The Multiplication principle:

Suppose that a procedure can be broken down into a sequence of two operations. Suppose the
first operation can be performed in m ways and if corresponding to each way of performing this
first operation there are n ways of performing a second operation, then the number of ways of
performing the two opearations together is mn.
The Addition principle:
Suppose an opearation can be performed either in one of m ways or in one of n ways, where none
of the set of m ways is the same as any of the set of n ways then there are m + n ways of
performing the operation.
Permutation and Combination:
Any arrangement that can be made out of a given number of objects by taking some or all the
objects at a time is called a permutation of the objects.
Some results on permutation:
1. The number of permutations in a row of n different objects taken r at a time is denoted by
n n!
Pr and its value is given by n Pr = .
(n − r)!
2. The number of permutations of n objects taken r at a time, where p of the objects are alike
of one kind, q of the objects are alike of a second kind, r of the objects are alike of a third
n!
kind and the rest are all different is .
p! q! r!
3. The number of permutations of n different objects taken r at a time, when each object may
occur any number of times is nr .
Any group that can be formed out of a given number of objects by taking some or all the objects
at a time is called a combination of the objects.
Some results on combination:
1. The number of combinations of n different objects taken r at a time is denoted by n Cr and
n!
its value is given by n Cr = .
r! (n − r)!
2. The number of combinations of n different objects taken some or all at a time is (2n − 1).
3. The number of combinations of n objects taken some or all at a time, where p of the
objects are alike of one kind, q of the objects are alike of a second kind, r of the objects are
alike of a third kind and the remaining s objects are all different is 2s (p + 1)(q + 1)(r + 1).
4. The number of ways in which (m + n + p) different objects can be divided into three groups
one containing m objects, one containing n objects and one containing p objects is
(m + n + p)!
.
m! n! p!