INTO THE LENS: MENTAL HEALTH IN THE EYES OF THE RESIDENTS OF

BARANGAY GUINHAWA, CITY OF MALOLOS, BULACAN

____________________

A Research Paper Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School Program

of the Laboratory High School of Bulacan State University

City of Malolos, Bulacan

_________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Applied Subject Practical

Research 2

__________________

by:

SHANEIL A. MARQUEZ
YVONNE VINCENT WAYNE RODRIGUEZ
FRANCHESCA MIKAELA D. MALACCA
WARREN E. DOMINGO
JAMESON R. LAZO JR

12 STEM - A

December 2018
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CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Over 7.6 billion people in the world, there are millions of people hiding in the

shadows—fearful to let out. Although the general perception on mental health issues

have improved over the past decades, some studies still show that stigma against the issue

is still powerful, powerful enough to overcome the misconceptions. The misconceptions

are largely due to media stereotypes and lack of education, wherein people are easily

influenced and tend to attach to negative stigmas. Many in a society does not even know

what mental health really is. Mental health, as defined by the bill of the senate in the new

approved Philippine Mental Health Law (R.A. 11036), refers to a state of well-being in

which the individual realizes one’s own abilities and potentials, copes adequately with

the normal stresses of life, displays resilience in the face of extreme life events, work

productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a positive contribution to the community.

By knowing and understanding the term, it enables man to be adamant of the

misconceptions.

The global burden of mental health issues are enormous, under-appreciated, and

largely not fulfilled. According to World Health Organization (2017), annually, about

30% of the worldwide population is affected by mental illnesses and two thirds of those

affected do not receive the care that they need. These estimations revealed the distress of

millions of people, their families and carers all over the world going unnoticed. It is hard

to lessen these conditions since there are barriers—stigma and discrimination. Stigma and

discrimination increase social isolation and not attained needs for mental health services,
 2

negatively influence choice of mental health careers, and limit development of human

rights protections for people living with mental disorders and their families. These factors

prove that the world have limited capacity of knowledge and awareness regarding the

issue. And unfortunately, people with illnesses will continue to face stigma and

discrimination in all parts of the world.

A culture of shame is all too familiar for many Asians suffering in silence with

mental health problems, and discussing mental health issues are seen as taboo within the

community. The Time to Change campaign, promoted by Meera Syal (2009), has

identified that within the Asian community, mental health issues are stigmatized, where

shame and fear of others finding out were the key reasons why it was such a taboo topic.

Ironically, when it comes to mental health, many ponder that it should be a private

matter, kept inside the home. Part of the reason for this is the need to preserve the

family’s reputation and status at all costs. In an article written by Kayani (2018), The

British Psychological Society, where Asians within a community revealed their thought

around mental illness and overall psychological well-being, it is said that it felt as if a

lack of understanding and self-awareness and no knowledge of psychological disorders

has led to negative attitudes. There is an emphasis on mental illness being a ‘hidden

illness’, which is not taken seriously or dealt with sensitively. It is seen that Asian

community is not open-minded when it comes to mental health, especially the older

generation, and traditional values were often cited.

Mental health in the Philippines remains as a misunderstood topic. People tend

to discriminate others who are suffering of mental health. A Filipino senator also

mentioned that the suicide rate in the country have risen up. However, the officials are
 3

making actions towards the issue. Last 2017, the Philippine President, Rodrigo Duterte,

signed the Philippine Mental Health Law or R.A. 11036. The law aims to ensure that the

mental health of the Filipinos are valued, promoted, and protected. Under the law, it is

mentioned that it will be promoted in educational institutions, even in the workplace, and

in the community. The Philippines is slowly making its step, slowly breaking the stigma.

And as mentioned by the Youth for Mental Health Coalition national adviser Dr. Gia

Sison (2018), it is about time that people need to start talking about mental health openly

to break the stigma.

In conducting this research, the vision, mission, and goal of the researcher’s alma

mater were one of their prior guide. With the vision of Bulacan State University, the

population of mental illnesses among students constantly increases, this research aims to

help the university to continue its excellence and maintain the well-being of the students

and staffs. A university would not work well without a mission, which is why the

researchers cope with the mission of the university to contribute information to the future

researchers regarding the topic of mental health issues. The researchers desire to help

expand and raise the knowledge of Filipinos and other races to save lives and help others

in overcoming their illness. Bulacan State University has four goals; quality and

excellence, relevance and responsiveness, access and equity, and lastly, efficiency and

effectiveness. The researchers are putting the goals as one of theirs in order to finish the

research successfully. They put all of their efforts to create a good quality research that

can help the community, family, mentally-ill persons, and others in the future.

Out of 51 barangays in Malolos, Barangay Guinhawa is one of the busiest and

active places. As of 2015, Barangay Guinhawa has 4,086 residents living within the area.
 4

Every corner of the barangay, one can notice the growing population of vagrant people

roaming around and mostly located in sidewalks, footbridges, and streets. Some of them

can be found naked, sleeping in the corners, and clutching themselves to passer-by; while

other mentally-ill persons are silently dealing and hiding their illness. There are schools

in the barangay that had some cases of suicide attempts among the students. One of

which is the recent suicide case of an Engineering student in a top university. The

outrageous news alarmed everyone, the care, attention, and support that the mentally-ill

persons needed are unmet. Stigma still surrounds the whole community, misconceptions

are still attached with mental health issues.

Mental health issues are not fully recognized by many policy makers, health-

care providers, payers, and members of the general public. Mental illnesses are too often

untreated, underdiagnosed, misdiagnosed, ignored, stigmatized, and dismissed. The

reality is: mental health is a major factor in all aspects in daily lives. However, most of us

take mental health for granted. With the rapid paced, 24/7 culture, people tend to face

more stress from their daily lives than ever before. The world live with these daily threats

to mental health. A lot of people are facing additional challenges that test them and put

their mental health at danger. Due to these issues, people have to be aware and alarmed

with their surroundings. With the help of this research study, it informs the community

about the significance of the mental health of the people surrounding them. Since mental

health issues are still not given an attention and there are countless news about suicides

around the world, conducting this research, assessing their awareness, and translating

those findings into practice can help prevent, manage, and avoid mental illness.
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Statement of the Problem

The researchers assessed the awareness on mental health issues of the residents of

Barangay Guinhawa and scrutinize their knowledge and perception with regards to their

demographic profile.

Specifically, the study sought answers to the following:

1. How may the demographic profile of the residents be described in terms of:

1.1. Age

1.2. Gender

1.3. Civil Status

1.4. Employment Status

2. What is the level of awareness of the residents of Barangay Guinhawa on mental

health issues?

3. Is there a significant relationship on the demographic profile of the residents to

their level of awareness?

Significance of the Study

The study is a significant endeavour in promoting and raising the awareness on

mental health issues in a community. By raising the awareness, it can reduce

misconceptions since there are lots of negative labels that have been attached due to the

lack of awareness. The greater population of mentally-ill persons justifies the need for

more life-changing actions that is to be implemented to yield a better understanding and

perception regarding the issue. The study is beneficial to the following:

Community. Being aware of mental health issues can make the community know

how to deal with mentally-ill persons especially if it is their loved ones. Vagrant person
 6

can be lessen, domestic violence can be prevented, and misconceptions can be corrected

by establishing mental health programs in the community which prevents

deinstitutionalization.

Mentally-ill persons. There are some people who were having a hard time to let out

because of the mental illness stigma. By understanding and being aware of these issues, it

will be beneficial to mentally-ill persons in recuperating and overcoming their illness.

Family. Mental health issues impact not just on the individuals affected but also on

those around them—including family and other relatives. It benefits them by avoiding the

burden of care-giving mentally-ill loved ones.

Future Researchers. The study would help the student researchers to be aware and

knowledgeable of the issues regarding mental health. It would help them to be a better

analyst and it can be a help as a future reference for more studies in the future.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

The general intent in conducting this study is to assess the awareness on mental

health issues of the residents of Barangay Guinhawa with regards to their demographic

profile. The aspects looked into were the demographic profile of the residents, their level

of awareness, and proposed solutions to problems.

The study is delimited on a certain barangay, specifically Barangay Guinhawa,

City of Malolos, Bulacan. Within the barangay, the respondents involved in the research

study are randomly selected that ranges from 15 to 30 years old: the age bracket that is

considered is a part of the Youth Council (Sangguniang Kabataan) in the barangay. The

study is conducted with limited amount of financial resources and time framework. It is

finished at the end of the first semester of school year 2018-2019.

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Notes in Chapter 1

Bal, S. S., & Cochrane, R. (1990). Why Do Asians at Primary Care Present Psychological

Problems Physically? Health Psychology Papers, 2(May), 59–67.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnn.2010.05.001

Department of Energy (2007). Rules and Regulations Implementing RA 9367, (10742),

1–17. https://www.doe.gov.ph/sites/default/files/pdf/issuances/dc_2007-05-0006.pdf

Duterte, R. (2017). Republic Act No. 11036, 1–17.

https://www.pllo.gov.ph/images/Documents/Downloads/RepublicActs-

JointResolutions/RA.11036_mental.health.act.pdf

Kayani, Z. (2018). Mental Health in Asian Communities. The British Psychological

Society, vol. 31,4. https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk

Lowe, A. (2018). Philippine Barangay Population. 122.54.214.222.

http://122.54.214.222/population/BgyPop.BUL&Mun=MAL&Munic=Malolos20Cit

y(Capital)

Provincial Information Technology Office (2015). Barangay Guinhawa.

http://www.maloloscity.gov.ph/barangay/barangays-c-to-l/guinhawa

Sison, G. (2018). Why the Philippines needs a mental health law. ABS-CBN News.

https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/06/12/18/why-the-philippines-needs-a-mental-

health-law
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Syal, M. (2009). Stigma in Asian Community. Time to change.https://www.time-to-

change.org.uk/resources/research-and-reports/south-asian-stigma

World Health Organization (2005). Promoting mental health nursing research in low and

middle income countries. International Nursing Review, 51(4), 194–195.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2004.00268.x
 9

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter consists of the relevant theories and literature that review and

supports the study. The related literature is grouped into two parts: (A) Attitudes, Beliefs,

and Literacy towards Mental Health Crisis; and (B) Battling the misconceptions,

discriminations, and stigma. Each of the parts have subparts which tackled the topic

deeper.

Theoretical Framework

The major concern of this study is assessing the respondents’ awareness on

mental health issues. The study is anchored on a theory, Social Cognitive Theory, which

is mostly used in psychology, education, and communication. The theory came from

Edwin Holt together with Harold Chapman Brown in 1931, it was expanded upon and

theorized by Canadian psychologist Albert Bandura in 1986. The Social Cognitive

Theory provides basis for better recognitions that will result to better changes in society.

It assumes that changes in the society will automatically lead to changes in the person

(Bandura, 1986). As parallel to the study, changes in the society, such as empowerments,

campaigns, and awareness, contributes to changes in mentally-ill persons. Bandura

argues that Social Cognitive Theory should be used to increase awareness on different

global issues to improve the state of the planet. In 2011, he published a book chapter,

“The Social and Policy Impact of Social Cognitive Theory”, from which he stated that it

is to extend the theory’s application in health promotion and urgent global issues, which
 10

provides insight into addressing global problems through a macro social lens, aiming in

improving equality of individuals' lives under the umbrellas of Social Cognitive Theory.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Mental health awareness, as defined by Jorm et al. (1997), includes: the ability to

recognize and differentiate various types of mental illness and disorders; knowledge of

how and where to seek information about risk factors, intervention strategies, and

professional help; and attitudes and beliefs that influence a person’s ability to identify

mental illness and seek appropriate help. Furthermore, knowledge, understanding, and

awareness of an individual in mental health issues are shaped by and differ on multitude

factors, including age, gender, civil status, and employment status. Studies have shown

that the general public historically exhibit poor mental health awareness towards various

aspects of mental health issues (Goldney, Fisher & Wilson, 2001; Jorm et al., 1997; Jorm,

Christensen & Griffiths, 2005). Due to these lack of awareness, misconceptions,

discriminations, and stigma rise. There are lot of battles to strive and struggle in

achieving the misconception, discrimination and stigma-free community; nevertheless,

paving the way to unfold these issues to society would apprise and illuminate individuals

concerning all these barriers.

Attitudes, Beliefs, and Literacy towards Mental Health Crisis

Attitudes and beliefs of individuals about mental health issues are shaped by own

literacy about mental health, problems regarding the issue, and cultural stereotypes.

Mental health issues are increasing and are alarming globally, and hence reviewing these

literatures provide a prospect to understand the different views of individuals with

regards to their demographic profile since Wong (2016) stated in his study that the
 11

demographic profile affects the state of awareness of an individual towards mental health

issues.

Age. The level of awareness and knowledge of an individual differ in terms of

age. Age displays the attitude, behavior, and maturity of a person towards mental health

issues. Age determines who in general is more aware and who in general needs more

educating with regards to mental health issues. Marcus and Westra (2013), established a

study between young individuals and older individuals in order to determine which group

of age has more knowledge and awareness in regard to mental health issues. The study

found out that the level of awareness and knowledge of the individuals about mental

health issues show no significance with the age of the respondents. However, this result

was opposed by the study of Hadjimina and Furnham in 2017. The study showed that

younger individuals are more aware about mental health issues. These insist that more

knowledge should be thought to older people in order to balance the awareness of people

in the society, and in this way it will most likely help to break the stigma. On the other

hand, different studies state that older individuals are more aware and should be aware

about serious topics like mental health, but based on the results of the reviewed

literatures, the experience of the individuals have attained at a certain age have more

effect to their awareness about mental health issues.

Gender. Gender differences exist when it comes to awareness in mental health

issues. Gender, which is cultured through the process of socialization, is a key factor that

influence an individual’s knowledge, attitudes, and perception towards mental health

issues. It is important to tackle the awareness of the different genders to know which

particular gender should more improve, enhance, and amend. A study conducted by Lam
 12

in 2014 found out that the percentage of awareness of females are higher than males. It

also revealed that males exhibited significantly worse recognition of mental health issues

than females, with 61% of females are able to correctly identify the issues compared to

35% of males. With these results, it depicted that females are more likely to advocate

help than males and being female typically denotes a higher mental health awareness

level. Furthermore, Holzinger et al. (2013) corroborate that females are more informed

about mental illness than males as they have “a stronger tendency to conceive problems

in psychological terms”. This study proves that with respect to prevalence of mental

illness, females are seen as being at a greater risk of developing mood and anxiety

disorders than males. In connection to this study, the TIME magazine (2017) revealed

that mental illnesses are up especially for females with 21.7% affected than males with

14.5% globally. The stated studies and literatures clearly clarified that females are highly

aware of mental health issues and capable of advocating help yet they are also the ones

who are prone in possessing mental illness.

Civil Status. Mental health issues vary in regards to the people’s civil status. The

awareness may differ whether the individual is married, single, widowed or divorced.

However, divorce is still not legal in the Philippines. A study conducted by Garima

(2014) revealed that the marital status of individuals have an effect in their mental health.

The study found out that married individuals have more stressful job than the unmarried

one, because married individuals have responsibilities in their family and job while the

unmarried one only focuses on their jobs. With these, married tend to be physically and

emotionally tired that leads to stress. However, an article from Marripedia, David

Williams, et al. (2017) contradicted the study mentioned. In the article, it asserted that
 13

married individuals are not prone in having mental disorders than those who are single,

divorced and widowed. It stated that marriage protects against feeling of loneliness and it

was the reason why these people are free from any mental illness. Moreover, a study by

Spiker (2014) proposed two models, causation and selection. Selection reveals that

married individuals are less related to mental health disorders and causation from which

the divorced and remarried individuals who are prone in having mental illness. Therefore,

these studies and literatures are contradicting each other but the results still depend on the

respondent and it may change as time go by.

Employment Status. The status of a worker in a company based on the contract

of work or duration of work done is the employment status. It is important to know the

relationship of employment to the mental health of people. A study of Mujanovic et al.

(2017) stated that the unemployment has a negative influence that leads to the impaired

mental health of a person. Compared to the employed individuals, the unemployed has a

significantly poorer mental health. The people who were unemployed are experiencing

more stress and depression than employed because of the job loss. Harrison et al. (2016)

add on this by stating that there was a notable connection between the unemployed

patients and mental health. The findings show that the unemployed patients had mostly

poorer mental health outcomes. These studies prove that there is a relationship between

the mental health of person and the employment status. In contrast, Buffel et al. (2015)

found out that the mean unemployment rate is negatively related to mental health, but for

women, the effect only applies to the employed. The employed individuals have more

tendency on having mental health problems because of the stress they feel at their work.

Buffel et al. (2015) also stated that the probability of contacting a psychiatrist is lower
 14

among the employed individuals. The employed tends to be busy at their work and they

become less considerate regarding their mental health.

Battling the misconceptions, discriminations, and stigma

Globally, a disturbing trend is on the rise—mental health crisis. Last January, a

Filipino comedian and TV personality was quickly criticized by netizens for his

insensitive remarks about mental health (Labon, 2018). This illustrate the incompleteness

and insufficiency of people’s knowledge towards mental health, primarily because of

their minimal knowledge about the issue and the lack of importance they grant to the

condition. It is undeniably a fact that mental health issues somehow paved the way on

opening the sensitive matter to public, however, most people seemed to disregard the

seriousness of the issue. Misconceptions, discriminations, and stigma rule the world of

mental health. There are lots of ways in breaking the misconceptions, discriminations,

and stigma in the community, some of these are through:

Campaigns and Programs. In March 2015, the former First Lady, Michelle

Obama, promoted the Change Direction campaign, a new mental health scheme

established to raise mental health awareness. This builds on former President Obama’s

call two years ago where he urged educators to help “bring mental illness out of the

shadows” (Rahim, 2015). According to Rahim (2015), there are numerous national

programs like NAMI’s Ending the Silence, educational based initiatives like NAMI

Queens/Nassau’s Breaking the Silence and Let’s Talk Mental Illness TM, or local

initiatives like First Lady Chirlane McCray of New York City Mental Health Texting

Pilot Program, that will reinforce for individuals that mental health is something to speak

about and not to be hidden. In the Philippines, there is “Patient’s Equity to Support ‘Out-
 15

of-Pocket Expense’ Value” (PESO Value) funded by Johnson & Johnson (Philippines),

Inc., (JJPI). The PESO Value seeks to develop models of healthcare financing including

for mental illness. Without these campaigns and programs, change would not be initiated.

Reviewing the literature makes one wonder that there are countless possible

answers and solutions to the problem. Analyzing it is like opening a flashlight on a

complete dark place. Correlating mental health awareness with the demographic profile,

which is identical to the research project, makes everything clearer. There may be

contradicting studies and literatures but with the help of these contrasts, ideas were

continually and gradually modified. The totality clarified that a particular part of

demographic profile can assess and relate to its level of awareness in mental health issues

from which the research project would similarly like to assess and correlate. The

literature reviewed portrayed that the higher the mental health awareness level of an

individual, the greater the risk of being prone to mental health illnesses since a larger

number of them are enduring through and experiencing it. However, ending it with the

problems alone would not change anything. Making actions in raising the awareness in

mental health issues will help an individual, a community, and the world to break the

barriers.
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Conceptual Framework

Demographic profile of the Level of awareness of the

residents residents regarding mental
health issues
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. In the illustration, it represent the variables of the study 1) demographic

profile of the residents, and 2) level of awareness of the residents regarding mental health

issues. The former, which is the predictor, shows the demographic profile as well as the

perceptions of the respondents. Under this, the demographic profile seeks about

residents’ age, gender, civil status, and whether the respondent is employed, unemployed,

or student. While the latter, which is the criterion, results that after identifying the

demographic profile of the residents, it affects the level of awareness of the residents

regarding mental health issues. The straight line connecting the illustration, reveal that

there is a relationship between the variables.

 17

Hypotheses of the Study

The following hypotheses served as a starting point for the researcher’s further

investigation:

H0: There is no significant relationship between the demographic profile of the residents

and their level of awareness in mental health issues.

H(a): There is a significant relationship between the demographic profile of the residents

and their level of awareness in mental health issues.

Definition of Variables

Age. It states how long and old the respondent has lived or existed.

Gender. It is the respondent’s state of being male or female.

Civil Status. It describes the status of the respondent’s relationship with a significant

other. It classifies the respondent’s state of being single, married, divorced, or widowed.

Employment Status. It classifies whether the respondent is employed, unemployed, or

student.

Level of Awareness. It states how high or low is the respondent’s state of being aware,

knowledge and understanding that something is happening or exists.

Mental Health. It is defined as the state of well-being in which every individual realizes

one’s own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and

fruitfully, and able to make a contribution to one’s community.

Mental Health Issues. These are the discussions regarding mental health conditions.
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Notes in Chapter 2

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Generation X , and Millennials.

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11–13. https://doi.org/10.2174/2210676611303010003

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it affects men and women, 1–46.

 19

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 20

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 21

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 22

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literature. Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 5(2), 124–136.

https://doi.org/10.1080/21507686.2014.913641

Visconti, A. Depression and Mental Health Awareness Regarding Adololescents Within

the Primary Health Care Setting : Study Protocol (2015).

Wang, J., He, Y., Jiang, Q., Cai, J., Wang, W., Zeng, Q., Zhang, M. (2013). Mental

health literacy among residents in Shanghai. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry, 25(4),

224–235. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2013.04.004

Wayne, W. (2018). The Social Cognitive Theory. Boston University School of Public

Health.http://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-

Modules/SB/BehavioralChangeTheories/BehavioralChangeTheories5.html

Wong, K. (2016). Gender Differences in Mental Health Literacy of University Students.

Western Undergraduate Psychology Journal, 4(1).

World Health Organization (2005). Promoting mental health nursing research in low and

middle income countrie. International Nursing Review, 51(4), 194–195.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2004.00268.x
 23

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter present the research design, specifically the methods and techniques

used, the population and sample, the instrument of the study, the development process,

and the processing of data and procedure in determining the acceptability of the material

including the statistical treatment of the data.

Methods and Techniques Used

The study utilized a quantitative type of research since the researchers conducted

a survey to find out the relationship between the level of awareness of respondents in

mental health issues with their demographic profile. In order to effectively correlate the

relationship between variables, the researchers employed correlational design. This

design enable the researchers to observe two or more variables at the point in time and

was useful for describing a relationship between two or more variables (Breakwell,

Hammond & Fife-Schaw, 1995). Through this method, the researchers are able to

ascertain how much variation is caused by each of the predictor variable to the criterion

variable.

The study used survey questionnaire for data gathering that sought informations

to meet the objectives of the study. The informations obtained assisted the researchers in

interpreting results and identifying the relationship between variables. The survey

questionnaire that is used to collect data, including methods, is implemented to maintain

validity and reliability of the study.

 24

Population and Sample

The study focused on the specific districts of Barangay Guinhawa in City of

Malolos, Bulacan. A Two-Stage Cluster Sampling Technique was administered in order

to arrive to a particular respondents. According to Jackson (2011), cluster sampling is a

technique in which clusters of respondents that represent the population are identified and

included in the sample. In cluster sampling a complete list of clusters represent the

sampling frame; then, a few clusters are chosen randomly as the source of primary data

(Dudovskiy, 2018). It was applied in selecting the districts in which the respondents are

traced and surveyed upon. In the case of this study, the total population of Barangay

Guinhawa is divided into their respective districts. The total population of Barangay

Guinhawa is 6,317; 4,720 of them are locked up in Provincial Jail, 331 in district 1, 400

in district 2, 430 in district 3, and 436 in district 4. The researchers did not consider the

inmates residing in Provincial Jail since they will not gain reliable informations from

them and also for the researchers’ safety. The researchers randomly chose districts,

specifically, two districts are chosen in Barangay Guinhawa. It was done due to extensive

area of the barangay. The following clusters that are considered are the district 2 and

district 4 of Barangay Guinhawa. Subsequently, a Proportional Quota Sampling was

utilized from which the researchers obtained a 150 sample respondents and disseminated

equally to the selected districts, 75 residents to be surveyed for each district. This was to

ensure the success of accomplishing the gathering of data within a short span of time

since it can be easily administered and can be performed quickly.

 25

Instrument of the Study

A survey method was utilized to gather data about the awareness of residents in

Barangay Guinhawa in Malolos, Bulacan about mental health issues through a

questionnaire covering the residents’ profile and their literacy regarding the subject

matter. The first part of the questionnaire was comprised of items that determine the

residents’ demographic profile specifically, their age, gender, civil status, and

employment status. This part was one of the components that helped the researchers to

correlate it to their level of awareness which was assessed in the latter part. The latter part

which was purposely designed to assess the respondents’ level of awareness in mental

health issues, was adapted from the CanWeTalk website sponsored by The Alberta

Teachers’ Association, Canadian Mental Health Association, and Global Television.

A part of the questionnaire that consists of questions about facts in mental health

was translated into Filipino so that the respondents’ may easily understand and answer it

well. The translation of it was validated by an expert educator handling Filipino subject

to make the questions precise and authentic. To justify the questionnaire more, it was also

validated by an experienced researcher. Revision was done on some of the items in the

questionnaire to make them more easily understood.

Development Process

The processes that were included in the study would help the researchers ensure

that their research are relevant and will produce valid, actionable results. Due to this, the

researchers adhered to these six steps for the systematic flow of the research as shown in

the diagram on the following page.

 26

Survey of Population of the Selected Barangay

Step 1  Barangay Guinhawa

Solving for Sample Size using

Step 2  Cluster and Quota Sampling

Cluster Barangay by
Step 3  Districts

Preparation of the Questionnaire

 Statement of the Problem
Step 4  Related Studies

Distribution and Retrieval of Questionnaire

Step 5  Survey

Relationship of Residents’ Demographic

Profile and their Level of Awareness in
Step 6 Mental Health Issues

Figure 2. Research process

The first phase of the study involved a survey of population of Barangay

Guinhawa in Malolos, Bulacan. Information about the number of residents that each

districts have were gathered through the barangay officials. The Barangay Guinhawa

officials provided an updated, surveyed last July 2018, and organized list of residents in

each districts.

The second phase of the research involved the calculation of sample size with the

use of the probability sampling, cluster and quota sampling. The sample size that was

used is 150 residents. Proceeding to the next phase, the barangay was divided into

clusters–districts. Barangay Guinhawa was divided into four districts and then progress in

randomly choosing two districts to be a part of the study. The chosen districts were
 27

district 2 and 4. In the preparation of questionnaire, the researchers used their study’s

statement of the problem and related studies as the basis.

The fifth phase of the research process was the distribution and retrieval of the

questionnaire. 150 residents were considered from the two districts. Some of the

respondents are from district 2 and some from district 4, specifically 75 residents coming

from each district. With the consent of the parents and teachers of the researchers, the

researchers personally visited the districts considered to distribute the questionnaires.

Looking for respondents and collecting the questionnaires took quite some time to

complete. Some items might not be answered properly so the researchers surpassed the

sample size to prevail the research’s accuracy.

The last phase of the developmental process was identifying the relationship of

the residents’ demographic profile and their level of awareness in mental health issues.

First, the researchers organized the data that were gathered from the two districts by

classifying their demographic profile into four parts: age, gender, civil status, and

employment status. This was followed by assessing the residents’ level of awareness in

mental health issues in view of the part of the questionnaire that was adapted from

CanWeTalk website. After these, the researchers correlated the two variables with each

other and identified the relationship that lies within it with the help of the statistical

treatment applied.

Data Processing and Statistical Treatment

The data gathered were the demographic profile and the level of awareness in

mental health issues of the residents’ from the researcher’s randomly chosen districts in

Barangay Guinhawa. With the utilized questionnaire, the researchers were able to
 28

identify the demographic profile of the respondents as well as their level of awareness in

mental health issues.

The demographic profile of the respondents refer to age, gender, civil status, and

employment status. These were found in the first part of the questionnaire wherein the

respondents answer these basic information about themselves. This part was easily

determined.

The residents’ level of awareness regarding mental health issues were identified

in the data that were gathered using the questionnaires. With the use of the 10 questions,

it quantified whether the respondents were aware or not when it comes to the subject

matter. The researchers’ adaptation of survey on the CanWeTalk website was used in

measuring the respondents’ awareness.

The study used Chi-square test as its statistical treatment since the variable,

demographic profile, is nominal. According to Samosa (2018), Chi-square test is used as

an inferential statistics for nominal or categorical data. He added that when a study is

employed as a test of relationship, it is called as the test of independence. The null

hypothesis of the Chi-square test is that no relationship exists between the variables and

therefore they are independent. On the other hand, the alternative hypothesis of the Chi-

square test is that there is a relationship exists between the variables and therefore they

are dependent. This treatment measures the relatedness of the demographic profile of the

respondents to the level of awareness in mental health issues. The formula used in

computing for the Chi-square statistic is shown in figure 3.

 29

2
(𝑓𝑜 − 𝑓𝑒 )2
𝑥 = ∑
𝑓𝑒

Figure 3. Chi-square formula

Where:

x2 = test statistic,

fo = frequencies observed, and

fe = frequencies expected.
 30

Notes in Chapter 3

Breakwell, G. M., Hammond, S., & Fife-Schaw, C. (1995). Research methods in

psychology. London: Sage Publications.https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/pub-

lications/introducing-research-methods-in-psychology

Dudovskiy J. (2018). Multi-Stage Sampling.Research Methodology. https://research-

methodology.net/sampling-in-primary-data-collection/multi-stage sampling/

Jackson, S.L. (2011). “Research Methods and Statistics: A Critical Approach”

4th edition.Cengage Learning. https://research-methodology.net/sampling-in-

primarydata-collection/cluster-sampling/#_ftnref1

Samosa, R. (2018). Digging - up the Principles and Concepts of Practical Research: A

Quantitative Approach. p. 127.

The Alberta Teachers’ Association, Canadian Mental Health Association, & Global

Television. (2016). Mental Health Lesson Plans. CanWeTalk. Retrieved from

http://canwetalk.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/COOR-79l-2016-03-CWT-

lesson-plans.pdf
 31

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents, analyses, and interprets the data gathered in the conduct of

this study considering the sequence of the specific research questions cited in Chapter 1.

Part One describes the demographic profile of the residents; Part Two discusses the level

of awareness of the residents in mental health issues; Part Three identifies the significant

relationship that lies between the demographic profile of the residents and their level of

awareness in mental health issues.

Description of the Demographic Profile of the Residents

The demographic profile of the residents cover factors such as age, gender, civil

status, and employment status. These data impact nearly everything and examining it at

different points in time, one can see historical changes, such as whether the population in

one’s community is improving or experiencing struggle.

Table 4

Distribution of Residents by Profile

Demographic Profile F %
Age 15-20 58 38.67
21-25 37 24.67
26-30 55 36.66
Total 150 100
Gender Female 94 62.67
Male 56 37.33
Total 150 100
Civil Status Single 112 74.57
Married 35 23.33
Widowed 2 1.33
Divorced 1 0.67
 32

Total 150 100

Employment Status Employed 70 46.67
Unemployed 29 19.33
Student 51 34
Total 150 100

Table 4 presents the one hundred fifty (150) residents of Barangay Guinhawa in

district 2 and 4 described in their demographic profile. With regards to their age, the first

bracket, 15 to 20 years old, has the majority number of population with fifty-eight (58)

respondents or 39% while only thirty-seven (37) respondents or 25% are aged 21 to 25

years old. And for the last bracket, the fifty-five (55) respondents or 37% are aged 26 to

30 years old. As for the gender, ninety-four (94) respondents or 63% are female while

fifty-six (56) respondents or 37% are male. In terms of civil status, half of the population

are single with a number of one hundred twelve (112) respondents or 75%. It left a huge

gap in the other civil status such as: married with thirty-five (35) respondents or 23%;

widowed with two (2) respondents or 1%; and one (1) respondent or 0.7% divorced. For

the last factor, employment status, seventy (70) employed respondents occupies the 47%

of the population; while twenty-nine respondents (29) or 19% are unemployed and fifty-

one (51) or 34% are student.

In the world of demographics, not all data is equal. The results in Table 4 imply

that the residents’ of Barangay Guinhawa is divided into different categories. It can be

described that most of the residents of the barangay are aged 15-20 years old, female,

single, and employed.

 33

Residents’ Level of Awareness in Mental Health Issues

Awareness toward one subject matter leads to the development of a compatibility

between demands and expectations on the one hand and improvements on the other hand.

Kutcher et al. (2016) concluded that mental health literacy is a product of mental illness;

people tend to be literate since they are exposed to these issues. Having access to ones’

current level of awareness towards mental health issues will be a useful guide to see what

should be the action be implemented in the future curriculum. In assessing their level of

awareness, the mean was computed then ranged to four verbal interpretations classified

as Not Aware at all, Slightly Aware, Moderately Aware, and Extremely Aware. The

mean would be interpreted depending on their ranges: if the ranges are from 1.0 to 1.74,

it would be interpreted as Not Aware at all; Somewhat Aware, if it ranges from 1.75 to

2.49; Moderately Aware, if it ranges from 2.50 to 3.24; and lastly, if it ranges from 3.25

to 4.0, it would be interpreted as Extremely Aware.

Table 5

Residents’ Level of Awareness in terms of Age

15 to 20 years old 21 to 25 years old 26 to 30 years old

Questions MEAN VERBAL MEAN VERBAL MEAN VERBAL
INTER- INTER- INTER-
(N=58) (N=37) (N=55)
PRETATION PRETATION PRETATION
1. People should not work out their Moderately Moderately Moderately
3.1 3.3 3
own mental health problems. Aware Aware Aware
Slightly Moderately Slightly
2. Once you have a mental illness, you 2.2 2.7 2.4
Aware Aware Aware
have it for life.

3. Men and women are equally Moderately Extremely Moderately

3.2 3.5 3
affected by mental illness in general. Aware Aware Aware

4. Medication is the best treatment for Moderately Extremely Moderately

3.2 3.5 3
mental illness. Aware Aware Aware

5. Adults are more likely than Slightly Moderately Moderately

2.4 2.8 2.6
teenagers to have a mental illness. Aware Aware Aware
 34

6. You cannot tell by looking at people Moderately Moderately Moderately

3 3 3
whether they have a mental illness. Aware Aware Aware

7. Mental illness can happen to Extremely Extremely

3.5 Extremely 3.5 3.4
anyone. Aware Aware
Aware

8. Everyone is affected by mental Moderately Moderately Moderately

2.7 3 2.6
illness, either directly (by having a Aware Aware Aware
mental illness themselves) or
indirectly (by knowing someone with a
mental illness).

9. People with a mental illness are

Slightly Moderately Moderately
generally not more violent and 2.3 2.6 2.5
Aware Aware Aware
dangerous than the rest of the
population.

10. People with mental illness are Moderately Moderately Moderately

generally not shy and quiet. 2.5 Aware 2.7 Aware 2.6 Aware

Moderately Moderately Moderately

TOTAL MEAN 2.8 3 2.8
Aware Aware Aware

Table 5 above shows the level of awareness regarding the age of the residents.

The age was divided into three brackets: 15 to 20 years old, 21 to 25 years old, and 26 to

30 years old. The total mean of all the ages are interpreted as they are all residents ages

15 to 30 years old are moderately aware in mental health issues. However residents with

an age of 15 to 20 years old and 26 to 30 years old obtained lower total mean (2.8) than

the residents, aged 21 to 25 years old, since they obtained the preeminent total mean of 3.

The highest mean in the three age brackets stood in the same question. It is shown that 15

to 30 years old are extremely aware that mental illness can happen to anyone but 26 to 30

years old obtained lower mean (3.4) as compared to the two age brackets which both

obtained a mean of 3.5. In table 5, it is notably seen that the second bracket of age, 21 to

25 years old, filled the interpretation that all of them are either extremely or moderately

aware of the issues presented. Pearson et al. (2013) stated that young people aged 15 to

24 are more likely to experience mental illness than any other age group. Table 5 shown
 35

that residents aged 15 to 20 have minimal gap of total mean as compared to the total

mean of residents aged 21 to 25. However, in the case of this study the second bracket are

the most likely aware of these issues.

Table 6

Residents’ Level of Awareness in terms of Gender

MALE FEMALE
Questions MEAN VERBAL MEAN VERBAL
(N=54) INTERPRETATION (N=96) INTERPRETATION
1. People should not work out their own
mental health problems.
3.1 Moderately Aware 3 Moderately Aware
2. Once you have a mental illness, you
have it for life.
2.3 Slightly Aware 2.4 Slightly Aware
3. Men and women are equally affected
by mental illness in general.
3 Moderately Aware 3.3 Extremely Aware
4. Medication is the best treatment for
mental illness.
3.1 Moderately Aware 3.2 Moderately Aware
5. Adults are more likely than teenagers
to have a mental illness.
2.6 Moderately Aware 2.6 Moderately Aware
6. You cannot tell by looking at people
whether they have a mental illness.
3 Moderately Aware 3 Moderately Aware
7. Mental illness can happen to anyone. 3.3 Extremely Aware 3.5 Extremely Aware
8. Everyone is affected by mental illness,
either directly (by having a mental
2.6 Moderately Aware 2.8 Moderately Aware
illness themselves) or indirectly (by
knowing someone with a mental illness).
9. People with a mental illness are
generally not more violent and
2.2 Slightly Aware 2.6 Moderately Aware
dangerous than the rest of the population.
10. People with mental illness are
generally not shy and quiet.
2.5 Moderately Aware 2.7 Moderately Aware
TOTAL MEAN 2.76 Moderately Aware 3 Moderately Aware

Table 6 presents the level of awareness of different genders, specifically male and

female. Both of the genders obtained their highest mean in the same question. The males

scored a mean of 3.3 while the females scored a higher mean, 3.5. Male and female

residents claimed that they are extremely aware that mental illness can happen to anyone.

This is in line with the statement of Malla et al. (2015) in their study that “mental illness

is like any other illness” has become almost axiomatic and, therefore, by definition it

embodies an accepted truth not in need of a proof. Seven (7) out of ten (10) questions in
 36

the male and female category were interpreted as residents of the both genders were

moderately aware. However, it is discerned that the male residents have greater number

of questions interpreted as they are slightly aware on the stated issues than the female

residents. In contrast, female residents have notable number of questions interpreted as

extremely aware. Comparing the two (2) total means of the genders, it significantly

denoted that female residents have a higher level of awareness than male residents. It is

supported by a 2018 article, PsycholoGenie, which revealed that women have a more

developed limbic system which allows them to feel and express their emotions in a better

way and to bond with others easily; though the problem with them is that, it opens the

doors to depression and on the other hand, they gain literacy in mental health issues.

Table 7

Residents’ Level of Awareness in terms of Civil Status

SINGLE MARRIED WIDOWED DIVORCED

Questions VERBAL VERBAL VERBAL
VERBAL
MEAN MEAN INTER- MEAN INTER- MEAN INTER-
INTER-
(N=112) (N=35) PRE- (N=2) PRE- (N=1) PRE-
PRE-TATION
TATION TATION TATION
1. People should not Moderately Moderately Extremely
work out their own 3.1 Moderately Aware 3 3 4
Aware Aware Aware
mental health problems.

2. Once you have a Slightly Moderately Moderately

mental illness, you have 2.4 Slightly Aware 2.3 3 3
Aware Aware Aware
it for life.

3. Men and women are

equally affected by Moderately Extremely Extremely
3.2 Moderately Aware 3.1 3.5 4
mental illness in Aware Aware Aware
general.

4. Medication is the Moderately Moderately Extremely

best treatment for 3.2 Moderately Aware 3.1 3 4
Aware Aware Aware
mental illness.

5. Adults are more

likely than teenagers to Moderately Moderately Moderately
2.6 Moderately Aware 3 3 3
have a mental illness. Aware Aware Aware

6. You cannot tell by Moderately Moderately Extremely

looking at people 3.5 Extremely Aware 3 3 4
Aware Aware Aware
whether they have a
mental illness.
 37

7. Mental illness can Extremely Extremely Extremely

happen to anyone. 2.7 Moderately Aware 3.4 3.5 4
Aware Aware Aware
8. Everyone is affected Moderately Extremely Extremely
2.4 Slightly Aware 2.7 3.5 4
by mental illness, either Aware Aware Aware
directly (by having a
mental illness
themselves) or
indirectly (by knowing
someone with a mental
illness).

9. People with a mental Moderately Moderately Extremely

2.2 Slightly Aware 2.5 3 4
illness are generally not Aware Aware Aware
more violent and
dangerous than the rest
of the
population.

10. People with mental Moderately Moderately Extremely

illness are generally not 2.6 Moderately Aware 2.7 3 4
Aware Aware Aware
shy and quiet.
TOTAL MEAN 2.87 Moderately 3 Moderately 3.15 Moderately 3.8 Extremely
Aware Aware Aware Aware

The table 7 above shows the average level of awareness in terms of the

respondent’s civil status. It is divided into four (4) distinct groups: single, married,

widowed, and divorced.

For single residents, they got a highest mean of 3.5 that denotes that they are

extremely aware on the fact that one cannot tell by looking at people whether they have a

mental illness. While, the lowest mean obtained in single residents is 2.2 which indicates

that they are only slightly aware on the fact that people with a mental illness are generally

not more violent and dangerous than the rest of the population. The second column

tackled about the data of the married individuals. The highest mean obtained by married

residents is 3.4; they are extremely aware that mental illness can happen to anyone. While

they are only slightly aware on the fact that having a mental illness once means having it

for life (2.3). This result was in contrast of the study of Spiker (2014) mentioning that

married individuals are healthy with regards in their mental and are less related and aware

in the said issues. In terms of widowed and divorced residents, they did not obtain a mean
 38

of lower than 3 which also denotes that they are either extremely aware or moderately

aware on the issues stated. Widowed residents got three (3) questions interpreted as

extremely aware (3.5) and resulted a total mean of 3.15. A study from Wilcox et al.

(2018) from which he indicated that widowed people tend to have bad mental health than

others and therefore aware of these issues. It can be observed that a huge gap prevailed

between the three mentioned civil status and divorced resident. With a total mean of 3.8,

the highest among the four (4) groups, the divorced resident are extremely aware on

mental health issues. However, Moore (2018) stated that divorced individuals are

vulnerable in mental illness since they experienced failed relationships. Majority of all

the civil status are interpreted as moderately aware in mental health issues. The only

exception is in the divorced category from which obtained a total mean of 3.8 that was

interpreted as extremely aware and also identified as the most literate among the four

categories of civil status in this study.

Table 8

Residents’ Level of Awareness in terms of Employment Status

EMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED STUDENT

Questions MEAN VERBAL MEAN VERBAL MEAN VERBAL
INTER- INTER- INTER-
(N=70) (N=29) (N=51)
PRETATION PRETATION PRETATION
1. People should not
work out their own Moderately Moderately Moderately
mental health
3.3 2.6 3
Aware Aware Aware
problems.

2. Once you have a

Slightly Slightly Slightly
mental illness, you 2.4 2.3 2.4
have it for life. Aware Aware Aware

3. Men and women are

equally affected by Extremely Moderately Moderately
mental illness in
3.3 3 3.1
Aware Aware Aware
general.
 39

4. Medication is the
Extremely Moderately Moderately
best treatment for 3.3 3.2 3.1
mental illness. Aware Aware Aware

5. Adults are more

likely than teenagers Moderately Moderately Slightly
to have a mental
2.7 2.6 2.4
Aware Aware Aware
illness.

6. You cannot tell by

Moderately Moderately Moderately
looking at people 3 3 3.1
whether they have a Aware Aware Aware
mental illness.
Extremely Extremely Extremely
7. Mental illness can 3.6 3.3 3.4
happen to anyone. Aware Aware Aware

8. Everyone is
affected by mental
illness, either directly
Moderately Moderately Moderately
(by having a mental 2.8 2.5 3
illness themselves) or Aware Aware Aware
indirectly (by knowing
someone with
a mental illness).
9. People with a
Moderately Moderately Slightly
mental illness are 2.5 2.6 2.3
generally not more Aware Aware Aware
violent and dangerous
than the rest of the
population.

10. People with

mental illness are Moderately Moderately Moderately
generally not shy and
2.7 2.5 2.6
Aware Aware Aware
quiet.
Moderately Moderately Moderately
TOTAL MEAN 3
Aware
2.7
Aware
2.8
Aware

The table 8 represents the level of awareness of the employment status of the

residents. It is divided into three categories: employed, unemployed and student. Three of

these categories obtained the highest mean in the same question. According to Sanicola

(2016), mental health illness affects people from all works of life, regardless of their

gender, ethnicity, age, or economic status. Due to that reason, employed, unemployed,

and student residents tend to be extremely aware that mental illness can happen to

anyone. The lowest obtained mean of the employed and unemployed residents is 2.4 and

2.3 on which they got it from the same question. It is interpreted as employed and
 40

unemployed residents are slightly aware that having mental illness once means having it

for life. While the student residents obtained 2.3 as their lowest mean score which signify

that they are slightly aware that people with a mental illness are generally not more

violent and dangerous than the rest of the population. In general, employed residents tend

to know more about mental health issues than the other status mentioned.

Relationship of the Variables using Chi-square test

Several relationships may be the result for the different variables. It tests how

one’s group is performing related to one thing, whether they are doing poorly or greatly.

Knowing the relationship between the residents’ demographic profile and level of

awareness in mental health issues may help the community identify the factors and

groups that should improve, and be literate enough to openly urge the subject matter.

Table 9

Chi-square test of Age and Level of Awareness in Mental Health Issues

Degree Chi – square Chi – square Probability Decision Verbal

of (x2) computed (x2) critical Level Interpretation
freedom value
6 36.96 12.59 P> 0.05 Ho is Highly
rejected Significant

Table 9 presents the computed relationship between age and level of awareness in

mental health issues. The obtained x2 computed value of 36.96 is greater than 12.59

which is the critical value at the 0.05 level of probability using 6 degree of freedom. The

null hypothesis of no significant relationship between the demographic profile of the

residents in terms of age and their level of awareness in mental health issues is rejected.

Hence, the alternative hypothesis of there is a significant relationship between the

 41

variables is not rejected. This also means that the level of awareness in mental health

issues is dependent of age.

According to Levine 2017, depression can afflict anyone, at any age, from

childhood to late in life. Most children grow up mentally healthy, but survey suggest that

more children and young people have mental health issues (Mental Health Foundation,

2017). With this, he found out that the age bracket of teenagers have a higher level of

awareness about mental health issues compared to adults because younger ones

experience these issues more frequently. In table 5, it is shown that residents aged 21 to

25 have higher literacy on mental health issues than the other brackets of age. Since one

age bracket arise among the three (3) other age brackets, then the level of awareness in

mental health issues is dependent of age.

Table 10

Chi-square test of Gender and Level of Awareness in Mental Health Issues

Degree Chi – square Chi – square Probability Decision Verbal

of (x2) computed (x2) critical Level Interpretation
freedom value
3 9.26 7.81 P> 0.05 Ho is Highly
rejected Significant

With regards the gender, the following data as shown in table 10 are obtained.

The obtained x2 computed value of 9.26 is greater than 7.81 which is the critical value at

the 0.05 level of probability using 3 degree of freedom. The null hypothesis is rejected

and therefore the alternative hypothesis is not rejected. And thus, there is a significant

relationship between the demographic profile of the residents in terms of gender and their

level of awareness in mental health issues. This also means that the level of awareness in

mental health issues is dependent of gender.

 42

The results obtained was supported by Astbury (2013) in her study from which

she depicted that there is a significant relationship between gender and their level of

awareness. She found out that gender differences exist in awareness in mental health

issues and it is said to be highly significant. The data of this study with regards to gender,

shown in table 6, encompassed the same results as the study of Astbury (2013) had. It

was also revealed in table 6 that females, having a total mean of 3, have higher level of

awareness in mental health issues. Parallel to that was the study conducted by Lam

(2014) and Holzinger et al. (2013) wherein they revealed that females denoted higher

mental awareness than males.

Table 11

Chi-square test of Civil Status and Level of Awareness in Mental Health Issues

Degree Chi – square Chi – square Probability Decision Verbal

of (x2) computed (x2) critical Level Interpretation
freedom value
9 23.83 16.91 P> 0.05 Ho is Highly
rejected Significant

The table 11 above shows the computed data of the civil status, it is included that

the obtained x2 is 23.83 which is higher than the critical value, 16.91 at the 0.05 level of

probability using 9 as the degree of freedom. This means that the null hypothesis is

rejected, therefore, the alternative hypothesis is not rejected wherein it was revealed that

there is a significant relationship between the two variables.

Laderer (2018) revealed in his study that single individuals have good mental

health. He made conclusions that since these individuals got low level of awareness, they

have a good mental health. Thus, married individuals are similar to those who are single

since they are not prone in any mental health issues while divorced individuals are
 43

vulnerable in the said issues (Spiker, 2014). In the data shown in table 7, the total mean

of the divorced was accentuated since it had great gaps as compared to the total mean of

the other status. It got the highest score of 3.8. And therefore, mental health depends on

the civil status of a person.

Table 12

Chi-square test of Employment Status and Level of Awareness in Mental Health Issues

Degree Chi – square Chi – square Probability Decision Verbal

of (x2) computed (x2) critical Level Interpretation
freedom value
6 24.60 12.59 P> 0.05 Ho is Highly
rejected Significant

Table 12 showed that the obtained x2 computed value of 24.60 is greater than

12.59 which is the critical value at the 0.05 level of probability using 6 degree of

freedom. The null hypothesis is rejected and therefore the alternative hypothesis is not

rejected. Hence, there is a significant relationship between demographic profile of the

residents in terms of employment status and their level of awareness in mental health

issues. This also means that level of awareness in mental health issues is dependent of

employment status. The result indicates that there is a significant relationship between

employment status and mental health awareness.

The study of Harrison et al. (2016), stated that there is a notable relationship

between the employment status and mental health awareness. Also, in the study of Buffel

et al. (2016), it showed that a group of individuals who are employed have more tendency

on having mental health issues due to stress they are experiencing at their work. Table 8

have shown the same results as Buffel et al. (2016) stated. Employed residents, having a

mean of 3, are more aware in mental health issues. Whether individuals are employed,
 44

unemployed, or student, their mental health awareness are significantly having

relationship.
 45

Notes in Chapter 4

Astbury, J. (2013). Gender disparities in mental health. In: Mental health. Ministerial

Round Tables 2001, 54th World Health Assemble, 2001, Who, Geneva,

Switzerland.

Buffel, V., Van De Straat, V., & Bracke, P. (2015). Employment status and mental health

care use in times of economic contraction: A repeated cross-sectional study in

Europe, using a three-level model. International Journal for Equity in Health,

14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-015-0153-3

Harrison G., & Agnew S. (2016). Individual and social influences on students attitudes to

debt: A cross-national path analysis using data from England and New Zealand.

Higher Education Quarterly, 70 (4). pp. 332-353. ISSN 0951-5224 Available

from: http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/28976

Holzinger, A., Corrigan, P. W., Grabe, H., Carta, M. G., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2012).

Evolution of public attitudes about mental illness: a systematic review and meta-

analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125(6), 440- 452.

Kutcher S., Wei, Y., & Coniglio, C. (2016). Mental Health Literacy. Can J Psychiatry,

61(3), 154-158. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0706743715616609

Laderer, A. (2017). Mental Health Blog. Retrieved from

https://www.talkspace.com/blog/2018/02/8-ways-being-single-is-great-for-your-

mental-health/
 46

Lam, L. T. (2014). Mental health literacy and mental health status in adolescents: A

population-based survey. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health,

8(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-8-26

Malla, A., Joober, R., & Garcia A. (2015). “Mental illness is like any other medical

illness”: a critical examination of the statement and its impact on patient care and

society. J Psychiatry Neurosci, 40(3), 147–150. http://jpn.ca/wp-

content/uploads/2015/04/40-3-147.pdf

Moore, A. (2018). Mental Illness and Divorce: Is There a Connection?. Divorce

Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.divorcemag.com/articles/mental-illness-

and-divorce-connection/

Pearson, C., Janz, T., & Ali, J. (2013). Mental and substance use disorders in Canada.

Health at a Glance. ISSN 1925-6493. Retrieved from:

https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-624-x/2013001/article/11855-eng.pdf

PsycholoGenie (2018). Why are women so emotional. Retrieved from

https://psychologenie.com/why-are-women-so-emotional

Sanicola, L. (2016). Mental Illness Affects Everyone. Retrieved from

https://www.huffingtonpost.com/lenny-sanicola/mental-illness-affects-

ev_b_8351612.html

Spiker, R. (2014). Mental Health and Marital Status. Wiley Online Library. Retrieved

from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118410868.wbehibs

256
 47

Wilcox, S. et. al (2017). The Effects of Widowhood on Physical and Mental Health,

Health Behaviors, and Health Outcomes: The Women's Health Initiative.

ResearchGate, 22(5), 513-

 48

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions and recommendations

of the study. The main objective of this study was to assess the level of awareness in

mental health issues of residents’ in Barangay Guinhawa and identify the relationship

between residents’ demographic profile and their mental health issues awareness level.

To accomplish the objectives, the data gathered were treated quantitatively, analyzed and

then interpreted.

Summary of Findings

The residents’ of Barangay Guinhawa is divided into different classifications of

demographic profile such as age, gender, civil status, and employment status. In terms of

age, aged 15 to 20 years old got the highest population, specifically fifty-eight (58)

residents, while the 26 to 30 years old follows with a number of fifty-five (55) residents.

And the least group of residents are found in the age bracket, 21 to 25 years old, which

only have thirty-seven (37) residents out of one hundred fifty (150) residents. In gender,

female occupies the 63% of the population with ninety-four (94) residents and the

remaining fifty (56) residents are determined as male. The civil status of the residents are

classified into four: single, married, widowed, and divorced. Half of the population of the

residents are single with a 75% or one hundred twelve (112) residents. It is followed by

the status, married, with an almost quarter of the population, thirty-five (35) residents.

Only two (2) residents belonged to the status, widowed, and one (1) resident in divorced

which is the least. Lastly, the demographic profile ends in describing the employment
 49

status of the residents. Almost half of the residents with seventy (70) residents are

employed, followed by fifty-one (51) residents which are students, and the least is the

unemployed with twenty-nine (29) residents. Thus, the demographic profile of the

residents’ of Barangay Guinhawa can be described that most of the residents are aged 15

to 20 years old, female, single, and employed.

Assessing the awareness of one’s community is a step in development. In terms of

age, 15 to 20 years old have the highest total mean (3.0), which is interpreted as residents

ranges 15 to 20 years old or the younger ones are moderately aware in mental health

issues as compared to the following remaining brackets, 21 to 30 years old, which have a

total mean of 2.8 (moderately aware). For gender, their total mean scores are also close

with each other, obtaining higher total mean (3.0 = moderately aware) for female than the

total mean (2.76 = moderately aware) of male. On the other hand, the highest total mean

obtained in all of the classifications of demographic profile in the study is the score of

divorced resident which is 3.8 (extremely aware) under the profile, civil status. The civil

status, widowed having a total mean of 3.15, married (3.0), and single (2.87), are

interpreted as these residents are moderately aware in mental health issues. And the last

category in the demographic profile is the employment status. It is drawn from the data

obtained that employed residents have the highest total mean of 3 in terms of the civil

status, followed by student (2.8) and unemployed residents (2.7). To sum up, the level of

awareness of the residents’ of Barangay Guinhawa with regard to their demographic

profile are moderately aware in mental health issues.

There are four (4) relationships that underlies between the demographic profile

and level of awareness in mental health issues. Each demographic profile is correlated
 50

with the other variable. First, the age and their awareness level in mental health issues

which obtained greater x2 computed value of 36.96 than the 12.59 critical value. A

greater x2 computed value than the critical value also obtained on the rest of the

demographic profile: gender, civil status, and employment status. In gender, 9.26 is the

obtained computed value of x2 which is greater than the 7.81 critical value; 23.83 for the

gender’s computed value of x2 which is also greater than its critical value of 16.91; and

lastly, the employment status which obtained 42.60 as x2 computed value and also greater

than its critical value of 12.59. All of the data resulted a greater x2 computed value than

its critical value and thus, the null hypothesis should be rejected and should not reject the

alternative hypothesis. Therefore, there is a highly significant relationship between

demographic profile of the residents in terms of age, gender, civil status, and employment

status and their level of awareness in mental health issues. This also indicates that the

level of awareness in mental health issues is dependent of demographic profile.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn:

Out of one hundred fifty (150) residents, the Barangay Guinhawa is mostly

composed of aged 15 to 19 years old, female, single, and employed.

Mental health plays a vital role in an individual based on how they answer the

questionnaires that were given to them, it affects someone’s thinking, attitudes and

behaviours. Being aware of these issues contribute a huge help in avoiding such issues or

in overcoming it. Knowing the community’s level of awareness in the prevalent issues

establish a strong foundation that develops the community through time. In the case of

Barangay Guinhawa, the residents are moderately aware in mental health issues.
 51

Mental health awareness of the individuals clearly depend based on their

demographic profile in terms of age, gender, civil status, and employment status. It is

stated that the result is highly significant of mental health in regards with the age.

Whether one is younger or older, any of them cannot say that they are more prone in

mental health disorders since everyone are vulnerable in the said issues. In terms of

gender, the findings revealed that it also obtained a highly significant relationship with

the other variable. A female or a male have a tendency on having higher or lower level of

awareness. Civil status of an individual also plays a role in the level of awareness in

mental health issues. Like what is stated on the age and gender, the civil status also

resulted as highly significant related to the level of awareness. The same applies for the

employment status from which the four (4) classification had a significant impact on the

level of awareness in mental health issues. Moreover, the relationship drawn from the

demographic profile in terms of age, gender, civil status, and employment status is

identical with each other. It also portrays that level of awareness in mental health issues is

dependent of demographic profile.

Since the null hypothesis is rejected, the alternative hypothesis is not rejected.

Therefore, there is significant relationship between the demographic profile of the

residents of Barangay Guinhawa and their level of awareness in mental health issues.

This hypothesis was supported by all the data that were gathered from the study.
 52

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions of the study, the following

recommendations are set forth:

A community should help each other out when facing problems. Barangay

officials need to conduct a survey with regards to mental health issues to their residents.

With the help of this survey, it can help the barangay officials in knowing the level of

awareness their residents attained. The results that would be obtained will highlight their

community’s strengths and weaknesses from which they might come up to a solution in

determining the actions that have to be implemented for improvement. Proper knowledge

or literacy of an individual will help stop stigma and other negative views about mental

health illness.

To the individuals who are suffering from mental illness, self-medication is the

best treatment yet not the only help that may be considered. Instead, seeking advice from

family, friends, or professionals can help individuals recover or become better. Stigma

usually causes the silence and recession of mentally-ill individuals from society, but these

individuals should thought that being afraid of stigma will only cause more harm to

themselves. Seminars and activities that focus on mental health can help the mentally-ill

individuals bring back or gain their self-confidence, together with these is the knowledge

that can be underlined within the action so that misconceptions can be lessened.

A family should not ignore the warning signs of mental illness in their member.

The sooner the person receives the treatment, the better outcome it would be. They are

the ones who should encourage the person to seek medication. The family should acquire
 53

awareness regarding mental health issues as much as they can. They can attend various

programs and participate in the events that will raise their awareness on the issues.

Lastly, for the future researchers that will explore the same subject, since the

study already identified the level of awareness of Barangay Guinhawa and correlated it

with the residents’ demographic profile it is greatly recommended to study about the

relationship between level of awareness in mental health issues and mental health status.

Since the study did not broadly tackled this, it is better for the future researchers to

identify these two variables and correlate it with each other. Studying this would improve

and raise individual’s awareness in himself and in people that surround him.
 54

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