Professional Documents
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METHODS OF INSTALLING
PILE FOUNDATIONS
PILE
FOUNDATION
▶ Pile foundation, a kind of deep foundation, is actually a slender column or long cylinder made of materials such as
concrete or steel which are used to support the structure and transfer the load at desired depth either by end bearing
or skin friction.
▶ They are formed by long, slender, columnar elements typically made from steel or reinforced concrete, or
sometimes timber. A foundation is described as 'piled' when its depth is more than three times its breadth.
▶ Pile foundations are usually used for large structures and in situations where the soil at shallow depth is
not suitable to resist excessive settlement, resist uplift, etc.
When to Use Pile Foundation
Capabilities
Low vibration.
Restricted access and head room.
Casing installation to 15 m and bored depth up to 30 m.
Diameters all sizes up to 600 mm
Applications
Restricted access sites noise and vibration sensitive work.
Inter-bedded sequences of clays and sands.
Water bearing cohesion less strata.
Bearing piles.
Small restricted access retaining walls
Boring Methods
Continuous Flight Auger (CFA)
▶ Equipment comprises of a mobile base carrier fitted with a ▶ On reaching the required depth, highly workable concrete is
hollow-stemmed flight auger which is rotated into the pumped through the hollow stem of the auger, and under the
ground to required depth of pilling. To form the pile, pressure of the concrete the protective cap is detached.
concrete is placed through the flight auger as
withdrawn from the ground. it ▶ While rotating the auger in the same direction as during the
is boring stage, the spoil is expelled vertically as the auger is
▶ The auger is fitted with protective cap on the outlet at the withdrawn and the pile is formed by filling with concrete.
base of the central tube and is rotated into the ground by the top
mounted rotary hydraulic motor which runs on a carrier attached ▶ In this process, it is important that rotation of the auger and
to the mast. flow of concrete is matched that collapse of sides of the hole
above concrete on lower flight of auger is avoided. This may
lead to voids in filled with soil in concrete.
▶ The method is especially effective on soft ground and
enables to install a variety of bored piles of various
Capabilities
Diameters from 250 mm to 750 mm.
Depths up to 35 m
Sectional casing
PILE DRIVING
METHODS
Drop Hammer Method of Pile Driving
▶ A hammer with approximately the weight of the pile is raised a suitable height in a guide and released to strike
the pile head.
▶ The principle of the vibratory driver is two counter-rotating eccentric weights. The
driving unit vibrates at high frequency and provides two vertical impulses, one up and
one down. The downward pulse acts with the pile weight to increase the apparent
gravity force. These hammers have reduced driving vibrations, reduced noise, and
great speed of penetration.
▶ The amplitude of the vibration is sufficient to break down the skin friction on
the sides of the pile.
▶ Vibratory methods are best suited to sandy or gravelly soil.
Hammer Selection
Generally the size of hammer is more important factor than type of hammer. A heavy pile should be driven by a heavy hammer delivering large energy.
Each type of hammer has its use under suitable conditions, The advantages and disadvantages of each type are summarized below:
Single-acting hammer : They are advantageous when driving heavy piles in compact or hard soils; the heavy ram striking at - low velocity produces least
damage due to impact. The disadvantages are low driving speed and large headroom requirement.
Double-acting hammer: They are generally used to drive piles of light or moderate weight in soils of average resistance against driving. This type of
hammer can drive piles at fast speed, requires less headroom and can be used to extract piles by turning them [i.e. the double-acting hammer] upside down.
Diesel hammer: They are similar in application as double-acting hammers, but driving may become difficult in extremely soft ground.
Vibratory hammer: They have fairly good results in silty and clayey deposits. They are used in heavy clays or soils with appreciable numbers of
boulders. See above for other advantages.
Efficiency
Hammer Type
(ɳh)
Single and double acting
0.7 - 0.85
hammer
Diesel hammers 0.8 - 0.9
Drop hammers 0.7 - 0.9
Jetting
▶ To aid the penetration of piles in to sand or sandy gravel, water jetting may be employed.
However, the method has very limited effect in firm to stiff clays or any soil containing
much coarse gravel, cobbles, or boulders.
Under reaming
▶ The prime goal of piling winches is to lift the hammer and piles in addition to support tools that responsible for leader
raking and rotation.
▶ There are different piling winches with different capacity for instance winches with double or triple drums possess
satisfactory controlling and pile driving speed whereas one drum winch does not have that advantage. So, the former
type would be favored provided that handing and driving piles with great speed is required.
Hanging Leader
▶ Hanging leaders are specifically designed to be hanged from the jib of a crane. A steel strut,
which its length can be varied as per requirements of construction site, provides a stiff
connection from the leader foot to the machine bed frame.
▶ Moreover, crane or excavator winch units are utilized to lift the hammer and piles using
separate drums.
▶ Finally, it is substantially crucial to practice utmost precaution to hanging leader stiffness
particularly in the case of long sloped pile driving since intolerable deformation would lead
to eccentric hammer blow and possibly cause pile fracture.
Hammer Guides
▶ When it is intended to remove hanging leaders or piling frames completely, rope suspended
leaders which are commonly guided by timber or steel formwork, would be considered.
▶ In this technique, an independent crane needed to control the pile and establishing the guide
and hammer. it is necessary to set and secure the guide properly in order to avoid movements
specifically in the during raking pile installation. This is because serious fatigue stress would
generate if the thrust is not centered properly and the guide might deteriorate.
▶ Finally, it is required to prevent disproportionate bending stress development in guide and piles
because it leads to undesired results. for example, when heavy hammer is attached to the upper
end of a long pile which is driven at flat angle of rake, excessive bending stress may be
generated at support point in the guide. This problem might be tackled by providing suitable
support for the pile at proper position.
Piling Hammer
▶ There are several factors that greatly influence the decision to choose
suitable piling hammer. For example, pile size and weight, the
resistance of the ground which should be overcame in order to obtain
specified penetration, construction site space availability, noise
limitation that might be imposed at certain areas, and availability of
cranes.
▶ As for input data required for drivability analysis, piling hammer
producer provided necessary data about efficiency and energy feature
of the piling hammer. It should be bore in mind that piling hammer
efficiency is not a constant and it is affected by number of factor for
example mechanical condition of the hammer and operation
temperature.
▶ It should be known that the mechanical condition does not influence
the efficiency of piling drop hammer. That is why dynamic pile
analysis is carried out and its results would be used to assess the
influence of different factor on the piling hammer efficiency.
Helmet, Driving Cap, Dolly and Packing
▶ Helmet is a cast steel that placed over the pile to hold the dolly that placed
between the pile and the hammer to avoid pile head deterioration that may
cause by pile driving hammer.
▶ Dolly, which is square at the bottom and round at the top, is placed in a square
recess at the top of the helmet. Their selection is dependent on the driving force.
▶ As far as packing is concerned, it is placed between pile top and the helmet in
order to protect the former from the hammer blow. Different types of packing
include paper sacking, thin timber sheet, coconut mapping, and sawdust in
bags.
▶ Regarding driving cap, it is provided as a protection for steel bearing piles. It is
necessary to place the driving cap tightly otherwise the pile cap would suffer
deterioration. That is why it is fitted with a recess for hardwood or plastic dolly
and with steel wedges to fix the cap tightly on its position.