BROADCAST

ENGINEERING
AND ACOUSTICS
TV BROADCASTING
VIDEO INSTRUMENTS

WAVEFORM MONITOR
Measure brightness or Luminance (Y)
VIDEO INSTRUMENTS

VECTORSCOPE
Measure Chrominance (C).
TV BROADCASTING
SDTV
EDTV
HDTV
3D TV
DTV
TV BROADCASTING

ANALOG DIGITAL
SDTV (Standard Definition TV)
SDTV (Standard Definition TV)

A set of digital television (DTV) standards with 480

lines of resolution. All SDTV formats are interlaced, and
SDTV pictures are not as sharp as progressive scan EDTV
or HDTV (Enhanced Definition or High Definition).

Basically is the same as analog television, but

transmitted digitally so that there is no signal loss
regardless of distance -- is offered in 480i.

ASPECT RATIO: 4:3

SDTV – 480i
EDTV (Enhanced Definition TV)
EDTV (Enhanced Definition TV)

A set of digital television (DTV) standards with 480 lines of

resolution. All EDTV formats are progressive scan (480p) and
provide a sharper picture than SDTV (Standard Definition TV), but
not as good as HDTV (High Definition TV).

ASPECT RATIO: 4:3 or sometimes 16:9

EDTV – 480p
HDTV (High Definition TV)
HDTV (High Definition TV)

High-Definition TV
The top of the line, all digital format for broadcasting
and viewing TV programming
With HD, you see images at a higher resolution. This
clarity is delivered in a crystal clear (5x than SD).

HDTV – 720p
HDTV – 1080i
HDTV – 1080p
HDTV (High Definition TV)

ADVANTAGES OF HD
 Video Quality (HD)
 16:9 Aspect Ratio (Widescreen)
 Resolution/Formats (1MP or 2MP)
HDTV (High Definition TV)

QUALITY
More lines mean a better picture then that alone
shows why the HD has a nicer picture (5x) than an SD.
HDTV (High Definition TV)

1080p
RESOLUTION

1080i High Definition TV(HDTV)

720p
480p Enhanced Definition TV (EDTV)

480i Standard Definition TV (SDTV)

HDTV (High Definition TV)

HD

1080i 720p 1080p

1080i and 720p are virtually equal in overall resolution
while 1080p is the best
 HDTV (High Definition TV)

720p

NTSC HD (720p60)
Frame rate= 60 frames/s

Progressive scan technology produces better images for the fast moving orientation
of sports television
HDTV (High Definition TV)

720p
No. of Line per Frame: 720 lines
No. of Pixel per Line: 1280 pixels
Resolution: 1280 x 720 pixels (921,600 pixels)
Scanning Method: Progressive (frame)
No. of Fields: NA
Application: For fast moving images such as sports

In the USA, 720p60 is used by ABC, Fox Broadcasting Company and ESPN because the
smoother image is desirable for fast-action sports telecasts
HDTV (High Definition TV)

1080i
HDTV (High Definition TV)

1080i
No. of Line per Frame: 1080 Lines
No. of Pixel per Line: 1920 pixels
Resolution: 1920 x 1080 pixels (2.07 Megapixels)
Scanning Method: Interlaced (i)
No. of Fields: 2 fields (odd and even)
No. of lines per field 540 lines
Application: For movies with lots of images and
panoramas

In the USA, 1080i is used by CBS, NBC, HBO, Showtime and Discovery HD
due to the crisper picture, particularly in non-moving shots.
HDTV (High Definition TV)

1080p

NTSC HD (1080p60)
Frame rate= 60 frames/s
HDTV (High Definition TV)

1080p
No. of Line per Frame: 1,080 Lines
No. of Pixel per Line: 1920 pixels
Resolution: 1920 x 1080 pixels (2.07 Megapixels)
Scanning Method: Progressive (Frame)
No. of Fields: NA
Field Rate: NA
Application: 3D movies and video games
HDTV (High Definition TV)
HDTV (High Definition TV)
 HDTV (High Definition TV)

4K (ULTRA HD)

4K, also known as Ultra HD, refers to a resolution of 3,840 x

2,160 pixels. That's four times the 1,920 x 1,080 pixels found in
your full HD TV.

4K 4K describes the 4,096 x 2160 resolution first introduced in digital

cinemas. Used by some projectors and many professional cameras.

ULTRA HD UHD refers to the 3,840 x 2,160 resolution you'll find in

16:9 ratio TVs, which is what you actually take home.
Equivalent to two 1080p.
HDTV (High Definition TV)

4K (ULTRA HD)

The extra resolution of 4K images adds better definition and clarity to

the picture. The result is images that look incredibly life-like, more like
looking through a window than watching TV.

4K is especially effective on very large screens – so ideally you’ll go for

a 65-inch set or even bigger.
8K (ULTRA HD)
HDTV (High Definition TV)
HDTV (High Definition TV)
HDTV (High Definition TV)

HDTV Ready HDTV Set

Analog and Digital WITH Analog and Digital WITH
EXTERNAL digital tuner/decoder INTERNAL digital tuner/decoder
HDTV (High Definition TV)

SET-TOP BOX
A set-top box (STB) or set-top unit (STU) is an information
appliance device that generally contains a TV-tuner input and
displays output to a television set and an external source of signal,
turning the source signal into content in a form that can then be
displayed on the television screen or other display device.
HDTV (High Definition TV)
 HDTV (High Definition TV)
RF Spectrum requirement - New video compression format - New modulation system

CONTENT DISTRIBUTION TV

1. Equipment investment Digital TV An HDTV display and HDTV set

ATSC/DVB/DiBEG
-New HD equipment top box (if not integrated in
(cameras, 8-VSB/COFDM
MODULATION the display) - Investment!
infra, etc)
Satellite TV
DVB-S/DVBS2
2. New production COFDM/QPSK/8
workflow PSK
MODULATION

Cable TV
DVB-C
COFDM/QAM
MODULATION
 HDTV (High Definition TV)
LCD
Motion blur (responds slower to fast
moving images)
Good picture/color
Narrow viewing angle
Poor contrast (black-gray) than
Plasma
Good in bright rooms (with anti-
glare screen to cut room reflection)
PLASMA
Smooth motion (capture every detail
in a fast action scene)
Best picture/Rich color
Wide viewing angle
Better contrast (whiter whites and
blacker blacks)
Good in darker rooms (reflects room
lights - not good in bright rooms)
LED
Smooth motion (capture every detail
in a fast action scene)
Brilliant color
Wide viewing angle
Impressive contrast (deeper blacks
and brighter whites
Great in all environment (bright or
dark rooms)

No image burns More susceptible burn-in static No image burns

images
Thinner and lighter than Plasma Thicker and heavier than LCD Slim (1/2” thickness) and light weight

Wide range of sizes (12-103”) 42” and larger (big sizes)

Uses less energy/power compared to Uses more energy/power compared Energy efficient/lowest power
Plasma to LCD/LED Consumption
Price - Winner Price - Runner up Price - Loser
3D TELEVISION
3D TELEVISION
STEREOSCOPIC
The perception of three dimensions from two 2-
dimensional views (3D is just 2D pictures put together).

• Displays two “spatially

offset” images
• Displayed on a specially
equipped display device
• Most method require
viewing with purpose built
glasses
3D TELEVISION

The simple reason why

we perceive in 3D is
because we have two
forward facing eyes
separated from each
other by about 2-3 inches.
3D TELEVISION

3D glasses prevent the

left seeing the image
intended for the right eye
and vice versa.
The brain then acts as
the image processor,
putting the two pictures
together to come up with
one three-dimensional
picture in your mind.
 3D TELEVISION
Acquisition Post Production Distribution Display

Capturing using •Movies/Blu-ray •Passive Glasses

Left and Right HD •Broadcast • Anaglyph
camera • Cable • Linear Pol
• Satellite • Circular Pol
•Active Glasses
DELIVERING 3D TO THE HOME • Shutter
 Acquisition

3D TELEVISION

Two separate images captured at the

same time by two HD cameras. They act
like a pair of eyes focusing on the left and Capturing using
right angle of an image. Left and Right HD
camera.
 Post Production

3D TELEVISION
• The images from both cameras are
edited so that colors match, focus and
depth are consistent
• They are then converted to single 3D
image via 3D processor
•At the moment, there are no special
compression standards designed for 3D,
therefore existing standard must be
adapted
Left and Right signals must be combine
into one HD frame sequence and sent
over a normal transmission system (Off-
air, Satellite and Cable)
 Post Production

3D TELEVISION
1. SIDE-BY-SIDE
The horizontal resolution of the HD
image is reduced by half in order to store
the left and right eye images on a single
frame.
The left and eye sub-frame are
stacked side by side, as implied by this
format name itself.
 Post Production

3D TELEVISION
1.SIDE-BY-SIDE (AT THE RECEIVER)
When the 3D ready TV receives the side-by-
side 3D signal, it splits the frame into its left and
right subframes, and then rescales/upscales
these subframes back to a full HD resolution
using upscaling algorithms. It then displays
these upscaled individual frames alternately in a
frame sequential manner that is in sync with
active shutter 3D glasses and compatible with
HDMI1.3 devices
 Post Production

3D TELEVISION
2.TOP AND BOTTOM (OVER-UNDER)
This is very similar to side-by-side 3D
but in this format, the vertical resolution
is reduced by half as the images for the
left and right eye are stored on top of
each other in a single frame, hence this
format name.
 Post Production

3D TELEVISION
3. Full HD 3D (FHD3D)
A single frame of a FHD3D contents
actually both frames for each eye “packed”
into it. This is why it sometimes called “Frame
Packing”.
To maintain full 1080p resolution, the sub-
frames for each eye are stacked vertically one
on top of the other, so you would expect the
net resolution of a FHD3D frame to be
1920x2160.
However, the specification also states that
the two vertically stacked sub-frames have to
be separated by a buffer zone (or active
blanking zone) that consists of a blank 1920x25
pixel strip between the two subframes.
 Post Production

3D TELEVISION
3. Full HD 3D (FHD3D)

• Will be transmitted at 24 fps

• For movies/Blurays
• 1080p at 23.98/24 Hz with each frame
having resolution 1920 x 2205, containing
lossless subframes for the left and right eye
 Post Production

3D TELEVISION
 Distribution
3D TELEVISION •Movies/Blu-ray
•Broadcast
• Cable
• Satellite

Left
Image
MPEG enc. (L) Decoder L
MPX

Right
Image
Decoder R
MPEG enc. (R)

Left
Image
Decoder L

3D MPEG
Right
Proc. enc.
Image
Decoder R
 Display

3D TELEVISION
Simply put, in order to see things in 3D each
eye must see a slightly different picture. The brain
then puts the two pictures together to form one 3D
image that has depth on to it.
•Passive Glasses
• Anaglyph
• Linear Pol
• Circular Pol
•Active Glasses
• Shutter
 Display

3D TELEVISION
ANAGLYPH GLASSES
Images are made up of two color
layers, superimposed, but offset with
respect to each other to produce a •Passive Glasses
depth effect. Have a blue and red • Anaglyph
• Linear Pol
lenses. Act as a filter and allows one • Circular Pol
image to enter each eye. •Active Glasses
• Shutter
 Display

3D TELEVISION
LINEAR (H & V) POLARIZED GLASSES

Use different technology which

cuts the light waves at an angle 0 deg. •Passive Glasses
(left eye) and 90 deg. (right eye) angles • Anaglyph
and filters light waves which are • Linear Pol
viewable with stereo pair of glasses. • Circular Pol
Not for home purpose, they are •Active Glasses
• Shutter
meant only to view polarized 3D
movies (IMAX theater)
 Display

3D TELEVISION
SHUTTER
In active-shutter glasses each lens of the glasses
is fitted with LCD that instantly turns transparent
(clear) or opaque (dark) when it receives an electric
signal. •Passive Glasses
At a certain moment, left lens is open while the • Anaglyph
right eye is blocked. • Linear Pol
Glasses are linked by infrared, radio waves, or • Circular Pol
bluetooth to the TV set so they synchronize precisely •Active Glasses
with the rapidly changing pictures on the screen • Shutter
DTV (Digital Television)
DIGITAL TELEVISION
Is an advanced broadcasting technology that has
transformed the television viewing experience.
It enables broadcasters to offer television with better
picture and sound quality, and multiple channels of
programming.
DIGITAL TELEVISION

ANALOG TV DIGITAL TV

• Analog signal • Digital signal

• Without Set-Top-Box (STB) • With Set-Top-Box (STB)
• Low resolution • Better image resolution
• Mono or stereo sound • CD quality sound
• SD format • SD or HD format
• Single Program • Multiple Program
• Susceptible to noise and interference • Immunity to noise and interference
 DIGITAL TELEVISION
Analog TV Digital TV

FORMAT SD SD-SDI HD-SDI

RESOLUTION
480i 480i 1080i or 720 p
VIDEO QUALITY Low High Very High
SOUND QUALITY Mono/Stereo CD quality 5.1 surround
ASPECT RATIO 4:3 4:3 16:9
1 *4-7 1
NO. OF PROGRAMS

NOTE: Up to 4 SD programs using MPEG-2 and up to 7 SD programs using MPEG-4

 DIGITAL TELEVISION

As analog signals get weaker, the picture degrades.

Digital signals remains clear until the signal is lost completely.
DIGITAL TELEVISION
SINGLE FREQUENCY NETWORK
SFN enables transmission on the same frequency within
the same coverage area without interference.
 DIGITAL TELEVISION
INTERACTIVE TELEVISION

Interactive TV gives viewers access to

additional local broadcast TV channels.
• TV shopping
• EPG
• Play-along-games
• TV-mail/TV-chat/TV-SMS
• Interactive advertising
• Viewer’s choice; Voting/Polling
• Information
• Shopping channel/Order-on-line
DIGITAL TELEVISION STANDARDS
DIGITAL TELEVISION STANDARDS
System ISDB-T DVB-T ATSC
OFDM
Segmented OFDM
(QPSK,
Modulation (DQPSK, QPSK, 8VSB
16QAM,
16QAM, 64QAM)
64QM)

Bit/symbol Yes Yes Yes

Interleaving Frequency Yes Yes -
Time 0s, 0.1s, 0.2s, 0.3s, 0.4s - -
1/4, 1/8,
Excess Bandwidth/Guard Interval
1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 1/16, 1/33 11.50%
Configuration TMCC TPS -
3.69-23.5 19.39
Information Bit Rate
3.65 -23.2 Mbps Mbps Mbps
Channel Bandwidth 6/7/8 MHz 6/7/8 MHz 6/7/8 MHz