20mm thick external plaster in CM (1:4)

Preliminary- The work of sand faced cement plaster shall be carried out

after masonry joints are raked out to a depth of 20 mm and the walls are
well watered.
Procedure for First Coat- The first coat for sand faced cement plaster
shall be of cement mortar in proportion 1:4 one part of cement to four part
of clean, coarse and angular river sand by volume. The mortar of one
cement bag shall only be prepared at a time and it shall be prepared on a
water tight platform or in a steel trough. The mortar shall be consumed
within 30 minutes after adding water. The first coat of plaster shall be
uniformly applied in the best workmanship manner after watering the
surface of walls in advance and putting dots and preparing screeds for
maintaining uniform thickness of plastered surface. The thickness of first
coat shall be nowhere less than 12 mm, the first coat shall be well watered
at least for 7 days. The first coat shall be provided with zigzag lines such
that the first coat adheres well with the second coat.
Procedure for Second coat- The second coat of sand faced cement
plaster shall be carried out in CM of proportion 1:1 and shall be of thickness
8mm. The second coat shall be applied on the first coat at least after 7
days of completion of first coat. The second court shall give uniform grey
colour to the whole structure or any other colour approved by the engineer.
The sand to be used in the mortar for the second coat shall be perfectly
screened so that sand of uniform size shall appear on the surface. The
sponge shall be used in the second coat and it shall be applied when the
second coat is wet and it shall be so worked that the density of the sand
grains appearing on the surface shall be equal and uniform. After
completion of the second coat, the surface shall be kept well watered at
least for 15 days
Measurement- The payment shall be made for superficial are covered.

Types of Concrete Mixers

There are two broad types of concrete mixers:

1. Batch mixers
 o Drum Types Mixer

Tilting drum mixers

Non-tilting drum mixer

Reversing drum mixer

1. Pan Type Mixer

Continuous mixers

Batch Concrete Mixers

Batch mixers are widely used machines for concrete mixing. Concrete mix
obtained by this mixer is collected batch by batch and time by time. So, it is
called as batch mixer.

After pouring all the materials into pan or drum, it mixes all of those for
some time and finally discharges. This process is repeated until required
amount of concrete mix is obtained.

In general Batch mixers are two types.

o Drum type mixers

o Pan type mixers

Drum Type Mixers
In case Drum type mixers concrete ingredients are mixed in a drum which is
actually in double conical frustum shape.

Drum types mixers are classified into three types:

o Tilting drum mixers

o Non-tilting drum mixers

o Reversing drum mixers
o Tilting Drum Mixers
o Tilting drum mixer means the drum will discharge concrete by tilting
downwards. It is rapid discharge process and used for larger projects.
Rapid means it delivers concrete by gravity that is tilting the drum
downwards because of this the concrete mix obtained will be not
subjected to segregation.

Low workable concretes which contains large sized aggregates of size greater
than 7.5cm are also mixed efficiently with this tilting type mixers.

But the mixing efficiency depends on some of the factors as follows:

o Shape of the drum

o Angle of the drum

o Size of blades

o Angle of blades
The only disadvantage of this mixer is sticking of concrete to bottom of
drum. To overcome this a method called buttering of mixer is applied in
which some amount of cement mortar is mixed in the mixer before mixing
first batch of concrete.

Non-Tilting Drum Mixers

Non- tilting drum mixers are not allowed to tilt and the drum rotates about its
horizontal axis. For the discharge of concrete a chute is arranged in inclined
position which will receives the concrete mix from drum and discharges out.

In this case, the drum is opened at two ends and consists blades insides when
materials are poured through one end and mix is collected through another
end.

Rapid discharge of concrete is not possible in this case. Due to this delay, the
concrete may be vulnerable to segregation.
The larger size aggregate is not discharged easily with the mix. So, size of
aggregate mot more than 7.5cm is preferable for this type of mixers. So, this
type of mixers are generally used for small projects.

Reversing Drum Mixers

Reversing drum mixers are similar to non-tilting type mixers but in this case
reversal of rotation takes place for different action.

The drum has two openings, one end is for pouring materials and other end is
for discharge of mix. The drum rotates about its horizontal axis. The rotation
of drum takes place in one direction for mixing and in opposite direction for
discharging.

Two different set of blades are arranged for mixing and discharging. They are
suitable for dry concrete mixes.

Pan Type Concrete Mixers

Pan type mixers consists a circular pan in which concrete is mixed. The
mixing is done by blades which are arranged in star shape inside the pan.

There are two types of pan mixers are available. In one case, the circular pan
is constant and only star blades rotate about vertical axis of pan. In the other
case, circular pan rotates while the blades are at static position.

But in both cases, the mixing is efficient and concrete mixture is collected
through central hole provided in the pan. The rotating star blades contains
special blades called scrapper blades which will make concrete not to stick to
the pan.

The blades can also be adjusted in height so, there is no room for concrete to
store in the pan. We can say among the all types of batch mixers pan type
mixer are more efficient.
Continuous Concrete Mixers
Continuous mixer, the name itself telling its duty that the loading, mixing and
discharging of mix is continuously done until the work is complete or work
break occurs. The loading of materials is done continuously by screw feeders.

Continuous mixtures are used for very large projects such as dams, bridges,
construction of high rise buildings, etc.