

 R 2 3S1 2   R 2 3S1 2 
Vnormal   h 0  V flood   h 0 
 n   n 
normal flood

With the assumption that the slope and the Manning coefficient will be the same for both
normal and flood conditions, these equations give the following relation between the
velocities in these two conditions. In getting the final equation we use the definition of the
hydraulic radius for a rectangular channel as A/P = by/(2y + b) where y is the depth and b
is the width. (Note that the wetted perimeter does not include the open surface of the
channel. Since the width, b = 10 ft for both the normal and flood conditions, we do not use
a subscript for b.

 10 ft 4 ft  
23 23
 by normal 
23    24 ft   10 ft 
Vnormal Rh, normal  2 y normal  b     0.8050
 23  
 10 ft 8 ft  
23 23
V flood Rh, flood  by flood 
   28 ft   10 ft 
 2 y flood  b   
 
5 ft
V
V flood  normal  s  = 6.21 ft/s
0.8050 0.8050

Problemas propuestos

1. The discharge in a channel is proportional to AR2/3 if the flow is uniform.

For a circular conduit having an inside diameter D, prove that the discharge
is maximum when the flow depth is 0.94D.

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2. Determine the energy and momentum coefficients for the velocity distribution,
V = 5.75Vo log(30y/k), in which Vo = flow velocity at the free surface;
yo = flow depth, and k = height of surface roughness. Assume the channel is
very wide and rectangular.

3. At a bridge crossing, the mean flow velocities (in m/s) were measured at
the midpoints of various subareas, as shown in Fig. 1-18. Compute the values
of α and β for the cross section.

4.

5. El caudal por unidad de ancho q en un canal muy ancho es q = 2.3 m2/s. ¿Es el
flujo subcrítco o supercrítico si la profundidad es (a) 0.2 m, (b) 0.8 m, or (c) 2.5 m?
6. En un canal rectangular el agua fluye con un caudal por unidad de ancho de q = 25
ft2/s. Gráfique la curva de energía específica para este flujo. Determine las dos
posibles profundidades si la energía específica es E = 7 ft.
7. Un canal trapezoidal con ancho de fondo 5 pies y pendientes laterals m= 2 (esto es
2.0 horizontal para 1.0 vertical) transporta Q=100 pies3/s a una profundidad de
3.15 pies. El agua está a 20°c.
(a) Determine si el flujo es laminar o turbulento.
(b) Determine si el flujo es subcrítico o supercrítico.

8. La distribucion vertical de la velocidad u (en la dirección de la pendiente) en un

canal se aproxima por

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 En esta ecuación que está en forma adimensional, h es la profundidad de flujo, y es una
coordenada hacia arriba cuyo origen está en el lecho del canal, y U es la velocidad en la
superficie. Tome U= 1 m/s y h= 1m. Calcule el caudal másico y el flujo de momentum por
unidad de ancho del canal
9.

10, 11, 12

13. In the following situations, is the flow uniform or nonuniform?

i. Flow in a channel contraction or expansion
ii. Flow at a channel entrance

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iii. Flow in the vicinity of a bridge pier
iv. Flow at the end of a long prismatic channel.
14. In the following situations, is the flow steady or unsteady?
i. Flow in a storm sewer during a large storm
ii. Flow in a power canal following shutting down of turbines

15. The drainage canal shown in Fig. 3-13 has a flow of 96 m3/s. If the flow depth at
Section 1 is 4.22 m, what is the depth at Section 2? Assume there are no losses in the
transition. Determine the flow depth at the downstream end if the canal ends in afree
overfall. Assume that critical depth occurs at the overfall.

16. Lea y analice el siguiente texto.

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