FVB 31503

ENGINE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT 1

NAM ABDUL SAMAD BIN ABDULLAH I 50216118377

E D
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This assessment will evaluate the attainment of: PLO Marks

Identify the function of various engine control systems and
CLO 1 1
strategies. (C2)
Total

Q1. A four-cylinder S.I engine operates at 2800 rpm and consist of the information data is
follows:
Bore = 57mm
Stroke = 90mm
Dynamometer radius = 0.356m
Brake load = 155N
(6 Marks)

Q1a. Calculate the engine torque.

T=WxR
W = 155N R = 0.356m
T = 155N x 0.356m
T = 55.18 Nm

Q1b. Calculate the engine brake torque.

b.p = 2πNT / 60000
b.p = (2π x 2800 x 55.18) / 60000
b.p = 16.18kw

Q2. Based on the diagram below, discuss in details what is the BSFC, BMEP and their relationship
to the engine speed.

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. (20

Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is a measure of any prime mover's fuel efficiency which
burns fuel and produces rotational or shaft power. It is used mainly to compare the efficiency
of internal combustion engines. This can also be defined as the fuel consumption rate per
produced power. So any engine at various speeds and loads should have various BSFC values.
For example, when the intake air becomes un-throttled and the engine operates near to its
peak torque a reciprocating engine reaches maximum efficiency. In various engine construction
types such as petrol and diesel engines, compression ratio, and power rating, BSFC can also be
found to be very specific in value. This is because all those variations require specific operating
amounts of fuel. Diesel engine needs more fuel at low RPM to generate high torque while
petrol engine doesn't. Simple words, high BFSC value means that the engine has high fuel
consumption, low efficiency and vice versa. Most engine tuners will take this value in daily
application to determine the most suitable size of injector required by the engine.

Brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) is a quantity related to the operation of a reciprocating
engine and is a valuable measure of the capacity of an engine to do work, independent of the
engine displacement. This is generally defined as average value as the average pressure that
operates on a piston over the different portions of its cycle. This is calculated from the
estimated brake torque and to put this clearly, the engine's torque output and BMEP is yet
another specific term of this. So, the importance of it depends on how much mixture the
engine inducts in the combustion chamber. In other words, force induction engine in this
situation also has the advantage of obtaining a large amount of BMEPs. Other than that, the
compression ratio and volumetric efficiency is another aspect that could affect the number of
BMEPs. The normal range for naturally aspired engines ranges from 11 bar to 15 bar and the
number of BMEPs normally increases as the RPM increases. Since the turbocharged or / and
supercharged engine has a value greater than 15 bar.

Therefore, the relationship between both derivative and engine speed is centred on the
general range of the specified RPM which indicates the most productive range of both BMEP
and BFSC. With the BMEP produced from 10 bar to 12 bar, it is safe to say that this engine is
naturally wanted and has an average BSFC of 250-260 g/kW.hr which is a typical daily-use
engine with average fuel consumption. This range of RPM is therefore very good for everyday
driving and maintenance at cruising speed centred on the graph because it will result in a
reasonable mileage per litre at maximum peak capacity.

Marks)

2
Q3. Explain in details and with the aid of diagrams the operation of wide band and narrow band
lambda sensor.
(20 Marks)

Wideband type oxygen sensors are another more

sensitive and accurate version of the sensor. It is
usually used for adjustment and tuning engines that
need fundamental knowledge and advance
equipment. It can be involved at part load and full
load when engine runs for tuning purposes. For
tuning function it may also be used as a near loop
for some target lambda. Other than this, usage as a
catalyst diagnosis is not very acceptable as the
sensor itself is quite fragile and can result in it
breaking. This sensor is also ideal for lean

Narrowband lambda sensors are the simplest form

of oxygen sensors which have been mounted in
most fuel-injected vehicles. This has the task of
detecting and providing ECU with the data on a rich
or lean combustion product but may not be
accurate. This is also involved only at part load or
under normal driving conditions. It primarily focuses
on the operation of closed loop lambda at
stoichiometric, which provides the most effective
power production and fuel consumption. tIn fact, it
is often used for the diagnosis of catalysts using a

Q4. Sketch the engine components interaction process for both type injection timing control
loops
(10 marks)

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 Detail Simplified

This is a fuel injection system process in an engine and can be split into two forms which are
open-loop and closed-loop system. The system flow starts with the ECU collecting signal
reading from the crank angle sensor which was needed to decide the timing of the injection.
When the engine works, the process continues and the difference of the both types is at the
other input, which decides the timing control of the injection and is the feedback on the
exhaust combustion.

Closed loop system requires input from ECU while the input is not required for open loop. It is
because the closed loop system determines the live injection timing depend on the input while
the open loop works using the injection timing present data. So, the above diagram clearly
show the difference between both system part and flow. It is apparent that in operating
sequence, open loop is much simpler and needs less component than closed loop.

However, in real-life operation, closed loop has additional benefits because it can adapt the
operating needs of the engine by changing the timing of the injector to any weather, altitude
and air humidity condition thanks to the input on the lambda sensor while not open loop have
the function.

Q5. Explain the flow to distinguish the engine knock noise and other mechanical noise
(10
Marks)

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 Firstly, park the car in a suitable location, then start the engine.
 Seek to either listen to the noise frequency increase or not depending on the RPM
motor. If so, the noise comes from the engine, and vice-versa.
 Try to find the noise source area by using certain method or equipment.
 Get a simple change to advance position on the spark timing, and note some change if
so, then the knocking problem is found. Bear in mind that knocking will also occur
when the piston and overheat engine have too much carbon build up. But it took a lot
of time to do so, and try to eliminate the simplest problem first.
 And, if there's no change in the timing adjustment, try visually checking the belting
area and spray a belt dressing. The source is from belt when the vibration is gone.
 Try to take a metal rod for pulleys and place it at the closest point of the suspected
pulley, then listen to the other end of the rod.
 Remove the belt just for double testing and test the pulley independently by spinning it
by hand and feel for any odd feeling of the pulley, such as stuck at some point,
wobbling or felt loose.
 Consider using a timing light (only for distributor type ignition engine) or scanning
method for modern electronically controlled engine for advance testing. Observe the
noise and represent the timing light flash. When the noise at each flash is
synchronized, the noise comes from parts of the valve train such as cylinders, camshaft
or rocker arms. When the noise happens twice per flash than the noise from the block
of the engine, such as crankshaft, connecting rods, pistons and bearings.
 Do not forget to inspect the knocking sensor either by dry testing it operates correctly
or by reading electrical continuity, or by temporarily switching it with another
confirmed functioning sensor.
 Another issue that may cause engine knocking is low octane fuel level, lean air fuel
mixture and worn-out bearings.
 Additionally, try to locate the type or pattern of noise that is either spinning, knocking,
scratching or some other sort of noise behavior that can aid to reduce the area
suspected.