IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 15, NO.

1, MARCH 2000 97

A Single Phase Parallely Connected Uninterruptible

Power Supply/Demand Side Management System
Mochamad Ashari, Student Member, IEEE, W. W. L. Keerthipala, Member, IEEE, and Chernmangot V. Nayar

Abstract—This paper presents the application of a single-phase

parallel converter as an uninterruptible power supply and demand
side management system. The proposed system consists of a bi-di-
rectional inverter that is connected in parallel to the utility system.
When the grid system fails, the converter will convert the power
from the battery to the ac side (utility side) at the mains voltage and
frequency. On the other hand, when the utility is normal the con-
verter will act as a demand side management system. It charges the
battery during low load and shaves the transient load at the peak
period system. This improves the pattern of the demand variation
in the utility side. This paper presents the operational principle of
the Uninterruptible Power Supply and Demand Side Management
System, laboratory, and simulation results.
Index Terms—Bi-directional inverter, demand side management
system, grid supply system, uninterruptible power supply.
Fig. 1. UPS/DSM operation modes.

I. INTRODUCTION are the techniques used in appropriate combinations to achieve

the load management [8]. In the implementation, a load control
HE DEMAND of reliable and high quality power elec-
T tricity is widely required by industries and residential sites
due to the information industry’s increased use of computers
device that selects an appropriate load to switch-on or switch-off
during a period time is commonly used [9]. Thus, the variation
between the high and low of the load pattern can be reduced.
and related equipment. However, the mains power is usually
With the recent power electronic developments, it is possible to
fluctuating and contains harmonics, disturbances, sags, and
shift system loads from daily peaks to daily lows.
outage. Power line conditioners, e.g., automatic voltage regula-
This paper presents the application of a single-phase par-
tors, filters, and VAR compensators, can be used to improve the
allel converter for an uninterruptible power supply and demand
quality of the power, but they cannot solve the problem of black
side management system. The proposed system consists of a
out [1]–[3]. Hence, an Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
bi-directional inverter that is connected in parallel to the utility
is still chosen for that. However, some typical UPS should
system. When the grid system fails, the converter will convert
be combined with a power line conditioner, because the UPS
the power from the battery at the desired voltage and frequency.
cannot eliminate the disturbances and the voltage variation [4].
On the other hand, when the utility is normal the converter will
A new UPS scheme that can function as a power conditioner
act as a demand side management. Some laboratory and simula-
has been proposed by recent research work [5]–[7].
tion results are also included in this paper. The simulation uses
In another case, the load demand variation, e.g., high during
a software package EMTDC/PSCAD [10].
the day (peak load period) and low at night, give to rise an-
other problem. It requires a higher contract capacity, although
II. BASIC OPERATION
the peak load occurs only for few hours a day. It may trip the cir-
cuit breaker during the peak period due to a transient load such The operation of the proposed system can be separated into
as starting of an induction motor, microwave oven, etc. The peak two modes: the DSM and UPS as illustrated in Fig. 1. In a
load also causes extra cost due to high tariff during that time. De- normal utility supply, the system will act as a DSM. When the
mand side management (DSM) is a technique to eliminate the grid fails, the system will take over the duty for supplying the
load variation. The peak shaving, valley filling, and load shifting power to the load without any interruption of power. In the
common DSM topology, the system will shave the transient load
Manuscript received August 17, 1998; revised June 4, 1999. This work was during the peak demand period and charge the battery during
supported by CRESTA, Advance Energy Systems Ltd., the School of Elec- low load period. In our case, the shaving technique is controlled
trical and Computer Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, and ACRE. depending on the renewable energy source (photovoltaic array)
M. Ashari’s work was funded by a scholorship from the “Engineering Educa-
tion Development Project (ADB Loan 1432 INO),” Unisearch-UNSW and ITS which is connected to the DC bus or the battery. When the pho-
Surabaya-Indonesia. tovoltaic generates DC power, the converter supplies apart of
The authors are with the Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology the load reducing the power flow from the grid.
Australia (CRESTA), Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia
6845 (e-mail: eashari@cc.curtin.edu.au). The actual operation of the proposed system is discussed
Publisher Item Identifier S 0885-8969(00)02219-1. using the simplified equivalent circuit as shown in Fig. 2.
0885–8969/00$10.00 © 2000 IEEE
98 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 15, NO. 1, MARCH 2000

The current flow from the mains through the coupling inductor
can be obtained as

iM (t) =
Z
1 t f (t) 0  (t)g dt
M C
pLM 0
= 2 IM sin(!t + ) (4)

where

IM =
1 p(VM sin ) + (VC 0 VM cos )
2 2 (5)
!LM

Fig. 2. Simplified circuit for the proposed UPS.  = sin01 p(VM sin(VC) 0+V(MVCcos0 V)M cos ) :
2 2
(6)

From (4)–(6), it can be found that the mains current, IM , is al-

ways a pure sinewave, although the load current is a non-sinu-
soidal. This is due to the sinewave voltage of the sources across
the inductor. Using (2) and (4), the power flow from the mains
is presented as

SM (t) = M (t)iM (t): (7)

This can be separated into the active and reactive power voltage
components as follows
V V
PM = M C sin  (8)
LM
Fig. 3. The power circuit of the converter.

The system comprises two sources, e.g., the mains (VM ) and
the converter (VC ). The mains (grid) voltage is uncontrolled,
but the converter voltage is controllable. The converter is a
bi-directional type, which can convert the power from the
battery to AC at mains voltage and frequency, and can also act
as a battery charger (rectifier). The load as shown in Fig. 2
can be a linear or nonlinear load. Controlling the phase and
amplitude of the converter voltage can control the power flow
from the mains to the load.
The power circuit of the converter that involves full bridge
insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) switches is shown in
Fig. 3. This also involves a transformer and LC filter in the AC
side. The converter voltage is used as the reference.
During supplying the load, the output voltage of the converter
. A higher magnitude of cur-
is assumed as
p rent will be drawn from the inverter when the grid voltage drops
C (t) = 2VC sin(!t): (1)
The mains (grid) voltage is assumed as a pure sinewave, so the
instantaneous mains voltage is given by
p
M (t) = 2VM sin(!t +  ): (2)
VM
QM = (V 0 V cos  ):
!LM M C
(9)
Similar to (7), the instantaneous power consumed by the load is
SL (t) = C (t)iL (t): (10)
If the load is assumed as a linear type, so the high order harmonic
currents can be ignored. The active power required by the load
is
PL = VC I1 cos 1 : (11)
Fig. 4 shows the phasor diagram of the proposed system.
When the magnitude of the grid voltage is higher than the load
voltage, the converter supplies the reactive power. The inverter
current is 90 leading to the load voltage. XM indicates the
impedance of the inductor LM in
below the load voltage as shown in Fig. 4(b).
III. VOLTAGE AND POWER CONTROL CONCEPTS
The output voltage of the proposed UPS/DSM is maintained
constant at a certain value. To keep constant the load voltage is
more important than to keep the power factor at unity, particu-
larly for a weak grid system. A highly fluctuated voltage will af-

X
The load current can be expressed as
fect the load performance and may damage the equipment. The
p
iL(t) = ~ 2 In sin(n!t + n )
block diagram of the voltage stabilization control is shown in
Fig. 5. The reference voltage, Vr , is obtained from an oscillator
p
n=1
p X
= 2 Il sin(!t + 1 ) + ~ 2 In sin(n!t + n ): (3)
that is synchronized to the grid voltage. The converter output
voltage, VC , is used as the feedback signal. The magnitude of
n=2 the reference voltage and VC is fed to a summing point, resulting
ASHARI et al.: A SINGLE PHASE PARALLELY CONNECTED UPS/DSM SYSTEM
Fig. 4. Phasor diagram of the proposed system.
in an error signal, Verr . Using a PID controller, the Verr is fed
to an integrator, which is periodically reset by the carrier signal.
The integrator time constant, i , should be equal to the time pe-
riod of the carrier signal. Therefore the integrator output will be
one per unit for one per unit input. The integrator output is a saw
tooth waveform where the amplitude is proportional to the error
signal. Finally, the comparator will produce a pulse width mod-
ulated signal for gating the full bridge IGBT’s. When the con-
verter magnitude is lower or higher than the reference, the width
of the PWM pulse will be changed accordingly until the error
signal is minimized. It means the output voltage of the converter
is maintained constant with respect to the reference voltage.
The power flow of the proposed system is arranged as
follows:
• The active power demand should be supplied directly from
the mains.
• The converter should supply the reactive power required
by the load.
To achieve this arrangement, another controller that can change
the phase angle of the reference signal should be used. The
output of this controller is the reference signal, Vr , so it should
be put in series before the voltage stabilization controller.
A general formula of the active power flow for this system
can be drawn as
PM = PL + PB (12)
where PB represents the charging power to the battery. When
the battery is fully charged, PB is zero. Thus
PM = PL: (13)
99
Fig. 5. The block diagram of the voltage stabilization control.
Fig. 6. Variation of angle  against the mains voltage.
Fig. 7. Power from the grid as function of angle  .
If the battery is assumed fully charged, so the active power will
deliver from the mains directly to the load, the angle  can be
calculated from (8), (11), and (13).
VM VC
sin( ) = VC I1 cos(1 )
!LM
 !L 
 = sin01
M I1 cos 1 : (14)
VM
Equation (14) exhibits that the active power from the mains is
maintained by changing the  as function of the load current and
the grid voltage. Fig. 6 shows the variation of angle  against the
mains voltage for constant 50 A load current. The angle  will
increase when the grid voltage drops.
In the DSM operation, the angle  should be controlled such
that the power taken from the grid is reduced below the load
demanded. The converter will supply the unmatched power be-
tween the grid and the load demanded. Fig. 7 illustrates the
power taken from the grid as function of  at 1.0 per unit voltage.
100 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 15, NO. 1, MARCH 2000

Fig. 8. Experimental result: grid voltage and inverter voltage for 5 kW resistive
load.
Fig. 11. Experimental result: the voltage and current for inverter stand-alone
with 5 kW load.

Fig. 9. Experimental result: mains voltage and mains current during supplying
5 kW system load (resistive).
Fig. 12. Experimental result: the mains voltage (simulated by a diesel
generator) and the converter voltage.

Fig. 10. Experimental result: load voltage and load current at 5 kW, resistive
load.

In our case, reducing the power taken from the grid to allow Fig. 13. EMTDC/PSCAD simulation of the system in the event of grid failure.
the converter supplies apart of the load is controlled by a sepa-
rate DC source. This DC reference represents the photovoltaic
University of Technology. Some test results are presented in
array, which is connected to the DC bus (battery). The power
the following figures.
delivered by the converter will be proportional to the power gen-
In this test, a 5 kW resistive load is connected to the UPS
erated by the DC source. The energy stored in the battery is
system. The load voltage is maintained constant at 220 V, 50 Hz,
controlled through the terminal voltage. When the battery ter-
while the grid is mainly 240 V. Fig. 8 shows the voltage wave-
minal voltage is lower than the default value, the phase shift
form of the grid and the converter.
is increased until the converter charges the battery at the re-
Fig. 9 shows the waveform of voltage and current supplied
quired power. The entire control topology provides greater value
by the grid. The current is a phase shifted 20.71 as described
when the peak load demand coincides with availability of max-
in (6). The waveform of the load voltage and current is given in
imum sunshine typically experienced by commercial or indus-
Fig. 10. This shows that the load current is in phase with the load
trial consumers. This topology also provides a lower life cycle
voltage. Fig. 11 depicts an in phase waveform of the voltage and
cost due to reduced the battery size, which is the major cost of
current during inverter stand-alone (UPS) mode.
the system [11].
The voltage stabilization performance is shown in Fig. 12.
As can be seen, the load voltage is almost constant for a high
IV. RESULTS fluctuating grid voltage. This experiment has been carried out
Laboratory test and simulation results are presented in this using a diesel generator for simulating the grid system, so the
section. A prototype UPS/DSM system consisting of 15 kVA voltage can be varied widely.
bi-directional inverter is available at the Centre for Renewable During the UPS operation, the transient condition of the load
Energy Systems Technology Australia (CRESTA), Curtin voltage in the event of grid failure is shown in Fig. 13. This
ASHARI et al.: A SINGLE PHASE PARALLELY CONNECTED UPS/DSM SYSTEM
Fig. 14. Simulation results: the power in the DSM operation.
Fig. 15. Simulation result: the phase shift between the grid voltage and the
converter voltage in the DSM operation.
EMTDC/PSCAD simulation demonstrates that the proposed
system has a smooth transient voltage.
Simulation results of the DSM operation are presented in
Figs. 14 and 15. The load power is simulated constant while the
DC reference (represents the photovoltaic array) is increased to
1.0 kW. The grid supplies almost the entire active power de-
manded. The grid power is reduced when the converter output
power is increased to follow the DC reference. When the DC ref-
erence is zero, the grid reverts to supply the entire active power
demanded.
The phase shift between the grid voltage and the converter
voltage during the simulation is shown in Fig. 15. It shows a
small error between the calculated and the measured values.
This error is due to the dynamic conditions that may occur in
the real implementations.
V. CONCLUSIONS
Application of a parallel inverter for Uninterruptible Power
Supply and demand-side management involving simulations
and laboratory test results has been presented. The proposed
system has the following features:
• It has two modes: the UPS and DSM system.
• The output voltage is stabilized.
• The active power required by the load is directly supplied
from the grid, improving the power factor in the utility
side.
101
REFERENCES
[1] M. D. Cox Choe and M. H. Mirbod, “A new static VAR compensator for
arc furnace,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. PWRS-1, no. 3, pp. 110–119,
Aug. 1986.
[2] J. Nastran, R. Cajhen, M. Seliger, and P. Jereb, “Active power filter for
non-linear AC loads,” IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, Jan. 1994.
[3] M. Carpita and M. Marchesoni, “Experimental study of a power con-
ditioning system using sliding mode control,” IEEE Trans. on Power
Electronics, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 731–741, Sept. 1996.
[4] D. C. Griffith, Uninterruptible Power Supplies. New York: Marcel
Dekker Inc., 1989, pp. 23–27.
[5] C. V. Nayar, “A solar/mains/diesel hybrid uninterrupted power system,”
in ANZSES Solar’97 Conference, Canberra, Australia, Dec. 1–5, 1997.
[6] J. C. Wu and H. L. Jou, “A new UPS scheme provides harmonic sup-
pression and input power factor correction,” IEEE Trans. on Industrial
Electronics, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 629–636, Dec. 1995.
[7] W. J. Ho, J. B. Lio, and W. S. Feng, “Economic UPS structure with
phase-controlled battery charger and input-power-factor improvement,”
IEE Proc. Electr. Power Appl., vol. 144, no. 4, pp. 221–226, July 1997.
[8] V. A. Rabl and W. G. Clark, “The concept of demand-side management,”
in Demand Side Management and Electricity End-Use Efficiency, A. T.
De Almeida and A. H. Rosenfeld, Eds: Kluwer Publishers, 1988, pp.
99–112.
[9] , “Load management technologies and programs in the US,” in
Demand Side Management and Electricity End-Use Efficiency, A. T.
De Almeida and A. H. Rosenfeld, Eds: Kluwer Publishers, 1988, pp.
113–125.
[10] EMTDC/PSCAD Software Manual. Winnipeg, Canada: Manitoba
HVDC Research Centre, 1994.
[11] M. Ashari, C. V. Nayar, and W. W. L. Keerthipala, “Economic analysis
of a PV-battery-mains hybrid Uninterruptible Power Supply in Perth,
Western Australia,” World Renewable Energy Congress V, Feb. 9–11,
1999.
Mochamad Ashari received the Bachelor degree
in electrical engineering from the Institute of
Technology “Sepuluh Nopember” (ITS) Surabaya,
Indonesia, in 1989. He has been with ITS since
1990 as a Lecturer in the Department of Electrical
Engineering. Before receiving the Master of Engi-
neering (electrical) degree from Curtin University
of Technology, Perth, Australia, in 1997, he was
involved in the feasibility study, designing, and
installing the solar-home-systems for rural areas
east of Java. He has been actively involved in the
electrical consultant group for industrial applications including study of
harmonic distortion, design of harmonic filter/power factor correction, relay
setting, and coordination. Currently, he is a full time Research Scholar working
toward his Ph.D. degree at Curtin University of Technology. His research
interests include power electronics and inverter applications, power system
modeling and simulation, and analysis of hybrid power systems.
W. W. L. Keerthipala received the B.Sc. (Engi-
neering) degree with first class honors in electrical
and electronic engineering from the University of
Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, in 1984 and the Ph.D. degree
in power systems and drives from the University of
Cambridge, Trinity College, England, in 1989.
He has worked at the University of Peradeniya
as an Assistant Lecturer for nearly two years during
1985–1986, and at the University of Manitoba,
Canada, as a postdoctoral Research Fellow and
Sessional Lecturer for nearly three years during 1989–1992. From 1992 to July
1997, he was at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, as a Lecturer
and conducted research work on the latest technology applications in power
systems. His research interests included power system modeling and real-time
simulation, neural network/fuzzy logic based intelligent system protection,
abatement of acoustic noise of power transformers, microprocessor based
intelligent control of induction motors, control of subsynchronous resonance,
and analysis of hybrid power systems. Currently, he is with Curtin University
of Technology, in Australia, as a Senior Lecturer in power systems and power
electronics. His current research is primarily focused on power converter
applications in renewable energy systems.
102 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 15, NO. 1, MARCH 2000

Chernmangot V. Nayar received the B.Sc degree in

electrical engineering from the University of Kerala,
India, in 1969, the Master of Technology degree in
electronics from the Indian Institute of Technology,
Kanpur, in 1976, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering specializing in wind electrical power
generation from the University of Western Australia
in 1985.
Prior to joining the School of Electrical and Com-
puter Engineering at the Curtin University of Tech-
nology, Perth, Australia, in 1986, he held academic
and industry appointments in India, Singapore, and Australia. Prof. Nayar holds
a personal chair in electrical engineering and is the Director of the Centre for
Renewable Energy Systems Technology Australia (CRESTA) at Curtin Univer-
sity of Technology. He has been actively involved in programs investigating ad-
vanced technologies in rural electrification suitable for isolated mining towns,
homesteads, and Aboriginal communities in Australia and the rural areas in de-
veloping countries. He is the Program Manager of the Power Conditioning Pro-
gram for the Australian Cooperative Research Centre for Renewable Energy.
He has worked as the United Nation’s Consultant for small-scale wind energy
conversion systems for Asian and Pacific regions and the transfer of technology
for the SPV/diesel hybrid system market development in India. He has a large
number of publications in international journals and conference proceedings.
Prof. Nayar served as a member of the Policy Committee of the Alternative
Energy Development Board in Western Australia. He is also a Chartered En-
gineer and Corporate Member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers (UK),
and Chartered Professional Engineer and Corporate Member of the Institution
of Engineers, Australia.