GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF

ADMINISTRATION AND
SUPERVISION
 What is a Principle?
a fundamental truth
ACCEPTED PRINCIPLE SOUND PRINCIPLE
become part of one’s is formulated from
general philosophy which carefully observed facts
serves to determine and or objectively measured
evaluate his educational results which are
objectives, attitudes, common to a series of
practices and outcomes. similar experiences.

The guiding value of principle depends not only upon the

soundness of its origin, but also upon the individuals
acceptance, understanding, and ability to apply the
principles.
USES OF PRINCIPLES IN SCHOOL
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION
1. Principles are means by which the administrator and
supervisor proceed from one situation another.
2. Principles are fundamental in improving teaching and learning.
3. Principles make for enormous economy of time and effort in
choosing techniques to be used.
4. Principles eliminate much of the blundering trial-and-effort in
a practical piece of work.
5. Principles greatly aid in the discovery of new techniques.
6. Principles are needed to guide the choice and sequence of the
appropriate techniques at hand in no way do they supplant
the fundamental rule of technique in carrying on the
processes and activities which make up the work of
administration and supervision.
USES OF PRINCIPLES IN SCHOOL
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION
7. Principles aid in the evaluation of techniques, for they furnish a
broader basis by which to judge the techniques used in the
school administration and supervision.
8. Principles define the items which must be scrutinized in
evaluating results.
9. Principles are used to evaluate the success of administrative and
supervisory programs.
10.Principles lead the administrators and supervisors to further
activities for they are dynamic .
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION
1. School Administration and supervision
must be DEMOCRATIC.
AUTOCRATIC DEMOCRATIC LAISSEZ FAIRE BUREAUCRATIC
Concerned with task Is primarily concerned with Tends to have few Lack a sense of security
accomplishment rather human relations and established policies: and depends on
than relations teamwork abstains from leading. established policies and
rules.
Makes decisions alone Fosters communication that Is not generally useful in Exercises power by
is open and usually two- highly structured applying fixed, relatively
way organizations (e.g. health inflexible rules
care institutions)
Expects respect and Creates a spirit of Tends to relate
obedience of staff collaboration and joint impersonally to staff
effort that results in staff
satisfaction
Exercises power with Avoids decision-making
coercion without standards or norms
for guidance
Proves useful (even
necessary) in crisis
situation
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION
2. School Administration and Supervision
must be a COOPERATIVE.
 Are highly socialized functions and imply
willingness to work together.
 Stimulate initiative, self-reliance, and
individual responsibility on the part of all
persons in the discharge of their duties.
 Substitute leadership for authority.
 Provide opportunity for growth and
development.
 Promote understanding between
administrators, supervisors, and
classroom teachers.
 Observe a code of ethics that is real,
practical , and vital.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION
3. School Administration and Supervision, to be effective,
must be SCIENTIFIC.

 Are based upon observable facts

 Employ method of analysis and
comprehension of complex administration and
supervisory problems by breaking them into
comprehensive units.
 Employ hypothesis in guiding the thinking
process.
 Are free from emotional bias.
 Employ objective measurement and
quantitative methods in the treatment of data.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION
4. School Administration and Supervision must be based on
ACCEPTED EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION
5. School Administration and Supervision must be CREATIVE.
 Provide opportunity for the teachers and the pupils to grow
through the exercise of their talents and abilities under
expert professional guidance and encouragement.
 Are from the control and tradition and actuated by the spirit
of inquiry.
 Need scientific minded-ness, and a recognition of the
importance of human element.
 Provide opportunity for a conference or a meeting between
the administrator and the supervisor, and the teacher.
 Recognize that every teacher and pupil have the capacity
for some degree of creative achievement in one field or
another.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION
6. Administration and Supervision must be
EVALUATED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR RESULTS.

 Results must be measured in terms of the child’s total growth in

knowledge, habits, skills, abilities, and attitudes
 Results must be measured in terms of the teacher’s growth or
improvement in the selection of subject-matter, formulation and
evaluation of aims, selection of methods and techniques.
 Results must be measured in terms of the administrator’s growth
in educational leadership.
 Results must be measured in terms of the physical improvement
of the school buildings and grounds favorable to teaching and
learning
 Results must be measured in terms of community improvement
and its relation to the school.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION
7. Responsibility and control in matters of school administration
and supervision must RUN PARALLEL THROUGHOUT THE
SYSTEM.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION
8. School administration must be
DISTINGUISHED FROM SUPERVISION.
ADMINISTRATION
Represents the whole of the
educational system
Emphasizes authority
Favorable condition essential to
good teaching and learning
(PROVIDES)
Decides, directs and orders the
execution of educational program
(DIRECTS)
SUPERVISION
Represents a portion of it in
terms of improving the total
teaching-learning situation.
Service
Carries out the better operation
and improving it (OPERATES)
Assists, advises, guides and leads
the operation and improving the
program (SERVES)
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION
9. School administration and supervision must be
PREVENTIVE AND CONSTRUCTIVE.

10. School administration and supervision must be

CENTERED ON CHILD GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.

11. School administration and supervision must be FLEXIBLE.

• Flexibility of objectives and teaching procedures
• Flexibility of school building
• Flexibility of instructional materials and devices
• Flexibility of school requirements and standard norm
OTHER PRINCIPLES OF
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION
1. The teacher-participation should be stimulated
in the kind of education that will provide good
citizenship training.
2. There should be developed and put into practice
the kind of curriculum that guarantees
continuous pupil-growth.
3. The educational program of the school should
embody the cooperative efforts of faculty and
students alike.
4. The building and equipment should be used to
maximum capacity.
OTHER PRINCIPLES OF
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION
5. All school facilities should be utilized that every
child is given an opportunity to participate in
the educational offerings of the school.
6. The various members of the school personnel
should be assigned in such a way that everyone
can utilize his energies toward the achievement
of maximum efficiency.
7. The formulation of school policies should follow
democratic principles of faculty and pupil’s
participation and cooperation.
8. The authority that is delegated by the principal
to the members of his staff should be used
wisely.
OTHER PRINCIPLES OF
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION
9. Well – trained teachers and other personnel should
be secured and then should be given the freedom
of activity that is commensurate with their ability to
use it effectively.
10. All educational responsibilities should be defined
carefully and specifically, and they should be
understood by all concerned.
11. The best interest of the entire school should be
basic to any decision that is relative to the welfare
of the pupils, the teachers, or the shool in general.
12. The leadership of the principal should be such as
to inspire all-pupils and teachers alike-toward
better and more complete accomplishment.
OTHER PRINCIPLES OF
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION
13. An attitude of constructive rather than
destructive criticism should be characteristics
of all members of the staff and of the student
body.
10 MAJOR PRINCIPLES TO COVER THE FIELD OF
SUPERVISION (PECKHAM)
1. Cooperation 6. Flexibility
2. Leadership 7. Considerateness
3. Planning 8. Community orientation
4. Integration 9. Objectivity
5. Creativity 10. Evaluation