UNIT-V

 A presentation ON

 CONCRETEING EQUIPMENT & AGGREGATE

PROUDCUTION EQUIMENT

 By
B.MAHESHBABU
CONCRETING EQUIPMENT
 Before going to learn about concrete equipment we have
to study the concrete manufacturing steps
 All the equipment prominently used in manufacturing
process of concrete
 Concrete is mixture of cement ,fine aggregate ,and
coarse aggregates are in proper portions
 A method for producing Portland cement was patented
by Joseph Aspdin in 1824.
 Reinforced concrete was invented in 1849 by Joseph
Monier.
CONCRETE GRADES
 M-5- 1:5:10

M-7.5 -1:4:8

M-10 - 1:3:6

M-15 - 1:2:4

M-20 - 1:1.5:3

M-25 -1:1:2

M-30 - M-40 - Design Mix Followed

 The 'M' denotes 'Mix' followed by a number representing
the compressive strength of that mix in N/mm^2.
A mix is a specific ratio in which cement, fine(sand) and
coarse aggregate(gravel) are mixed.
CONCRETE PRODUCTION STEPS
 The various stages of manufacture of concrete are:
(a ) Batching
(b) Mixing
(c ) Transporting
(d placing
(e) Compacting
(f ) Curing
(g) Finishing.
BATCHING
 Batching is the process of measuring concrete mix
ingredients by either mass or volume and introducing
them into the mixer .

 To produce concrete of uniform quality,

 The ingredients must be measured accurately for each

batch
VOLUME BATCHING
 Volume Batching: Volume batching is not a good
method for proportioning the material because of the
difficulty it offers to measure granular material in terms
of volume.

 for any small job, concrete may be batched by volume

 This method is generally adopted for small jobs
 Gauge boxes are used for measuring the fine and coarse
aggregate. •
 The volume of gauge box is equal to the volume of one
bag of cement.
 Gauge box are also called as FARMAS

 They can be made of timbers or steel. They are made

generally deep and narrow
 While filling the gauge boxes the material should be
filled loosely, no compaction is allowed.
 Weigh Batching: Weigh batching is the correct method
of measuring the materials.

 Use of weight system in batching, facilitates accuracy,

flexibility and simplicity.
 Large weigh batching plants have automatic weighing
equipment.
 On large work sites, the weigh bucket type of weighing
equipment's are used.
 Batching by weight is more preferable to volume
batching ,as it is more accurate and leads to more
uniform proportioning.
 It does not have uncertainties associated with bulking.
It’s equipment falls into 2 general categories :
 I. Semi automatic, II. Fully automatic.
 In case of semi automatic batching the aggregate bin
gates are opened by manually operated switches . And
gates are closed automatically when the material has
been delivered. This system also contains interlock
which prevents charging and discharging
FULLY AUTOMATIC
 In case of automatic batching the material are electrically
activates by a single switch and complete autographic
record are made of the weight of each material.
 The batching plant comprises 2,3,4 or 6 compartment
bins of several capacities.
 Over the conveyer belt the weigh batchers discharging
are provided below the bins
MIXING
 The mixing should be ensure that the mass becomes
Homogeneous , uniform in colour and consistency .
 Methods of Mixing :

 1.Hands(using hand shovels)

 2.Stationary Mixers

 3.Ready mix concrete

HAND MIXING
HAND MIXING
 Mixing ingredients of concrete by hands using ordinary
tools like, hand shovels etc.
 This type of mixing is done for Less output of concrete.
CONCRETE MIXERS (STATIONARY)
 Concrete mixers are two types
 Free fall mixers

 Power mixers

Again free fall are two types and power mixers also

Concrete is sometime mixed at jobsite in a stationary

mixer having a size of 9 cubic meter
FREE FALL MIXERS
 Free fall mixing is suitable for the concrete with 2-inch minimum slump and are not
too hard

 This type of mixers are used at site of construction

 The drum of freefall mixer can be filled and emptied by changing the direction of
rotation

 There are two major type namely

 TILTING MIXER

 REVERSIBLE MIXER
TILTING MIXER
TILTING MIXER
 A concrete mixer is a device that homogeneously
combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel,
and water to form concrete

 It was invented by Gebhardt Jaeger

 A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix

the components.
 For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers are
often used so that the concrete can be made at the
construction site, giving the workers ample time to use
the concrete before it hardens

 An alternative to a machine is mixing concrete by hand.

This is usually done in a wheelbarrow; however, several
companies have recently begun to sell modified tarps for
this purpose.
 Major parts are wheel and axes ,Drum(9 cu.m
approx) ,engine, tilting hooper
 Engine maybe powered by electric, diesel
 Usually, the material is loaded manually into the drum
from ground level and the Hooper dumps the material
tilting up mechanically
REVERSIBLE MIXERS
 In reversible mixer, The drum has one horizontal axis,
around which the drum rotates
 There are two openings to the drum, one for loading the
material and other for discharging
 Usually self loading

 Self operation

 Large size unit compared to traditional mixer

 Major parts, wheel barrow, tilting hopper, self and

loaders ( bucket)
 Electric operated and diesel operated
POWER MIXERS
 Pan mixer
POWER MIXERS
 Pan mixer is a type of mixer which has a fixed pan or
removable tub with a vertical mixer unit in it as opposed
to a typical cement mixer which has a horizontal rotating
barrel with fixed beaters.
 A mixer
filled through an opening at its top; for concrete, usually
a pan or drum within which mixing blades revolve
about the vertical axis;

for mortar, usually a trough within which mixing paddles

revolve about the horizontal axis.
 Some concrete batching plants use a large pan mixer to
pre mix the concrete before it is loaded into mixer
trucks(Transit mixer in USA) to be delivered to site.
 British company Liner introduced the first Pan Mixer
design in 1924
 major parts are rotating drum and paddles and cap

 These electrically operated

FACTORS EFFECTING THE OUTPUT OF
MIXERS
 Rotating speed of mixer
 Capacity of mixer

 Including mixing time

 loading and unloading time

 Operation time
READY MIXED CONCRETE
 Ready mixed concrete is proportioned and mixed off at
the project site and is delivered to the construction area
in a freshly mixed and unhardened state. It can be
manufactured by any of the following methods:
 1.Central-mixed concrete

 2.Truck-mixed concrete
CENTRAL MIXED CONCRETE
 Central-mixed concrete : mixed completely in a
stationary mixer
 delivered in

 Agitator Trucks

 A non-agitating truck
AGITATOR TRUCKS
 A vehicle carrying a drum or agitator body, in which
freshly mixed concrete can be conveyed from the point
of mixing to that of placing, the drum being rotated
continuously to agitate the contents.
 Advantages: Operate usually from central mixing plants

 Watch for: Timing of deliveries should suit job

organization. Concrete crew and equipment must be
ready onsite to handle concrete.
 Used for: Transporting concrete for all uses. Haul
distances must allow discharge of concrete within 1½
hours.
NON AGITATING TRUCK
NON-AGITATING TRUCKS
 Used for: Transport concrete on short hauls(small
distance) over smooth roadways.
 Advantages: Cost of non-agitating equipment is lower
than that of truck agitators or mixers.
 Watch for: Slump should be limited.

 Possibility of segregation
TRUCK MIXED
TRUCK-MIXED CONCRETE
 Used for: Intermittent (periodic) production of concrete
at jobsite, or small quantities.
 Advantages:

 Combined materials transporter and batching and mixing

system.
 One-man operation
 1) Mortar Pan : Concrete is carried in small Quantities
 2) Wheelbarrows and Buggies : Short flat hauls on all
types of onsite concrete construction
 3) Belt Conveyors : Conveying concrete horizontally or
higher/lower level.
 4) Cranes and Buckets : Used forWork above ground
level , Buckets use with Cranes, cableways,
 5) Pumps : Conveying concrete from central discharge
point to formwork.
 6) Transit Mixer : used for transporting the concrete
over long distance particularly in RMC plant .
MORTAR PAN
WHEEL BORROW
CONVEOYRS
CABLES AND CRANES
TRANSIT MIXER
COMPACTION OF CONCRETE
 Compaction of concrete is process adopted for expelling
the entrapped air from the concrete
 In the process of mixing , transporting and placing of
concrete air is likely to get entrapped in the concrete .
 It has been found from the experimental studies that 1%
air in the concrete approximately reduces the strength by
6%.
 If we don’t expel this air, it will result into
honeycombing and reduced strength
 Different Methods Of Concrete Compaction
 1) Hand Compaction Roding, Ramming ,Tamping 2)
Compaction by Vibration
HAND COMPACTION
 Hand compaction is used for ordinary and unimportant
structures. Workability should be decided in such a way that
the chances of honeycombing should be minimum. The
various methods of hand compaction are as given below
 Roding It is a method of poking with 2m long, 16 mm dia.
rod at sharp corners and edges. The thickness of layers for
rodding should be 15 to 20 cm.
 Ramming • It is generally used for compaction on ground in
plain concrete. It is not used either in RCC or on upper floors.
 Tamping • It is a method in which the top surface is beaten by
wooden cross beam of cross section 10 cm x 10 cm. both
compaction and leveling are achieved simultaneously. It is
mainly used for roof slabs and road pavements.
RODING
RAMMING
TAMPING
VIBRATION
 Vibration is imparted to the concrete by mechanical
means. It causes temporary liquefaction so that air
bubbles come on to the top and expelled ultimately.
Mechanical vibration can be of various types as given
under.
 Internal Vibration It is most commonly used technique of
concrete vibration.
 We follow different methods in vibration

 External Vibration

 Table Vibration
CURING
 Curing is the process in which the concrete is protected
from loss of moisture and kept within a reasonable
temperature range. The result of this process is increased
strength and decreased permeability. Curing is also a
key player in mitigating cracks in the concrete, which
severely impacts durability.
CURING BY GUNNY BAGS
 THANK YOU